Caustic Soda Plant PT. Pindo Deli Pulp and Paper Mills II
L2 Feed
TL2 = 128 F = 9.600 kg/jam
TF = 60
XF (NaOH) = 30,66%
XF (H2O) = 69,34%
A2 = 675,1 ft2
E1301
E1302
Steam in V1 V2
Ts = 150
λ = 2.100,92 kJ/kg
L1
L1 = 6.012,99 kg/jam
XL1(NaOH) = 48,95%
XL1 (H2O) = 51,05% C1 C2
A1 = 423,9 ft2
1. Neraca Massa
Neraca massa total sistem evaporator :
𝐹 + 𝑆 = 𝐿1 + 𝑉2 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
𝐹 = 𝐿1 + 𝑉2 + 𝐶2 ……. (Pers. 1)
E1302 :
𝐿2 = 𝐹 − 𝑉2
E1302 :
𝐹 ∙ 𝑋𝐹 = 𝐿2 ∙ 𝑋𝐿2
2. Neraca Energi
Neraca energi total sistem evaporator :
((F ∙ CpF ∙ ∆TF ) + (S ∙ λ)) = ((L1 ∙ CpL1 ∙ ∆TL1 ) + (C1 ∙ CpC1 ∙
∆TC1 ) + (C2 ∙ CpC2 ∙ ∆TC2 ) + (V2 ∙ λ)) ……. (Pers. 2)
𝑇𝑆 = 150℃ 𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 9.600 𝑗𝑎𝑚
𝑇𝐹 = 60℃
𝑋𝐹 = 30,66 %𝑤𝑡
𝑇𝐿2 = 128℃
𝐿𝐿1 = 48,95 %𝑤𝑡
𝑘𝑔
𝐿1 = 6.012,99 𝑗𝑎𝑚
𝑇𝑆 = 150℃ 𝑘𝐽
𝐻 = 2.750,01 𝑘𝑔
𝐿2 = 7.806,50 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚
E1302 :
𝐿2 = 𝐹 − 𝑉2
𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 7.806,50 𝑗𝑎𝑚 + 1.793,504 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚
𝐹 = 9.600 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚
c. Menghitung neraca massa komponen (NaOH) pada masing-masing
effect :
E1301 :
𝐿2 ∙ 𝑋𝐿2 = 𝐿1 ∙ 𝑋𝐿1
7.806,50 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚 ∙ 𝑋𝐿2 = 6.012,99 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚 ∙ 0,4895
7.806,50 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚 ∙ 𝑋𝐿2 = 2.943,36 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚
𝑋𝐿2 = 0,38
E1302 :
𝐹 ∙ 𝑋𝐹 = 𝐿2 ∙ 𝑋𝐿2
9.600 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚 ∙ 𝑋𝐹 = 7.806,50 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚 ∙ 0,38
9.600 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚 ∙ 𝑋𝐹 = 2.943,36 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚
𝑋𝐹 = 0,3066
L = 20 𝑓𝑡
Nt = 54
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐾𝐴 = 12,51
ℎ𝑜 = 1.500 ℎ ∙ 𝑓𝑡 ∙ ℉
ℎ ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2 ∙ ℉
𝐴𝑜 = 2𝜋𝐿𝑟𝑜
𝐴𝑜 = (2 ∙ 3,14 ∙ 20 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 0,077917 𝑓𝑡)
𝐴𝑜 = 9,79 𝑓𝑡 2
9,79 𝑓𝑡 2 − 7,17 𝑓𝑡 2
𝐴𝑙𝑚 = 9,79 𝑓𝑡2
ln( )
7,17 𝑓𝑡2
𝐴𝑙𝑚 = 8,4 𝑓𝑡 2
BWG = 16
𝑎′𝑡 = 1,47 𝑖𝑛2
(Tabel 10 Kern, 1950)
𝑎𝑡 = 0,55 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑤
Massa vel, 𝐺𝑡 =
𝑎𝑡
Dengan nilai :
w = 17210,3865 lb/hr
𝑎𝑡 = 0,55 𝑓𝑡 2
17210,3865 𝑙𝑏/ℎ𝑟
𝐺𝑡 = 0,55 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑙𝑏
Sehingga nilai 𝐺𝑡 = 31.291,61 ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
Dengan nilai :
Dt = 0,1142 ft
𝑙𝑏
𝐺𝑡 = 31.291,61 ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑅𝑒𝑝 = 11.908, 20
Maka nilai 𝐽𝐻 = 60
Sehingga nilai ℎ𝑖
𝑘 𝐶𝜇 1/3
ℎ𝑖 = 𝐽𝐻 ∙ ∙ (𝑘)
𝐷
𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ𝑖 = 827,92 ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2 ∙𝐹
