Se j a r a h pe r ke mb a ng a n T e kn o l o g i I nd us tr i f i l m

MAKALAH

D i a j u k a n u nt u k m e m e nu h i s a l a h s a t u t u g a s d a l a m m a t a k u l i a h
P e r k e m b a n g a n T e k no lo g i Ko m u n i k a s i

M . P u a d A B , S . S o s , M . I . Ko m

DIS US UN O LEH :

KELOMPOK 2

- N e l s e n I v a n d er ( 2 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 7 )
- D h ea A n a t t a B u d i a n t y ( 2 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 1 )
- Fr isca Ant onia D wita mi (20200 400023 )
- F er d y H er m a w a n ( 2 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 )
- Nadia Larissa (20200 400046 )
- Gilb er t h Chr ist op olus (202 0040002 2)
- P u t r a E k a P r a s et y a ( 2 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 3 )

Fa ku lta s Sos ia l da n Hu ma nior a

Pr odi I lmu K omu nika s i
U n i v e r s i t a s B u d d h i D h a r ma
T a n g er a n g
2021
 KA T A P E N G A N T A R

P u j i s yu k u r k e ha d i r a t T u h a n Y a ng M a h a E s a ya n g t e l a h
me mber ik a n ra h mat dan A n u g e r a h - N ya se hing ga ka mi dapat
m e n ye l e s a i k a n tugas maka la h ya n g be r j u d u l Se ja ra h
P e r k e m b a n g a n T e k no lo g i I n d u s t r i F i l m i n i t e p a t p a d a w a k t u n ya .

A d a p u n t u ju a n d a r i p e n u l i s a n d a r i m a k a l a h i n i a d a l a h u nt u k
me me nu hi tugas dosen pada b i d a ng studi P erke mba nga n
T e k no lo g i Ko m u n i k a s i . S e l a i n it u , m a k a l a h i n i j u g a be r t u j u a n
u nt u k me na mba h wawasan t e nt a n g Se jar a h Perk e mba ng a n
T e k no lo g i I n d u s t r i F i l m b a g i p a r a p e m b a c a d a n j u g a ba g i p e n u l i s .

Ka mi me ngu cap ka n t er ima k asih ke pada bap ak M. Pua d

Abdul Ba q i, S . S o s , M . I . Ko m se la ku dosen b i d a ng stud i
P e r k e m b a n g a n T e k no lo g i Ko m u n i k a s i ya n g t e l a h m e m b e r i k a n
t u g a s i n i s e h i n g g a d a p a t m e na m b a h p e ng e t a h u a n d a n w a w a s a n
s e s u a i d e n g a n b i d a ng s t u d i ya n g k a m i t e k u n i d a n k a m i j u g a
me ngu cap ka n t er ima ka sih kepada se mu a p ihak ya n g t e la h
me mba g i s e ba g i a n p e ng e t a hu a n n ya sehingga kami dapat
m e n ye l e s a i k a n m a k a l a h i n i .

K a m i m e n ya d a r i m a k a l a h ya n g k a m i t u l i s i n i m a s i h j a u h
d a r i k a t a s e m p u r n a . O l e h k a r e na it u , k r it i k d a n s a r a n ya n g
m e m b a n g u n a k a n k a m i n a nt ik a n d e m i k e s e m p u r n a a n m a k a l a h i n i .

Tangerang, October 2021

ii
 D A F T A R I SI

HALAMAN JUDUL ............................................................. i

KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................... ii

DAFTAR IS I .................................................................... iii

BAB I PENDAHULUA N ...................................................... 1

A. L AT A R B E L A K A N G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
B . T U J U A N P E M B AH A S A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

BAB II URAIAN TEORI ...................................................... 3

A. P E N G E R T I AN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
B . S E J AR A H S I N G K AT P E R F I L M AN D U N I A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
C . S E J AR A H S I N G K AT F I L M I N D O N E S I A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
D . P E R KE M B A N G A N F I L M D I I N D O N E S I A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
E . P E R KE M B A N G A N T E K N O L O G I I N D U S T R I
PERFI LMAN .............................................................. 10
F . D AM P A K I N D U S T R I P E R F I L M AN D A N
PENONTONNYA ........................................................ 12
G. JENIS FILM SECARA UMUM ................................ . 17

BAB III STUDI KASUS ..................................................... 20

BAB IV PENUTUP ........................................................... 25

A. KE S I M P U L A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5
B. SARAN ........................................................... 27

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................... 28

iii
 BAB I

P E N D A HU L U A N

A. LATAR BELAKANG

Du nia per filma n me n jad i sa la h satu i nd u s t r i terbesar

d i m u k a b u m i i n i. I n d u s t r i f i l m m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u i n d u s t r i
ya n g t i d a k a d a h a b i s n ya . S e b a g a i m e d i a m a s s a , f i l m d i g u na k a n
s e b a g a i m e d i a ya n g m e r e f l e k s i k a n r e a l it a s , a t a u ba h k a n b e nt u k
r e a l it a s it u s e n d i r i . C e r it a ya n g d i t a y a ng k a n l e w a t f i l m d a p a t
b e r be nt u k f i k s i a t a u no n - f i k s i . L e w a t f i l m , i n f o r m a s i d a p a t
d i k o n s u m s i d e ng a n l e b i h m e n d a l a m k a r e na f i l m a d a l a h m e d i a
a u d io v i s u a l. M e d i a i n i d i g e m a r i ba n ya k o r a ng k a r e na d a p a t
d i j a d i k a n s e b a g a i h i b u r a n d a n p e n ya l u r ho b i.

F i l m m e r u p a k a n c a b a ng k e s e n i a n ya n g m e ng h i m p u n r a g a m
s e n i. D a l a m f i l m a d a s e n i p e r a n, s u a r a , t a r i, s a s t r a d a n r u p a .
S e t t i ng d i d a l a m f i l m m e r u p a k a n s e n i r u p a . N a s k a h s k e n a r io
a d a l a h s e n i s a s t r a , g e r a k a n ya n g a d a m e r u p a k a n s e n i t a r i .

M e l a l u i f i l m s e b e n a r n ya k it a b e l a j a r t e nt a ng bu d a ya . B a i k
it u bu d a ya m a s ya r a k a t d i m a n a k i t a h i d u p d i d a l a m n ya , a t a u
b a hk a n bu d a ya ya n g s a m a s e k a l i a s i ng b u a t k it a . D a n k it a
m e n j a d i m e n g e t a h u i b a hw a bu d a ya i n i b e g i n i d a n b u d a ya it u
b e g it u , t e r u t a m a m e l a l u i s e b u a h f i l m .

1
B. TUJUAN PEMBAHAS AN

Adapun t u ju a n ya n g ing in d ic apa i da la m ma k a la h in i

s e b a g a i be r i k u t , me n g e t a hu i p e r b e d a a n b e r d a s a r k a n p r e f e r e n s i
k o ns u m e n p e ng a r u h j e n i s k e l a m i n , u s i a d a n p e k e r j a a n p a d a
g e nr e , s i m bo l i s m e , d a n a t r i b u t na s io n a l a s a l n a s io n a l , a k t o r ,
sutradara, seku e l, dan p e r u s a ha a n pro duksi. U nt u k
m e n g i d e nt i f i k a s i k a n i d e p e r k e m b a n g a n p e r f i l m a n d a r i m a s a k e
m a s a . U nt u k m e n g e t a hu i p e r u b a h a n d a n p e r k e m b a n g a n d a r i
s i s t e m i n t e r n a l.

2
 BAB II

U R A I A N T E OR I

A. PENGERTIAN

F i l m a d a l a h k a r ya c i p t a s e n i d a n b u d a ya ya n g m e r u p a k a n
me d ia k o mu n i k a s i ma ssa p a nd a ng - d e ng a r ya n g d ibuat
b e r d a s a r k a n a s a s s i n e m a t o g r a f i d e n g a n d i r e k a m p a d a p it a
s e l u lo i d , p it a v i d e o , p ir i n g a n v i d e o , d a n/ a t a u ba h a n h a s i l
p e ne m u a n t e k no lo g i l a i n n ya d a l a m s e g a l a be nt u k , j e n i s , d a n
ukura n me la lu i pro se s k imia w i, prose s e lekt ro nik, at au
proses l a i n n ya , d e ng a n atau t a np a suara, ya n g dapat
d i p e r t u n j u k k a n d a n / a t a u d it a ya n g k a n d e ng a n s i s t e m p r o ye k
s i m e k a n i k , e l e k t r o n i k , d a n/ a t a u l a i n n y a .

Berkat k e m a j u a n t e k no lo g i , du nia per filma n se ma k in

b a n ya k k e m a j u a n. B a i k d a l a m k u a l i t a s ja l a n c e r it a m a u p u n
k u a l it a s g a m b a r s e r t a e fe k - e f e k ya ng d i s e r t a k a n. P e m b u a t a n
f i l m j u g a s e m a k i n m u d a h d i l a k u k a n, ba h k a n k i t a s e ba g a i
o r a ng a w a m d a p a t m e m b u a t s u a t u f i l m d e n g a n p e r a l a t a n
s e a d a n ya .

Perke mba ng a n film me milik i per j a la na n c ukup pa n ja ng

h i n g g a p a d a a k h i r n ya m e n j a d i s e p e r t i f i l m d i m a s a k i n i
ya n g k a ya dengan efek, d a n s a ng a t mu d a h d ida pat ka n
s e b a g a i m e d i a h i b u r a n. P e r k e m b a n g a n f i l m d i m u l a i k e t ik a
d i g u n a k a n n ya a l a t k i n e t o s k o p t e mu a n T ho ma s A l f a E d i s o n
ya n g p a d a m a s a it u d i g u n a k a n o l e h p e no nt o n i n d i v i d u a l .

3
F i l m a w a l m a s i h b i s u d a n t i d a k b e r w a r na . P e m u t a r a n f i l m
d i b io s k o p u nt u k p e r t a m a k a l i n ya d i l a k u k a n p a d a a w a l a b a d
2 0 , h i n g g a i n d u s t r i f i l m H o l l yw o o d ya ng p e r t a m a k a l i ,
b a hk a n h i n g g a s a a t i n i m e r a j a i i n d u s t r y p e r f i l m a n p o p u l e r
s e c a r a g lo b a l. P a d a t a h u n 1 9 2 7 t e k no lo g i s u d a h c u k u p
m u m p u n i u nt u k m e m p r o d u k s i f i l m b i c a r a ya n g d i a lo g n ya
d a p a t d i d e n g a r s e c a r a l a ng s u n g , t e t a pi m a s i h h it a m - p u t i h .
H ingg a pada 1937 t e k no lo g i film sudah ma mpu
m e m p r o d u k s i f i l m b e r w a r na ya n g l e b i h m e n a r i k d a n d i i k u t i
d e ng a n a l u r c e r it a ya n g m u l a i p o p u l e r . P a d a t a hu n 1 9 7 0 - a n,
film sudah bisa d ire ka m d a la m ju mla h missa l denga n
m e n g g u na k a n v i d e o t a p e ya n g k e m u d i a n d i j u a l. T a hu n 1 9 8 0 -
a n d it e m u k a n t e k no lo g i l a s e r d i s c , l a l u V C D d a n k e m u d i a n
m e n yu s u l t e k no lo g i D V D . H i n g g a s a a t i n i d i g it a l m o v i e
ya n g le b ih pra kt is b a n ya k d ig e mar i sehingga se ma k i n
m e n j a d i k a n p o p u l a r it a s f i l m m e n i n g k a t d a n f i l m m e n j a d i
s e m a k i n d e k a t d e n g a n k e s e r a r i a n m a s y a r a k a t mo d e r n.

B. SEJARAH S INGK AT PERFILMAN DUNIA

Perke mba ng a n film me milik i per ja la na n c ukup pa n ja ng

h i n g g a p a d a a k h i r n ya m e n j a d i s e p e r t i f i l m d i m a s a k i n i
ya n g k a ya dengan efek, d a n s a ng a t mu d a h d ida pat ka n
s e b a g a i m e d i a h i b u r a n. P e r k e m b a n g a n f i l m d i m u l a i k e t ik a
d i g u n a k a n n ya a l a t k i n e t o s k o p t e mu a n T ho ma s A l f a E d i s o n
ya n g p a d a m a s a it u d i g u n a k a n o l e h p e no nt o n i n d i v i d u a l .
F i l m a w a l m a s i h b i s u d a n t i d a k b e r w a r na . P e m u t a r a n f i l m
d i b io s k o p u nt u k p e r t a m a k a l i n ya d i l a k u k a n p a d a a w a l a b a d
2 0 , h i n g g a i n d u s t r i f i l m H o l l y wo o d ya ng p e r t a m a k a l i ,
b a hk a n h i n g g a s a a t i n i m e r a j a i i n d u s t r i p e r f i l m a n p o p u l e r

4
s e c a r a g lo b a l. P a d a t a h u n 1 9 2 7 t e k no lo g i s u d a h c u k u p
m u m p u n i u nt u k m e m p r o d u k s i f i l m b i c a r a ya n g d i a lo g n ya
d a p a t d i d e n g a r s e c a r a l a ng s u n g , t e t a pi m a s i h h it a m - p u t i h .
H ingg a pada 1937 t e k no lo g i film sudah ma mpu
m e m p r o d u k s i f i l m b e r w a r na ya n g l e b i h m e n a r i k d a n d i i k u t i
d e ng a n a l u r c e r it a ya n g m u l a i p o p u l e r . P a d a t a hu n 1 9 7 0 - a n,
film sudah bisa d ire ka m da la m ju mla h misa l dengan
m e n g g u na k a n v i d e o t a p e ya n g k e m u d i a n d i j u a l. T a hu n 1 9 8 0 -
a n d it e m u k a n t e k no lo g i l a s e r d i s c , l a l u V C D d a n k e m u d i a n
m e n yu s u l t e k no lo g i D V D . H i n g g a s a a t i n i d i g i t a l m o v i e
ya n g le b ih pra kt is b a n ya k d ig e mar i sehingga se ma k i n
m e n j a d i k a n p o p u l a r it a s f i l m m e n i n g k a t d a n f i l m m e n j a d i
s e m a k i n d e k a t d e n g a n k e s e r a r i a n m a s y a r a k a t mo d e r n.

C. SEJARAH S INGK AT FILM INDONESIA

S e t e l a h m e m b a h a s t e nt a ng s e j a r a h s i n g k a t p e r k e m b a n g a n
film secara g lo b a l , s e l a n j u t n ya akan me ngu la s se jar a h
sing kat perk e mba nga n per filma n di I nd o ne s i a . Se ja ra h
p e r f i l m a n d i t a n a h a ir i n i j u g a m e n g a l a m i p e r k e m b a n g a n
dari ma sa ke ma sa. St anlc y J. Baran (2012) d a la m
P e ng a nt a r Ko mu n i k a s i M assa. M e ng u r a i k a n sepert i apa
perkembangan film I nd o ne s i a dari ma sa ke ma sa it u .
S e ba g a i m a n a d a p a t d i j u m p a i d i b a w a h i n i :

1 . T a h u n 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 2 0 , f i l m m a s u k k e I nd o n e s i a .
2 . T a h u n 1 9 2 9 , p r o d u k s i f i l m p e r t a m a d i I nd o ne s i a .
3 . T a h u n 1 9 5 5 . P e m b e nt u k a n F F l .
4 . T a h u n 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 7 0 a n, k e l e s u a n d a n k e b a ng k it a n p e r f i l m a n
I nd o ne s i a .

5
5 . T a h u n 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 9 0 a n, m u n c u l n ya p e r s a i ng a n d e ng a n f i l m
asing da n sinet ro n t e le v isi.
6 . T a h u n 2 0 0 0 , k e b a ng k i t a n k e m b a l i p e r f i l m a n I nd o ne s i a .

D a r i p e n j a b a r a n ya n g d i u n g k a p o lc h S t a n l e y J . B a r a n d i
a t a s . M e n u n j u k k a n b a hw a d i I n d o n e s i a f i l m p e r t a m a k a l i
d i p e r k e na l k a n p a d a 5 D e s e m b e r 1 9 0 0 d i B a t a v i a s e k a r a ng
d ike na l d e ng a n na m a Jakarta. Pada ma s a it u , film di
I nd o ne s i a d i k e na l s e ba g a i s e b u a h " g a m b a r i d o e p " . F i l m
p e r t a m a k a l i d i p e r t o nt o nk a n a d a l a h s e bu a h f i l m d o k u m e nt e r
ya n g b e r c e r it a k a n t e nt a ng p e r j a l a n a n R a t u d a n R a j a B e l a n d a
di Den Haag.

Se jara h ju ga me ncat at ba hw a film I nd o n e s i a ju g a

d i i m p o r d a r i i n d u s t r i f i l m ya n g a d a d i A m e r i k a . P e r l u
d i k e t a hu i , ba h w a awa l mu la f i m d it e m u k a n f i m be l u m
d i a ng g a p s e b a g a i s e bu a h k a r ya s e n i . P a d a a w a l n ya f i l m
h a n ya d ia ngg ap s e ba g a i s e bu a h t ir u a n dari s e bu a h
k e n ya t a a n. Ak a n t e t a p i , f i l m d i a k u i s e b a g a i s e b u a h k a r y a
s e n i t e nt u d ia w a l i o le h s e j a r a h p a n j a n g d e n g a n be r m u n c u l a n
p a r a p e m b u a t f i l m d i be r b a g a i ne g a r a d a n a k h i m ya f i l m
d i a k u i s e b a g a i ba g i a n d a r i k a r ya s e n i .