1
𝑈= 1 9,79 𝑓𝑡2 7,17 𝑓𝑡2
𝐵𝑡𝑢 + (0,077917 𝑓𝑡− 0,057083 𝑓𝑡) ∙ 𝐵𝑡𝑢 + 𝐵𝑡𝑢
827,92 12,51 ∙ 8,4 𝑓𝑡2 2
9,79 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 1.500
ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑓𝑡2 ∙𝐹 ℎ ∙ 𝑓𝑡 ∙ ℉ ℎ ∙ 𝑓𝑡2 ∙ ℉
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑈 = 4,49 ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2 ∙𝐹 x 54 = 242,67 ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2 ∙𝐹
𝑊
𝑈 = 1.377,94 𝑚2 ∙ ℃
E1302 :
Dimana data diketahui adalah :
ID tube = 1,37 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑖 = 0,057083 𝑓𝑡
1
OD tube =1 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜 = 0,077917 𝑓𝑡
2
L = 20 𝑓𝑡
Nt = 86
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐾𝐴 = 12,51
ℎ𝑜 = 1.500 ℎ ∙ 𝑓𝑡 ∙ ℉
ℎ ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2 ∙ ℉
𝐴𝑜 = 2𝜋𝐿𝑟𝑜
𝐴𝑜 = (2 ∙ 3,14 ∙ 20 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 0,077917 𝑓𝑡)
𝐴𝑜 = 9,79 𝑓𝑡 2
Sehingga nilai 𝐴𝑙𝑚 adalah :
𝐴𝑜 − 𝐴𝑖
𝐴𝑙𝑚 = 𝐴
ln( 𝑜 )
𝐴𝑖
9,79 𝑓𝑡 2 − 7,17 𝑓𝑡 2
𝐴𝑙𝑚 = 9,79 𝑓𝑡2
ln( )
7,17 𝑓𝑡2
𝐴𝑙𝑚 = 8,4 𝑓𝑡 2
Dengan diketahui :
BWG = 16
𝑎′𝑡 = 1,47 𝑖𝑛2
(Tabel 10 Kern, 1950)
𝑎𝑡 = 0,88 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑤
Massa vel, 𝐺𝑡 =
𝑎𝑡
Dengan nilai :
w = 21.164,38 lb/hr
𝑎𝑡 = 0,88 𝑓𝑡 2
21.164,38 𝑙𝑏/ℎ𝑟
𝐺𝑡 = 0,88 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑙𝑏
Sehingga nilai 𝐺𝑡 = 24.050,43 ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
Dengan nilai :
Dt = 0,1142 ft
𝑙𝑏
𝐺𝑡 = 24.050,43
ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 10.560,61
Maka nilai 𝐽𝐻 = 35
Sehingga nilai ℎ𝑖
𝑘 𝐶𝜇 1/3
ℎ𝑖 = 𝐽𝐻 ∙ ∙ (𝑘)
𝐷
𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ𝑖 = 480,45 ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2 ∙𝐹
1
𝑈= 1 9,79 𝑓𝑡2 7,17 𝑓𝑡2
𝐵𝑡𝑢 + (0,077917 𝑓𝑡− 0,057083 𝑓𝑡) ∙ 𝐵𝑡𝑢 + 𝐵𝑡𝑢
480,45 12,51 ∙ 8,4 𝑓𝑡2 2
9,79 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 1.500
ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑓𝑡2 ∙𝐹 ℎ ∙ 𝑓𝑡 ∙ ℉ ℎ ∙ 𝑓𝑡2 ∙ ℉
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑈 = 3,52 ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2 ∙𝐹 x 86 = 190,26 ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2 ∙𝐹
𝑊
𝑈 = 1.080,35 𝑚2 ∙ ℃
e. ∆T Tiap Efek
∑ ∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠3
∑ ∆𝑇 = 150℃ − 51,6℃
∑ ∆𝑇 = 98,4℃
Sehingga :
1
𝑈1
∆𝑇1 = ∑ ∆𝑇 1 1
+
𝑈1 𝑈2
E1302 :
𝑊
𝑈 = 1.080,35 𝑚2 ∙ ℃
1
𝑊
1.377,94
𝑚2 ∙ ℃
∆𝑇1 = ( 98,4℃ ∙ 1 1 )
𝑊 + 𝑊
1.377,94 1.080,35
𝑚2 ∙ ℃ 𝑚2 ∙ ℃
∆𝑇1 = 43,24℃
∆𝑇2 = ∑ ∆𝑇 − ∆𝑇1
∆𝑇2 = 98,4℃ − 43,24℃
∆𝑇2 = 55,16℃
Sehingga nilai 𝑇𝑠2 :
𝑇𝑠2 = ∆𝑇2 + 𝑇2
𝑇𝑠2 = 55,16℃ + 51,6℃
𝑇𝑠2 = 106,7℃
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝐹 = 𝐶𝑝𝐹 (𝑇𝐹 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) = 4,18 (60℃ − 0℃) = 250,8
𝑘𝑔 𝐾 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