D. PERK EMBANGAN FILM DI INDO NESIA

Perke mba ng a n Per filma n di I nd o ne s i a Per ke mba ng a n

p r o d u k s i f i l m d i I nd o n e s i a p a d a m a s a - m a s a a w a l j u g a t i d a k
j a u h d a r i p e r k e m b a n g a n g e d u n g b i o s k o p . G a r i n N u g r o ho
d a n D y n a H e r l i n a m e m b a g i p e r k e m b a n g a n f i l m d i I nd o ne s i a
e na m p e m b a b a k a n m e n j a d i e n a m p e r io d e ya it u :

6
 P e r t a m a , 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 3 0 ya n g d i s e bu t s e b a g a i t a ha p a n s e n i
k a u m u r ba n. K e d u a , 1 9 3 0 - 1 9 5 0 ya n g me r u p a k a n t a h a p a n
perkembangan film s e b a g a i. H i b u r a n d i t e ng a h d e p r e s i
e k o no m i d u nia. Ke t i g a , p e r io d e 1950 -1970 ya n g d i s e bu t
s e b a g a i k e t e g a n g a n i d e o lo g i . Ke e m p a t , 1970 -1985 ya n g
d i s e bu t s e b a g a i g lo b a l i s m e s e m u . Ke l i m a , 1 9 8 5 - 1 9 9 8 ya n g
d i s e bu t sebagai p e r io d e kr isis d it e ng a h g lo b a l i s a s i .
Kee na m, 1998-2013 ya n g d it a nd a i d e ng a n e u fo r i a
d e mo k r a s i . B e r i k u t p e r k e m b a n g a n p e r f i l m a n I nd o ne s i a :

1) 1900-1930 1926, La hir film p ert a ma I nd o ne s i a

L o e t o e ng Ka s a r o e ng . 1 9 2 8 d i t a n a h P r ia n g a n m u n c u l
Wo ng B r o t he r ’ s ( N e l s o n, J o s hu a d a n O t h n i e l ) a s a l
S h a ng h a i ya n g m e m p r o d u k s i f i l m N j a i S it i a t a u D e
S t e m D e s B lo e d s ( S o e r a D a r a h) b e r s a m a P h C a r l i ,
M.H. Shililingpada 22 Mar et 1930.1929, berd ir i
p e r u s a h a a n f i l m c e r it a d i J a k a r t a b e r n a m a H a l i m o e n
F i l m . K a r ya p e r t a m a m e r e k a a d a l a h L i l y v a n J a va .
2) 1930-1950 Aw a l 1930, Albert B a link, s e o r a ng
w a r t a w a n B e l a n d a d a n Wo ng B e r s a u d a r a me mbu at
f i l m P a r e h, na m u n t i d a k b e r ha s i l . 1 9 3 1 : T h e T e ng
C hu n m e m b u a t f i l m b e r s u a r a p e r d a n a , B o e ng a R o o s
dari T jik e mba ng ; la h ir film ber suara la in d ibu at
H a l i mo e n Film ya it u I nd o n e s i a Ma la ise ; Film
I nd o ne s i a M a l a i s e , S i n jo T jo M a i n d i F i l m p r o d u k s i
ker ja sa ma P h Car li, M.H. Shili ling d e n g a n Wo ng
B r o t he r s . 1 9 3 7 , l a h i r f i l m T e r a n g B o e l a n / H e t E i l a n d
de D r o o me n k a r ya Albert Ba link, ju rna lis B e la nda
d it e ng a h kr is is e k o no m i d u nia. Peran star ya n g

7
 d i w a k i l i o l e h R o e k i a h p e m a i n f i l m T e r a ng B u l a n ya n g
a d a d a l a m i n d u s t r y bu d a ya s u d a h m u n c u l . F i l m i n i
mer upa ka n c e r it a lo c a l p ert a ma ya n g me ndap at
s a m b u t a n ya n g l u a s d a r i k a l a n g a n p e no nt o n k e l a s
b a w a h. 1 9 3 9 p r o d u k s i f i l m t e r c a t a t 5 ju d u l. 1 9 4 0
pro duksi film me nc ap a i 14 ju du l. 194 1 pro duksi fil m
me nc apa i 30 judu l. 1942-1944, masa pe nja ja ha n
J e p a n g d a l a m k u r u n w a k t u 3 t a hu n N i p p o n E ig h a S ha ,
p e r u s a h a a n f i l m J e p a n g ya n g be r o p e r a s i d i I nd o ne s i a ,
m e m p r o d u k s i 3 f i l m ya it u P u lo I nt e n, B u ng a S e m b o j a
da n 100 1 Ma la m.
3) 1950-1970 30 Maret 1950 ada la h hari p ert a ma
p e ng a m b i l a n g a m b a r film Darah & D o a a t a u L o ng
M a r c h o f S i l i w a ng i ya n g d i s u t r a d a r a i o l e h U s m a r
I s m a i l . Y a n g k e m u d i a n d it e t a p k a n s e b a g a i H a r i F i l m
N a s io n a l. 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 6 0 t er ja d i sensor ya n g ber le b ih -
l e b i h a n b i a s a n ya b e r hu b u ng a n d e ng a n i s i ya n g r a d i k a l
b a i k s a ya p k a na n m a u p u n s a ya p k i r i . 1 9 5 7 p r o d u k s i
f i l m h a n ya m e n c a p a i 2 0 j u d u l f i l m . 1 9 5 8 p r o d u k s i
film I ndo nes ia se ma k in me nuru n dan h a n ya
me ng has ilka n 19 j u d u l. 1959 duksi film n a s i o na l
h a n ya m e n g h a s i l k a n 1 8 j u d u l f i l m .
4) 1 9 7 0 - 1 9 8 5 T a hu n 1 9 7 7 j u m l a h f i l m n a s io n a l m e n c a p a i
135 judu l d a la m s e t a hu n. Masa k e j a ya a n f ilm
I nd o ne s i a d i m u l a i p a d a t a hu n 1 9 7 0 - a n . Ad a 6 1 8 j u d u l
ya n g mu nc u l dan be b e r a p a d i a nt a r a n ya me n ja d i
f e no m e n a l . M i s a l n ya : P e n g a nt i n R e m a d j a ( 1 9 7 1 ) , S i
Doel Anak Betawi (1973), C i nt a P e r t a ma (1973),
C i nt a k u d i K a m p u s B i r u ( 1 9 7 6 ) , B a d a i P a s t i B e r l a l u

8
 ( 1 9 7 7 ) , I ne m P e l a ya n S e x y ( 1 9 7 7 ) , d a n G it a C i nt a
d a r i S M A ( 1 9 7 9 ) . M u n c u l W a r k o p D KI ya n g t e r d i r i
dari W a h yu S a r d o no ( D o no ) , Ka s i no H a d i w i bo w o
( K a s i no ) , dan I nd r o jo yo Ku s u m o n e g o r o ( I nd r o )
d e ng a n f i l m M a n a T a h a n ( 1 9 7 9 ) . 1 9 8 4 , d it a ya n g k a n
P e nu m p a s a n Pe ngk hia nat a n G 30 S P KI karya
sutradara Ar ifin C. Noer ya ng m e r u p a k a n p r o ye k
p r o p a g a nd a p e m e r i nt a h O r d e B a r u .
5) 1 9 8 5 - 1 9 9 8 W a r k o p D KI t e r c a t a t me m b i n t a ng i 3 4 f i l m
d a r i M a n a T a h a n ( 1 9 7 9 ) s a m p a i P e n c e t S a na P e nc e t
S i n i ( 1 9 9 4 ) . P a d a p e r io d e 1 9 9 0 - a n m u n c u l f i l m - f i l m
d i I nd o ne s i a ya n g b a n ya k m e ng u m b a r s e n s u a l it a s d a n
s e k s u a l it a s sepert i Susuk Nyi Loro K idu l, Nafsu
D a l a m C i nt a , Ke n i k m a t a n T a b u , d l l.
6) 1 9 9 8 - 2 0 1 3 E r a 9 0 - a n, f i l m I nd o ne s i a ba k m a t i s u r i .
J u m l a h f i l m ya n g d i p r o d u k s i ha n ya d i b a w a h 1 0 j u d u l
d a l a m t ig a t a hu n. E r a 1 9 9 8 d i a ng g a p s e b a g a i e r a
k e ba n g k it a n per filma n na s i o na l . Film ya n g
mo m u m e nt a l d i e r a i n i a d a l a h P e t u a l a n g a n S he r i n a .
1 9 9 8 , F i l m K u l d e s a k ya n g d i p r o d u k s i 1 9 9 6 m u l a i
t a ya n g . 2 0 1 3 j u m l a h f i l m ya n g d i p r o d u k s i 9 6 j u d u l
f i l m . 2 0 1 4 j u m l a h f i l m ya n g d i p r o d u k s i 1 2 6 j u d u l
film.

Dar i t a ble se ja ra h perk e mba nga n film d i I ndo nes ia

t e r s e bu t k it a j u g a d a p a t m e ng e t a h u i k o nd i s i f i l m I n d o ne s i a
ya n g t e r p u r u k a k i b a t s e r bu a n f i l m i m p o r t e r ja d i p a d a 1 9 5 0 -
a n h i n g g a t a hu n 1 9 5 6 . T a hu n 1 9 5 3 p a s a r a n f i l m n a s io n a l
s e m a k i n t e r p o jo k d e n g a n m e m b a n j i r n ya f i l m - f i l m i m p o r .

9
Para art is me la ku ka n pawai ke I s t a na Merdeka guna
m e n ya m p a i k a n r e s o lu s i me nde sak p e m e r i nt a h supaya
m e n i n j a u k e m b a l i p e r a t u r a n m e n g e n a i p e r d a g a ng a n f i l m
i m p o r d a n m e m p e r h a t i k a n w a j i b p u t a r f i l m I nd o ne s i a .

H i n g g a t a hu n 1 9 5 6 , p r o d u k s i f i l m I nd o ne s i a t u r u n
h i n g g a m e nc a p a i 3 6 j u d u l f i l m k a r e n a d o m i n a s i f i l m i m p o r .
Film M a l a ys i a dan I nd i a me nja d i pesa ing ut a ma film
I nd o ne s i a di bio sko p ke la s dua, sedang film Ame r ik a
m e n d o m i n a s i b io s k o p k e l a s s a t u . D a r i t i ng k a t p r o d u k s i
f i l m , i n d u s t r i p e r f i l m a n I nd o ne s i a m e ng a l a m i p a s a n g s u r u t .
P a d a t a hu n 1 9 9 2 - 1 9 9 3 , p r o d u k s i f i l m m e n c a p a i 4 2 f i l m .
P r o d u k s i f i l m I nd o ne s i a m e n c a p a i t i t i k na d i r p a d a t a h u n
2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 ya i t u ha n ya m e m p r o d u k s i 4 f i l m . B e r i k u t t a b l e
p r o d u k s i f i l m I nd o ne s i a d a r i k u r u n w a k t u 1 9 9 2 - 2 0 1 2 .

E. PERK EMBANGAN TEK NOLOG I INDUSTRI

PERFILMAN

P e r k e m b a n g a n T e k no lo g i I nd u s t r i P e r f i l m a n ya n g P a l i n g
B e r p e ng a r u h :

1. Ka mer a film
I n i a d a l a h t e k no lo g i ya n g d it e m u k a n p a d a 1 8 0 0 a n.
P e r na h d ikat ak a n pada 1895, k a r e na b e g it u
b a g u s n ya gambar ya n g d i k e l u a r k a n dan t a mpak
n ya t a pada saat it u , o r a ng - o r a ng be r l a r i
m e n g h i n d a r i l a ya r ya n g m e n u n j u k k a n k e r e t a ya n g
ber ja la n me ngar a h ke mer ek a.

10
2. Suara sinkro nis
Film bisu me ma suk i era kee ma sa n se be lu m
d it e m u k a n n ya t e k no lo g i i n i . D i m a s a t e r s e b u t , l i v e -
m u s i c l a n g s u n g d i a d a k a n s e ba g a i l a t a r mu s i k u nt u k
f i l m . N a m u n d e ng a n a d a n ya t e k no lo g i i n i , o r a ng -
o r a ng t a k p e r l u m e m a i n k a n a l a t m u s i c s e c a r a l i v e
la g i.
3 . W a r na
P a d a z a m a n d u l u , f i l m b e r w a r na m o no k r o m a t a u
hit a m p u t i h. Ke had ira n t e k no lo g i ya n g
m e n a m p i l k a n w a r na m e m b u a t f i l m m e n j a d i l e b i h
n ya t a .
4 . L a ya r h i j a u
P e ng g u n a a n t e k no lo g i d i g it a l d i d u n i a f i l m d i m u l a i
p a d a 1 9 4 0 a n. T e k no lo g i i n i m e m b u a t a k t o r “b i s a
b e r a d a d i m a n a s a j a , ” ba h k a n d i s u a t u t e mp a t ya n g
t idak mu ngk in d iku nju ng i ma nu sia.
5. Pera lat a n r ing a n
K e ba n ya k a n t e k no lo g i ya ng d i b u t u hk a n u nt u k
m e m b u a t f i l m be r u k u r a n s a ng a t be s a r d a n b e r a t
hingga m e n yu s a hk a n proses pro du ksi. Na mu n
s e m e n j a k d it e m u k a n k a m e r a k e c i l d a n r i ng a n, ha l i
t u la ng s u n g m e ng u ba h g a ya d a n t e m a f i l m .
6. R ig ka mera
R ig k a mer a a da la h t e k no lo g i ya n g m e m b a nt u
p e r k e m b a n g a n t e k n i k p e ng a m b i l a n g a m b a r . T a np a
a d a n ya it u , mu s t a h i l m e n d a p a t k a n g a m b a r ya n g
m u l u s d e ng a n h a n ya b e r mo d a l k a nt a n g a n s a j a .

11
 7 . L e n s a d i g it a l
K u a l it a s l e n s a ya ng t e r u s m e n e r u s d i k e m b a n g k a n
m e m u ng k i n k a n me ndap at ka n ga mba r ya n g le bih
b a g u s . D i z a m a n d u l u , s a ng a t s u s a h m e n d a p a t k a n
g a m b a r f r a m e p e r d e t i k ya ng m a n a s e k a r a ng s a ng a t
mu da h d id ap at .
8. Ga mba r dar i ko mput er
Alia s CGI ( c o mp u t e r - g e ne r a t e d i m a g e r y) .
T e k no lo g i CGI me nu njuk ka n k e muncu la n era
mo d e r n d a r i i n d u s t r y p e r f i l m a n.
9 . I nt e r ne t
Mau t id a k ma u, ha r u s d iak u i i nt e r ne t sangat
me mba wa perubahan bagi industr i film. S e la i n
m e m u d a hk a n o r a n g u nt u k me n d i s t r i b u s i k a n f i l m ,
para ko nsu me n jug a me nja d i le b ih se le kt if da la m
me milih film.

F. DAMPAK INDUS TRI PERFILMAN DAN

PENONTONNYA

I nd u s t r i f i l m a d a l a h i n d u s t r i ya n g t i d a k a d a h a b i s n ya .
S e ba g a i m e d i a m a s s a , f i l m d i g u n a k a n s e b a g a i m e d i a ya n g
m e r e f l e k s i k a n r e a l i t a s , a t a u ba h k a n m e m b e nt u k r e a l it a s .
C e r it a ya ng d i t a ya n g k a n l e w a t f i l m d a p a t b e r be nt u k f i k s i
a t a u no n f i k s i . L e w a t f i l m , i n fo r m a s i d a p a t d i k o n s u m s i
d e ng a n l e b i h m e n d a l a m k a r e n a f i l m a d a l a h m e d i a a u d i o
v i s u a l . M e d i a i n i b a n ya k d i g e m a r i b a n ya k o r a ng k a r e n a
d a p a t d i j a d i k a n s e b a g a i h i b u r a n d a n p e n ya l u r ho b i .

12
 I nd u s t r i F i l m . D u l u f i l m ya n g d i h a s i l k a n b e r u p a g a m b a r
h i t a m p u t i h, t e t a p i s e k a r a ng f i l m ya n g a d a s u d a h be w a r n a
s e p e r t i n ya t a n ya o b j e k t e r s e bu t . S e k it a r t a hu n 1 8 2 2 a n, f i l m -
f i l m ya n g a d a a d a l a h f i l m b i s u ( t id a k a d a s u a r a n ya ) h a n y a
ada adegan-adegan se h ingg a p e n o nt o n s u l it u nt u k
me na ngka p pesan ya n g ing in d i s a m p a i k a n. D e ng a n
k e m a j u a n t e k no lo g i , k i n i s u a r a ya n g a d a b i s a t e r d e n g a r
d e ng a n j e l a s , b e r s i h , d a n no i s e n ya h a m p i r t a k t e r d e ng a r .
A d e g a n - a d e g a n ya n g t e r d a p a t d a l a m f i l m b i s u be r l a n g s u n g
s a n g a t c e p a t , k i n i f i l m ya n g a d a be r d u r a s i k u r a ng l e b i h 2
j a m d e ng a n n a r a s i ya n g r u nt u t . F i l m - f i l m ya n g a d a d a p a t
d i b e r i k a n m u s i k l a t a r d e n g a n t e k no lo g i k o mp u t e r d a n s e g a l a
m a c a m e f e k - e f e k ya n g me m b u a t f i l m le b i h d r a m a t i s d a n
t er lihat le bih n ya t a . Med ia ya n g d igu naka n u nt u k
m e n i k m a t i f i l m k i n i s u d a h b a n ya k . J i k a d u l u m e n g g u n a k a n
t e k no lo g i ya n g s a ng a t be s a r , be r a t , d a n l a ya r n ya s a ng a t
k e c i l , k i n i f i l m d a p a t d i n i k m a t i d i t e l e v i s i , b io s k o p , a t a u
le wat VCD d a n DV D. Se la in it u, film dapat d in ik mat i pu la
d i r u m a h d e ng a n k u a l it a s g a m b a r ya n g b a i k , t a t a s u a r a ya n g
d it a t a r a p i , ya n g d i i s t i l a h k a n d e ng a n h o m e t h e a t e r . D e n g a n
t e k no lo g i ko mput er, film dapat dibu at d e ng a n bia ya
p r o d u k s i ya n g l e b i h m u r a h n a m u n d e ng a n k u a l it a s ya n g
ba ik.

M u n c u l n ya f i l m - f i l m a n i m a s i ya n g m a n a it u a d a l a h h a s i l
k a r ya d a r i k e c a n g g i h a n t e k no lo g i k o m p u t e r I nt e r ne t s a n g a t
m e m b a nt u d a l a m m e m p r o mo s i k a n f i l m k e k h a l a ya k v ir t u a l .
A l a t - a l a t p r o d u k s i s e p e r t i k a m e r a , k o m p u t e r d l l. M e m i l i k i
u k u r a n ya n g s e m a k i n k e c i l d a n s e m a k i n c a ng g i h s e h i n g g a

13
m e m u d a hk a n d a l a m p e m b u a t a n f i l m . L o k a s i f i l m d i a m b i l
d a p a t d ir e k a ya s a a t d i a m b i l d i s t u d io d e n g a n s e t t i n g ya n g
m e n ye r u p a i a s l i n ya . F i l m d a p a t d i d i s t r i bu s i k a n k e s e l u r u h
b e nu a d e ng a n t e k no lo g i ya n g a d a . P r o d u s e r me m b u a t f i l m -
f i l m ya n g l e b i h i m a j i n a t i f , k r e a t i f d a n mo d e r n. F i l m ya n g
d i h a s i l k a n t e r l i h a t s e p e r t i n ya t a be r k a t k e m a j u a n t e k no lo g i
saat i n i. Sepert i Harry Potter, S t ar Wa r s , Sp ider ma n,
T r a n s fo r m e r d l l . D e n g a n p e r k e m b a n g a n i n t e r n e t , f i l m j u g a
d a p a t d i s a k s i k a n l e w a t ja r i n g a n s u p e r h i g h w a y. S a a t i n i
t i d a k h a n ya b e r k e m b a n g f i l m d e n g a n 2 d i m e n s i ( 2 D ) t e t a p i
d i e r a ya n g p e nu h d e ng a n p e r k e m b a ng a n t e k no lo g i d a n
s e r b a d i g it a l s e k a r a n g s u d a h ba n ya k f i l m 3 D i m e n s i ( 3 D )
ya n g s a n g a t lu a r b i a s a . M i s a l n ya c o nt o h f i l m ya n g k a ya
d e ng a n t e k no lo g i s e p e r t i S t a r Wa r s , y a ng 3 D c o nt o h n ya I c e
A g e 3 , F i n a l D e s t i n a t io n 3 , s e k a r a ng a k a n a d a a va t a r d a l a m
3D. Da la m film Avatar kac a mat a p o la r i s a s i mer upa ka n
s e b u a h p e r k e m b a n g a n d a l a m f i l m 3 D ya ng s e be l u m n ya
h a n ya m e ng g u n a k a n k a c a m a t a b e r l e n s a m e r a h d a n h i j a u .
Ber beda d e ng a n ka ca mat a u nt u k m e no nt o n film 3D,
k a c a m a t a p o la r i s a s i t e r l i h a t b e n i n g s a m a s e p e r t i k a c a m a t a
bia sa.

D e ng a n t e k no lo g i capture i n fo r m a t i o n, film a n ima si

s e p e r t i a va t a r d i b u a t d e ng a n m e n g g u n a k a n k o m p u t e r d a r i
i m a g e a k s i m a n u s i a ya n g s e s u ng g u h n ya . M u n c u l n ya s t u d io
me mbu at produksi se ma k in mu da h tetapi b i a ya ya n g
d i p e r l u k a n l e b i h m a h a l . D e n g a n k e m a j u a n t e k no lo g i , f i l m
ya n g d i h a s i l k a n d a p a t b e r u p a g a m b a r s t e r e o s c o p i c . G a m b a r
s t e r e o s c o p i c m e r u p a k a n g a m b a r d i m a n a k e t ik a k it a m e l i h a t

14
p a d a l a ya r m a k a s e o l a h - o l a h k it a m e r a s a ba h w a g a m b a r
t e r s e bu t s a n g a t d e k a t . D e ng a n a p l i k a s i k o m p u t e r g r a f i s
ya it u c o m p u t e r g e n e r a t e d i m a g e r y ( C G I ) d a p a t d i bu a t f i l m
a nima si.

Mimik wa ja h p e m a i n n ya dapat d ibuat denga n

m e n g g u na k a n t e k no lo g i b u k a n l a g i t a t a r ia s . Ke c a n g g i h a n
t e k no lo g i v i s u a l me mbuat sine as m e n j a d i t a k k e s u l it a n
m e n c i p t a k a n i m a j i n a s i m e l a l u i e f e k v i s u a l k h u s u s ya n g
m e m a n j a k a n m a t a d a n m e m b u a t p e no nt o n be r d e c a k . Ka m e r a
d i g it a l a t a u m e d i a l a i n d a p a t me m b a nt u ma nu s i a d a l a m
p e m b u a t a n f i l m ya n g d i p e r u nt u k k a n u nt u k d i r i s e nd i r i a t a u
m e r e k a m k e g i a t a n. S e p e r t i f i l m d o c u m e nt e r s e m u a e f e k -
e f e k d i d u n i a a c t i n g . a n i m a s i , d a n p e n yo t i n g a n a d e g a n f i l m
se mu a di rekam dengan perangkat e lekt ro nik ya n g
d i h u bu n g k a n dengan k o mp u t e r . A n i m a s i n ya jug a di
k e m b a n g k a n m e m p e r g u na k a n a n i m a s i ya ng d i b u a t d e n g a n
a p l i k a s i k o m p u t e r . S e ba g a i c o nt o h f i l m - f i l m H o l l yw o o d
b e r j u d u l “ T it a n i c ” it u s e be n a r n ya t a m b a ha n a n i m a s i u nt u k
m e n g g a m b a r k a n k a p a l r a k s a s a ya n g p e c a h d a n t e ng g e l a m ,
s e h i n g g a t a mp a k m e n j a d i s e o l a h - o l a h m i r i p d e ng a n k e j a d i a n
n ya t a .

P e no nt o n d a p a t d e ng a n m u d a h m e n d o w n lo a d f i l m ya n g
i n g i n d it o nt o n. S e h i n g g a p e m b a j a k a n p u n j u g a s e m a k i n
me n ing kat . Di Indo nes ia, film ya ng d iha sik a n be lu m
m e m a n f a a t k a n k e m a j u a n t e k no lo g i y a ng a d a . S a l a h s a t u
e f e k C G I d a l a m f i l m ya it u d i g it a l g r a d i n g . D e ng a n e f e k i n i
w a r na a s l i h a s i l s ho o t i ng d ir e v i s i m e ng g u n a k a n p e r a ng k a t
l u n a k u nt u k m e m b e r i k a n k e s a n s e s u a i d e ng a n s k e na r i o .

15
C o nt o h p e ne r a p a n e f e k i n i ya it u p e n g g u na a n p a d a w a j a h
S e a n B e a n ( p e m e r a n B o r o m ir ) d a l a m ” T he L o r d o f t he
R i n g s : T he T w o T o w e r ” k e t ik a m a t i d i b u a t l e b i h p u c a t .
J a d i, t id a k d e n g a n t r ik k o s m e t i k , t e t a p i d e n g a n p o l e s a n
k o mp u t e r .

Ap lik asi k o mp u t e r gra fis ya n g d igu naka n ad a la h

Computer Generated I magery ( C G I ) . B e be r a p a s o ft w a r e
d a r i C G I ya ng p o p u l a r a t a u s e r i n g d i g u na k a n a nt a r a l a i n
M a ya , B l e n d e r , Ar t o f I l l u s io n d l l . C o mp u t e r - g e n e r a t e d
ima ger y ( jug a d ike na l sebagai CGI) ada la h penerapan
bid a ng k o mp u t e r gra fis, atau le b ih khusus, gra fis 3D
k o mp u t e r u nt u k e fe k k hu s u s d a l a m f i l m , p r o g r a m t e l e v i s i ,
i k l a n d a n s i m u l a s i u m u m n ya , d a n m e d i a c e t a k . D e n g a n
p e r a n g k a t l u na k i n i b i s a d i c i p t a k a n g a m b a r 3 D l e n g k a p
d e ng a n be r b a g a i e f e k ya n g d i k e h e nd a k i .

B a g i P e no nt o n. P e no nt o n d a p a t me l i h a t film dengan
l a ya r ya n g l e ba r d a n s u a s a n a ya n g le b i h n ya m a n. C o nt o hn ya
d i b io s k o p f i l m a k a n m a i n / m u l a i d i p u t a r , la m p u d i m a t i k a n
dan p i nt u - p i nt u d it u t u p se hing g a p e no nt o n dapat
k o ns e nt r a s i me musat ka n sega la p e r a s a a n n ya . K e t ik a
m e no nt o n f i l m , t id a k l a g i f i l m ya n g ha n ya be r g e r a k d a n
t i d a k b e w a r n a j a d w a l b io s k o p d a p a t d i l i h a t d a r i i nt e r n e t .

U nt u k m e n i k m a t i g a m b a r 3 D , h a n ya d i p e r l u k a n k a c a m a t a
ya n g m e n d u k u ng t e k no lo g i tersebut. D e ng a n t e le vis i
d i g it a l , p e no nt o n d a p a t m e m i l i h f i l m ya n g i n g i n d it o nt o n
h a n ya d e n g a n s a t u s a l u r a n s a j a . F i l m ya n g d i h a s i l k a n l e b i h
b e r va r i a s i. S e h i n g g a p e no nt o n d a p a t m e m i l i h f i l m a p a ya n g

16
i n g i n d it o nt o n . P e no nt o n t i d a k p e r l u m e no nt o n d i l a p a ng a n
s e p e r t i z a m a n d u l u ya n g m e n g g u na k a n l a ya r t a n c a p , t e t a p i
h a n ya p e r l u k e b io s k o p a t a u ba h k a n m e m b e l i t e k no lo g i
h o m e t h e a t e r u nt u k m e no nt o n d i r u m a h .

G. JENIS FILM SECARA UMUM

W a ya n W i d h a r m a ( 2 0 1 7 ) m e m b a g i j e n i s f i l m m e n j a d i 3 ,
ya k n i : ( 1 ) f i l m d o k u m e nt e r , ( 2 ) f i l m f i k s i , d a n ( 3 ) f i l m no n
d o k u m e nt e r . P e m b a g i a n t e r s e b u t be r d a s a r k a n k a r a k t e r i s t i k
ya n g k ha s d a r i s e bu a h f i l m . F i l m d o c u m e nt e r c e n d e r u n g
m e n ya j i k a n s e bu a h f a k t a , t i d a k m e n c i p t a k a n c e r i t a s e nd ir i,
t o k o h, a t a u k e j a d i a n , m e l a i n k a n ha n y a m e r e k a m p e r i s t i w a
ya n g f a k t u a l ( be n a r - be n a r t e r j a d i ) . S t r u k t u r f i l m u m u m n y a
s e d e r ha n a a g a r p e no nt o n d a p a t d e ng a n m u d a h m e m a h a m i
apa ya n g h e nd a k d i s a m p a i k a n. Cara me mbu at film
d o k u m e nt e r a d a :

1 . D e ng a n m e r e k a m s e c a r a l a ng s u n g . P e r i s t i w a - p e r i s t i w a
ya n g t er jad i secara t i ba - t i b a dapat d ia b a d i k a n
d e ng a nk a m e r a ya n g m e n ya t u d e n g a n a l a t k o m u n i k a s i
berup a cellul ar pho ne (hand phon e). Saat in i k ua lit a s
k a m e r a ya ng m e n ya t u d e ng a n h a nd p ho n e s u d a h s a n g a t
l a ya k u nt u k me n g a m b i l ga mba r bergerak d e ng a n
b a g u s . T a k h e r a n b i l a p e r i s t i w a - p e r i s t i w a be n c a n a
ya n g d a t a ng t i b a - t i b a k e m u d i a n m u n c u l v i d e o n ya d i
t e le v i s i b e r k a t b i d i k a n i n d i v i d u d a l a m m a s ya r a k a t .
F i l m d o k u m e nt e r u m u m n ya b e r d u r a s i p e n d e k , d i b u a t
u nt u k k e p e nt i n g a n p e n e l it i a n i l m i a h, m e m b u a t b e r it a ,

17
 me mbu at compan y prof ile (pro fil pe rusa haa n), at au
sek ed ar se bag a i ar sip ke na nga n pr ibad i

2 . D e ng a n p e r e n c a n a a n ya n g s i s t e m a t i s . M i s a l n ya f i l m
d o k u m e nt e r ya n g d ibu at s e ba g a i features,
m e m b u t u h k a n s k r i p a t a u s c e na r i o s e d e r ha n a k a r e n a
akan me nja d i pesan ya n g be r c e r it a . Do ku me n
ke hid upa n b i n a t a ng di hu t a n be l a n t a r a acap kali
m e n j a d i f e a t u r e s ya n g m e n a r i k k e t i k a d i s u s u n d e n g a n
d e s k r i p s i ya n g b a g u s . M i s a l n ya f i l m t e nt a ng k e r a s n y a
ke hid upa n d i Hut a n A mazo n Amer ik a, ga mbar -ga mbar
dapat d i e d it sehingga p a p a r a n n ya sepert i s e bu a h
c e r it a ; ba g a i m a n a ha r i m a u m e ng e n d a p - e nd a p
m e n g i n t a i ba b i hu t a n ya n g s e d a n g m e n g a i s u b i j a l a r d i
s e b u a h t e g a l a n , k e m u d i a n s a ng ba b i m e ng e t a hu i c a lo n
p e m a n g s a n ya it u d a n l a r i t u n g g a n g l a n g g a ng . H a r i m a u
p u n m e n g e j a r d e ng a n s e k u a t t e na g a .

W i d a r m a m e n ya t a k a n f i l m d o k u m e nt e r ju g a b i s a d i b u a t
d e ng a n m e r e k o ns t r u k s i u l a ng p e r i s t i w a a t a u k e j a d i a n ya n g
t e la h b e r l a l u . D a l a m h a l i n i p e m b u a t a n n ya s a m a d e ng a n
pe mbu at a n film c e r it a ( fik si), m e m b u t u hk a n p ersia pa n
t e k n i s ya n g t a k k a l a h d e t a i l s e p e r t i h a l n ya p e m b u a t a n f i l m
f i k s i . M e nu r u t W i d h a r m a ( 2 0 1 7 ) a d a be b e r a p a ha l ya n g
h a r u s d i p e r h a t ik a n j i k a i n g i n m e m b u a t f i l m d o c u m e nt e r
se cara la ng su ng:

a . L a k u k a n r i s e t s e c a r a m e nd a l a m, k a r e n a a p a ya n g a k a n
k it a f i l m k a n i n i b e r h u bu n g a n d e n g a n p e r i s t i w a ya n g

18
 m u n g k i n t id a k a k a n t e r u l a ng l a g i . J a d i p a s t ik a n be n a r -
b e na r m e m a h a m i s e c a r a m e n d a l a m p e r i s t iw a t e r s e b u t .
b. S e l a l u sia pka n k a mer a u nt u k m e na ng k a p mo m e n -
mo m e n p e nt i n g it u s e b a b n ya m e n g a p a p e m b u a t f i l m
do ku me nt er m e ng g u na k a n k a mer a ya n g ke c il,
s e d e r ha n a d a n s e l a l u s i a p d i g u na k a n.
c. Sed ia ka n t e mpat p e n y i m p a na n data ya n g be s a r .
M u ng k i n p r o s e s p e ng a m b i l a n g a m b a r b i s a be r l a n g s u n g
s e l a m a b e r bu l a n - bu l a n a t a u m u n g k i n b e r t a hu n - t a h u n.

F i l m e k s p e r i m e nt a l b i a s a n ya d i b u a t b e r d a s a r k a n p r i n s i p -
pr insip di lu ar ker ja indu st r i film ya n g mainstream.
S t r u k t u r f i l m s a ng a t d it e nt u k a n o l e h p a nd a n g a n s u b j e k t i f
d a r i p e m b u a t n ya . S e d a ng k a n k a r a k t e r f i l m c e r it a ( f i k s i )
a d a l a h u m u m n ya d i b u a t be r d a s a r k a n i d e i m a j i n a s i b e l a k a .
N a m u n d e m i k i a n a d a j u g a f i l m f i k s i ya ng d i i l h a m i p e r i s t i w a
f a k t u a l ( t r u e s t o r y ) a t a u k i s a h n ya t a . N a m u n, t e t a p t id a k
d a p a t m e ng h i l a n g k a n a s p e k k a r a ng a n. K e m u d i a n a d a p l o t ,
c e r it a , t o k o h, d a n s e t t i ng ( w a k t u , t e mp a t , d a n l a i n n ya ) .

19
 BAB III

ST U D I KA SU S

A w a l d a r i P e r f i l m a n P a d a t a h u n 1 8 7 8 , s e o r a ng t o k o h a s a l
Ame r ik a Ser ikat ya n g b e r na m a Edward Ja me s Mu ybr idg e
m e m b u a t s e b a n ya k 1 6 g a m b a r k u d a d e ng a n p o s e ya n g b e r be d a -
b e d a d i s e t i a p l e m b a r n ya . S a a t 1 6 g a m b a r t e r s e bu t d i g a b u ng k a n,
ma ka t erc ipt a la h ilu si gerak seekor kuda ya n g seakan -akan
s e d a ng b e r l a r i . P e n e m u a n i n i k e m u d i a n m e n j a d i a w a l d a n k o n s e p
d a s a r p e m b u a t a n f i l m . S e l a i n it u , 1 6 g a m b a r k u d a b e r l a r i i n i
me n ja d i ga mbar a nima s i pert a ma d i du nia. La lu seo rang ilmua n
b e r na m a T ho m a s Alfa Ed iso n mu la i me ng e mba ngk a n f u ng s i
k a m e r a ya ng d a p a t d ig u na k a n u nt u k m e r e k a m g a m b a r b e r g e r a k .
S e h i n g g a k a m e r a t id a k l a g i ha n ya b i s a d ig u n a k a n u nt u k m e mo t r e t
g a m b a r d i a m s a j a . S e t e l a h it u m u l a i m u nc u l e r a s i n e m a t o g r a f i
d a r i f i l m d o k u m e nt e r p e r t a m a d i d u n i a ya n g d i c i p t a k a n o le h
L u m i e r e be r s a u d a r a . P a d a 2 8 D e s e m b e r 1 8 9 5 , f i l m h it a m p u t i h
k a r ya Lu mier e bersaudara in i u nt u k pert a ma kalinya
d i p e r t o nt o nk a n k e p a d a k h a l a ya k d i a r e a bo u l e v a r d C a p u c i n e s ,
Par is, Pra nc is. Film in i me nu a i kesuksesan be s a r karena
a nt u s i a s m e be s a r m a s ya r a k a t t e r ha d a p k a r ya f i l m ya n g d i a n g g a p
s e b a g a i p e ne m u a n s p e k t a k u l e r i n i. K a r e na be l u m a d a p e r a ng k a t
u nt u k m e n g g a bu n g k a n f i l m d e ng a n s u a r a , m a k a k e t ik a f i l m i n i
d it a ya n g k a n, a d a m u s i k o r k e s t r a ya n g m e ng i r i n g i p e m u t a r a n n ya .
F i l m ya n g d i b u a t p a d a t a h u n 1 8 9 5 i n i be r j u d u l S o r t i e d e l ' u s i n e
Lu mie re d e L yo n ya n g a r t i n ya Pegawai Pu la ng dari P a br i k
L u m i e r e d i L yo n. Wa l a u p u n d u r a s i n ya s i n g k a t , t et a p i f i l m i n i

20
m a m p u m e n a r i k p e r h a t ia n d u n i a . F i l m k a r ya L u m i e r e b e r s a u d a r a
in i me na mp ilk a n para pe ker ja p a br i k L u mier e ya ng s e d a ng
b e r bo n d o ng bo nd o n g k e l u a r d a r i p a br i k p a d a j a m p u l a n g k e r j a .
F i l m i n i d i a n g g a p m e m i l i k i m e m i l i k i a l u r c e r it a ya n g j e l a s .
K a r e n a d i d a l a m f i l m t e r s e bu t me ng a ng k a t a k t i v it a s s e ha r i - h a r i
p a r a p e k e r j a p a br i k L u m i e r e p a d a e r a n ya . P a d a 2 8 D e s e m b e r
1895, f i l m h it a m p u t i h k a r ya L u m i e r e be r s a u d a r a i n i u nt u k
pert a ma k a l i n ya d i p e r t o nt o nk a n kepada k ha l a ya k di area
bo u l e v a r d . F i l m k a r ya L u m i e r e i n i k e m u d i a n m e n j a d i p a t o k a n
a w a l s e j a r a h f i l m d i l d u n i a W a l a u ma s a d e p a n f i l m p e r na h
d i p r e d i k s i t i d a k a k a n b e r t a h a n l a m a , t e t a p i s a a t i n i s u d a h t e r bu k t i
k a l a u p r e d i k s i t e r s e bu t h a n ya l a h a n g i n l a l u s e m a t a . A k h i r n ya
pada t a hu n 1905, kedua bersaudara it u me m u t u s k a n u nt u k
me mu la i b isn is film.

Film Ber suara

S e i r i n g p e s a t n ya p e r k e m b a n g a n f i l m , a k h i r n ya m u l a i m u n c u l f i l m
bersuara. Ka la u pa da za ma n Lu mie re bersaud ara haru s d iir ing i
d e ng a n p e m e nt a s a n g r u p mu s i k o r k e s t r a , la m b a t l a u n m u n c u l f i l m
p e r t a m a ya ng m e n g g u n a k a n s u a r a d i d a l a m n ya , b e r j u d u l T he J a z z
S i n g e r . F i l m ya n g d i s u t r a d a r a i o l e h A l a n C r o s l a nd i n i m e r u p a k a n
f i l m d r a m a m u s i k a l a s a l A m e r i k a ya n g d ir i l i s p a d a t a hu n 1 9 2 7 .
Film i n i m e m i l i k i d u r a s i ya n g le bih pa nja ng dar i film - fil m
s e b e l u m n ya . T id ak h a n ya d is inkro nisa sik a n d e ng a n re ka ma n
m u s i k , s u a r a d i f i l m i n i j u g a d i s i n k r o n i s a s i k a n d e n g a n n ya n y i a n
d a n c a r a b i c a r a t o ko h. T id a k d a p a t d i p u ng k ir i, m u n c u l n ya f i l m
bersuara in i ma mpu me mber i peru ba ha n baru pad a p er filma n p ada
e r a t e r s e bu t . K a r e n a ya ng b i a s a n ya p e no nt o n h a n ya b i s a m e n e r k a -
nerka adegan dari bahasa t u bu h, k in i p e no nt o n sudah bis a

21
me n ik mat i suara tokoh se hing ga t idak harus takut sa la h
m e n a f s i r k a n c e r i t a . I nd u s t r i p e r f i l m a n p u n k e m u d i a n s e m a k i n
b e r k e m b a n g d a n m u l a i m u n c u l f i l m ya n g m e n j a d i p e lo p o r f i l m
berwar na pert a ma d i du nia.

Film Berwar na

H o l l yw o o d me mpro duk si b e r ba g a i ju du l film ya n g ma mp u

me nar ik per hat ia n p e no nt o n, sa la h s a t u n ya ad a la h film T he
W i z a r d o f O z ya n g d i s u t r a d a r a i o l e h V i c t o r F l e m i n g p a d a t a hu n
1 9 3 9 . F i l m i n i m e r u p a k a n f i l m p e r t a m a ya ng m e n g g u n a k a n w a r na .
P a d a a w a l f i l m m a s i h m e n g g u n a k a n t e k n i k w a r n a h it a m - p u t i h,
l a l u s a a t ma s u k k e p e r t e n g a h a n s a a t D o r o t h y b e r p e t u a l a ng k e
t e mp a t ba r u , f i l m l a n g s u ng b e r u b a h w a r na . P a t h é m e r u p a k a n
p e r u s a h a a n f i l m ya n g m e n j a d i p e lo p o r f i l m b e r w a r na . T e k n i k
ya n g d i g u n a k a n u nt u k m e n g h a s i l k a n w a r n a s a ng a t l a h k r e a t i f .
M e r e k a m e n g e m b a n g k a n p e n g g u n a a n t e k n i k s t e nc i l p a d a l e m b a r
p r o ye k s .

I nd u s t r i p er filma n be r k e m b a n g d e ng a n pesat se ir in g
s e m a k i n c a ng g i h n ya t e k no lo g i. S a a t i n i r e s o l u s i t e r t i ng g i s e bu a h
l a ya r m e n c a p a i 8 0 0 0 p . D i m e n s i g a m b a r n ya t a k m a i n - m a i n ya k n i
7 6 8 0 x4 3 2 0 . Ak r a b d e ng a n s e bu t a n 8 K, me n g g a nt ik a n fo r m a t
p e nd a hu l u n ya 4 K. B a n ya k ya n g t e r t a r i k d e ng a n p e r k e m b a n g a n
r e s o l u s i a k i b a t be r k e m b a n g n ya t e k no l o g i. N a m u n s e b a g i a n o r a ng
m a s i h m e m p e r t a ha nk a n c a r a k l a s i k .

M e n e r i m a p a n g g i l a n p e m u t a r a n f i l m s u d a h d i l a k o n i n ya s e j a k
t a hu n 1 9 9 1 . T e r k e s a n j a d u l , f i l m e r a 6 0 - 9 0 a n m a s i h b i s a d i p u t a r
d e ng a n ba i k . T a n a h l a p a ng m e n j a d i t e m p a t t e r ba i k u nt u k m e m u t a r
film la wa s be r b a g a i g e nr e . Ant usias p e no nt o n seo la h

22
m e n g g a m b a r k a n m e r e k a i n g i n b e r no s t a l g i a . T u a m u d a , b e r a m a i -
r a m a i m e n g e n a ng f i l m l a w a s m e l a l u i s o r o t a n c a h a ya p o ye k t o r t u a .

M a l a m p u n t i b a , l a ya r p u t i h t e l a h t e r p a j a n g m e m b e nt a ng s e k it a r 7
x 3 m e t e r . P a r a t i m t e k n i s s u d a h be r s i a p me m u t a r f i l m . S e t ia p
o r a ng mu la i me mp er sia pka n d ir i u nt u k m e no nt o n. Terpal
s e d e r ha n a d i s e d i a k a n m e n g a nt i s i p a s i t u r u n n ya h u j a n. B e r k u m p u l
b e r s a m a m e n g ha s i l k a n k e h a ng a t a n d i t e ng a h d i n g i n n ya m a l a m .
K i l a u a n c a ha ya d a n s u a r a s p e a k e r m e m e c a h k e r a m a i a n p e no nt o n.
Ko m p o s i s i w a r na ya n g s e d e r ha n a , j a u h d a r i k u a l i t a s t e r ba r u n ya
8 K. M a t a d a n t e l i n g a m u l a i fo k u s k e p a d a f i l m ya n g m e r e k a
d a m b a k a n.

B e r b a g a i j e n i s g e nr e f i l m m u l a i l a g a h i n g g a d r a m a t e r s e d i a u nt u k
p u t a r . B e na r , i s t i l a h p e m u t a r a n f i l m l e b i h p a nt a s d i s e b u t u nt u k
film l a ya r t a nc a p in i. Fra me demi fr a m e berukuran 35mm
b e r p u t a r be r g a nt i a n m e n a ya n g k a n g a m b a r n ya . S e t id a k n ya s a t u
f i l m p u n ya p a n j a n g p it a g u l u n g a n m e nc a p a i 1 0 0 m e t e r . C u k u p
p a n j a n g u nt u k m e ng i t a r i t a n a h l a p a ng t e m p a t m e no nt o n l a ya r
t a nc a p .

Me sin p r o ye k t o r tua ma s i h bisa me nu nju kk a n p e r fo r m a n ya .

P e r a w a t a n ya ng r u t i n m e n j a d i t u g a s u t a m a a n g g o t a P L T I i n i. T a k
j a r a ng , suku cadang ya n g mu la i la ng ka me n g haru ska n
p e ng o p e r a s i a n n ya l e b i h d i j a g a . T e r d a p a t d u a t e mp a t g u l u ng a n
p it a s e l u lo i d , rongga pert a ma untuk p it a be l u m d iput ar,
s e d a ng k a n rongga kedua set e la h p it a terkena c a h a ya . Di
b a w a h n ya t e r d a p a t p a r t m e s i n d a n b e r u j u n g p a d a l e n s a ya n g
m e m a n c a r k a n g a m b a r c a h a ya .

23
J a s a p e m u t a r a n f i l m l a ya r t a n c a p i n i m e m i l i k i s t o k f i l m lo k a l ,
n a s io na l, h i n g g a m a n c a n e g a r a . N a m p a k d i g u d a n g p e n y i m p a n a n,
t u mp u k a n g u l u l u n g a n f i l m t i n g g i m e n j u l a ng . S a k i n g b a n ya k n ya ,
b e be r a p a t im ke wa la ha n me ngat ur susunan film. S e m u a n ya
d i s i m p a n d a l a m w a d a h s e m a c a m p e n y i m p a n a n k a s e t t e mp o d u l u .
B u k a n s e m b a r a n g w a d a h, k u a l it a s n ya h a r u s p e k a t e r ha d a p c a h a ya
mat a har i.

24
 BAB IV

PENUTUP

A. K ESIMPULAN
Ko m u n i k a s i ya n g e fe kt if sanga t d iper lu ka n d a la m
p e n ya m p a i a n p e s a n. S a l a h s a t u m e d i a a u d io v i s u a l ya it u f i l m .
F i l m a d a l a h g a m b a r h i d u p a t a u s e r i n g d i s e b u t mo v i e . G a m b a r
h i d u p a d a l a h b e nt u k s e n i , be nt u k p o p u l a r d a r i h i b u r a n d a n
j u g a b i s n i s . F i l m d i h a s i l k a n d a r i b e nd a d e ng a n k a m e r a d a n
atau o le h a n i m a s i, Film da la m p e ng e r t i a n s e m p it ad a la h
p e n ya j i a n g a m b a r l e w a t la ya r l e b a r .

Du nia p er filma n secara g lo b a l t ela h m e ng a l a m i

p e r k e m b a n g a n ya n g s a ng a t p e s a t , h a l i n i d a p a t d i l i h a t d a r i
p e r k e m b a n g a n t e k no lo g i. N i l a i d a ya t a r ik d a r i s e bu a h f i l m
t i d a k h a n ya d i h a s i l k a n d a r i k e m a m p u a n t e k n i s p e ng a m b i l a n
g a m b a r , t e k n i k p e nc a h a ya a n, t e m p a t a t a u t e m a , m a u p u n i d e
c e r it a , akan tetapi ju ga d iha silka n dari k e ma mpua n
p e ng g a bu n g a n unsur k o mp u t e r gra fis ya n g di ma sukk a n
k e d a l a m f i l m . S e l a i n t e k no lo g i, k e m a j u a n d a r i f i l m g lo b a l
d i d u k u n g o le h i d e – id e k r e a t i f ya n g j u g a s e m a k i n m e n a m b a h
d a ya t a r i k d a r i s e b u a h f i l m . D e ng a n a d a n ya h a l t e r s e bu t ,
per filma n I nd o ne s i a jug a d it u nt u t u nt u k me m p r o d u k s i
t a ya n g a n ya n g be r k u a l i t a s a g a r d a p a t be r s a i n g d a l a m d u n i a
p e r f i l m a n g lo ba l. S e ir i n g d e n g a n p e r k e m b a n g a n t e k no lo g i ,
m a s ya r a k a t m e m p u n ya i b a n ya k a l t e r n a t i f s e b a g a i p i l i h a n u nt u k
me nc ar i hibur a n t erut a ma film. T id ak dapat d ipu ngk ir i ba hwa

25
b i o s k o p mu l a i r a m a i d i k u n j u n g i k a r e n a a d a n ya f i l m - f i l m b a r u
ya n g s a ng a t be r p o t e n s i u nt u k m e n a r i k p a r a p e c i nt a f i l m , ya n g
j u g a m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u a lt e r na t i f ya n g d a p a t d i p i l i h d a r i
b e r ba g a i m a c a m j e n i s h i b u r a n ya n g d it a w a r k a n. K e be r a d a a n
d a r i b io s k o p s a a t i n i j u g a t id a k s e p e nu h n ya t e r g e s e r d e n g a n
a d a n ya k e b e r a d a a n t e l e v i s i , V i d e o C o m p a c t D i s k ( V C D ) a t a u
D V D ya n g d a p a t d i n i k m a t i k a p a n s a j a t a np a ha r u s p e r g i k e
b i o s k o p , k a r e na a d a ha l y a n g t id a k d i p e r o l e h d a r i m e no nt o n
f i l m d i r u m a h . T i d a k h a n ya it u s a j a , d e ng a n a d a n ya w a r u ng

I nt e r ne t ya ng j u g a m e n ye d i a k a n be r b a g a i m a c a m f i l m ya n g
dapat d isa lin o le h p e ng u n j u n g warung i nt e r ne t , in i ju ga
me n ja d i sa la h sat u o psi d ar i ma syarakat u nt u k m e m e n u h i
k e bu t u ha n d a l a m m e no nt o n f i l m .

P e r f i l m a n d i I nd o ne s i a a k h i r - a k h i r i n i b e r k e m b a n g s a ng a t
pesat se ir ing d e ng a n m a j u n ya era g lo ba l i s a s i. Hal in i
m e n u n j u k k a n ba h w a d i I nd o ne s i a m e m i l i k i o r a ng - o r a ng k r e a t i f
ya n g i k u t m e m b a n g u n ne g e r i k i t a s e c a r a m o r i l b a i k p o s i t i f
ma upu n ne g a t i f . K e b e ba s a n be r e k s p r e s i di ne g e r i ini
m e n d u k u ng p r o d u k s i - p r o d u k s i f i l m d i I nd o ne s i a s e h i n g g a
m e n i n g k a t s e c a r a p e s a t . T e k no lo g i j u g a s a l a h s a t u ha l ya n g
i k u t m e nd o r o ng i n d u s t r i k r e a t i f I n d o n e s i a m e m p r o d u k s i f i l m -
film u nt u k me nja d i sumber p e ma su ka n mere ka. Per filma n
I nd o ne s i a p u n t a k k a l a h m e n d a p a t p e r ha t i a n d a r i p e r f i l m a n
s e l u r u h d u n i a . R u m a h p r o d u k s i t e r s e b a r bu k a n h a n ya d i k o t a
b e s a r s a j a , t a p i j u g a d i k o t a - k o t a ke c i l d i s e l u r u h p e l o s o k
negeri in i. Film merup ak a n sa la h satu med ia ko m u nik a si
mo d e r n ya ng e f e k t i f u nt u k m e n g h i b u r s e k a l i g u s m e n ya m p a i k a n
pesan ya n g dapat me mpe ngaru h i sik ap, p o la p ik ir dan

26
m e m b u k a w a w a s a n ba g i p e no nt o n n ya . D a l a m p e r k e m b a n g a n
me d ia, a u d io visu a l b isa d ika t aka n s a ng a t a mp u h
m e n ya m p a i k a n s u a t u p e s a n t e r h a d a p k h a l a ya k ba n ya k d a r i
p a d a m e d i a - m e d i a l a i n.

B. SARAN

S e t e l a h m e n g e t a hu i be b e r a p a h a l t e nt a ng f i l m t e r u t a m a
d a m p a k n ya , m a k a h a e nd a k n ya k it a d a p a t l e b i h b i j a k d a l a m
me n yik ap i atau m u ng k i n me mbu at s e bu a h film se h ingg a
m e m i n i m a l i s i r mu n c u l n ya d a m p a k ne g a t i f d a r i f i l m it u s e n d i r i
s a m b i l k it a m e ng e m b a n g k a n d i r i d a n i l m u p e ng e t a hu a n.

S e l a i n i t u j u g a s e ba g a i p e n i k m a t k a r ya s e n i k h u s u s n ya f i l m ,
k it a ha r u s m e ng h a r g a i k a r ya film t e r s e bu t . D e ng a n cara
m e no nt o n m e l a l u i s i t u s r e s m i d a n m e ng h i n d a r i p e m b a j a k a n.
O l e h k a r e n a it u m a s ya r a k a t p e r l u s a d a r a k a n s i s t e m - s i s t e m
hu k u m ha k c i p t a , u nt u k m e n i m b u l k a n a p r e s i a s i t e r ha d a p s e n i
t e r s e bu t .

27
 D A F T A R P U ST A K A

Herdyanto, Abraham. (2019). “9 Perkembangan Teknologi Industri Perfilman yang

Paling Berpengaruh” IDN TIMES. Diakses pada 18 october 2019, dari
https://www.idntimes.com/tech/trend/abraham-herdyanto/perkembangan-teknologi-
paling-berpengaruh-di-industri-perfilman/2
Dampak Kemajuan Teknologi Dalam Bidang Film baik Dari Sisi Penonton Maupun
Industri Film. (2012). ptkomunikasi. Diakses pada 21 Mei 2012, dari
https://ptkomunikasi.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/dampak-kemajuan-teknologi-dalam-
bidang-film-baik-dari-sisi-penonton-maupun-industri-film/
Ardiyanti, Handrini. (2017). “PERFILMAN INDONESIA: PERKEMBANGAN
DAN KEBIJAKAN, SEBUAH TELAAH DARI PERSPEKTIF INDUSTRI
BUDAYA (CINEMA IN INDONESIA: HISTORY AND GOVERMENT
REGULATION, A CULTURAL INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE)” Kajian,
Menjembatani Teori dan Persoalan Masyarakat dalam Perumusan Kebijakan. Dari
https://jurnal.dpr.go.id/index.php/kajian/article/view/1521
Panuju, Redi. (2019). Film sebagai Proses Kreatif. Malang: Inteligensia Media.
Tersedia dari
https://books.google.co.id/books?id=VJDPDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=S
ejarah+teknologi+perkembangan+film&hl=id&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=S
ejarah%20teknologi%20perkembangan%20film&f=false
Manesah, Dani, M.Sn., dan Muhammad Ali Mursid Alfathoni, M.Sn. (2020).
Pengantar Teori Film. Yogyakarta: Deepublish. Tersedia dari
https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Pengantar_Teori_Film/_G4PEAAAQBAJ?hl
=id&gbpv=1&dq=perkembangan+film&printsec=frontcover

L a ya r T a nc a p ya n g M e l e g e n d a , S e j a r a h I nd u s t r i P e m u t a r a n F i l m
d i I n d o ne s i a ( 2 0 2 1 ) .

28
ht t p s : / / m . m e r d e k a . c o m/ t r a ve l / l a ya r - t a n c a p - ya n g - m e l e g e nd a -
s e j a r a h - i n d u s t r i- p e m u t a r a n - f i l m - d i- i n d o ne s i a . ht m l

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