ℎ1 = 𝐶𝑝1 (𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) = 4,18 (106,76℃ − 0℃) = 446,24
𝑘𝑔 𝐾 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 = 𝐶𝑝2 (𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) = 4,18 (51,6℃ − 0℃) = 215,7
𝑘𝑔 𝐾 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑆1 = 649,09 ℎ𝑆2 = 457,45
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝐻𝑆1 = 2.750,01 𝐻𝑆2 = 2.689,96
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝜆𝑠1 = 2.100,92 𝜆𝑠2 = 2232,5
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 2,35 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 2,15
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝐻1 = 𝐻𝑆2 = 2.689,96 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝐻2 = 𝐻𝑆3 = 2.595,07 𝑘𝑔
g. Energy balance tiap effect
E1301 :
(𝐿2 ∙ ℎ2 ) + (𝑆 ∙ 𝜆𝑆1 ) = (𝐿1 ∙ ℎ1 ) + (𝑉1 ∙ 𝐻1 ) ……. (Pers. 3)
Dengan material balance :
𝐿2 = 𝑉1 + 𝐿1
𝑉1 = 𝐿2 − 6.012,99 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚
Sehingga :
(𝐿2 ∙ ℎ2 ) + (𝑆 ∙ 𝜆𝑆1 ) = (𝐿1 ∙ ℎ1 ) + (𝑉1 ∙ 𝐻1 )
𝑘𝑔
(𝐿2 ∙ 215,7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔) + (𝑆 ∙ 2.100,92 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔) = (6.012,99 ∙
𝑗𝑎𝑚
𝑘𝑔
446,24𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔) + (𝐿2 − 6.012,99 𝑗𝑎𝑚)(2.689,96 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔)
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2.100,92 𝑆 𝑘𝑔 + 13.491.473 𝑗𝑎𝑚 = 2.474,3𝐿2 𝑘𝑔
E1302 :
(𝐹 ∙ ℎ𝐹 ) + (𝑉1 ∙ 𝜆𝑆2 ) = (𝐿2 ∙ ℎ2 ) + (𝑉2 ∙ 𝐻2 ) ……. (Pers. 4)
Dengan material balance :
𝐹 = 𝑉2 + 𝐿2
𝑉2 = 9.600 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚 − 𝐿2
Sehingga :
(𝐹 ∙ ℎ𝐹 ) + (𝑉1 ∙ 𝜆𝑆2 ) = (𝐿2 ∙ ℎ2 ) + (𝑉2 ∙ 𝐻2 )
𝑘𝑔
(9.600 𝑗𝑎𝑚 ∙ 250,8 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔) + (𝐿2 − 6.012,99 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚) (2232,5 𝑘𝐽/
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔) = (𝐿2 ∙ 215,7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔) + (9.600 𝑗𝑎𝑚 − 𝐿2 ) (2.595,07 𝑘𝑔)
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2.100,92 𝑆 𝑘𝑔 + 13.491.473 𝑗𝑎𝑚 = 2.474,3𝐿2 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2.100,92 𝑆 𝑘𝑔 + 13.491.473 𝑗𝑎𝑚 = 19.275.887 𝑘𝐽/𝑗𝑎𝑚
𝑘𝐽
2.100,92 𝑆 𝑘𝑔 = 5.784.413,4 𝑘𝐽/𝑗𝑎𝑚
𝑆 = 2.753,3 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚
Neraca energi total dengan acuan Tref = 0℃= (𝑇𝐹 − 0)℃ = (𝑇𝐹 − 0)K
kg kJ kg kJ
(9.600 ∙ 4,18 𝐾 ∙ 60℃) + (2.753,3 ∙ 2.100,92 ) =
jam kg jam kg
kg kJ kg kJ
(6.012,99 jam ∙ 4,18 kg K ∙ 106,76℃) + (2.753,3 jam ∙ 2,35 kg K ∙
kg kJ kg
150℃) + (1.777,54 jam ∙ 2,15 kg K ∙ 106,75℃) + (1.809,47 jam ∙
2.232,5 kJ/kg)
kJ kJ
8.192.093,4 jam = 8.101401,1 jam
Dengan selisih energi yang masuk dengan yang keluar sebesar 1% maka
sudah dapat dinyatakan valid, sehingga nilai tersebut dapat dipakai untuk
mengevaluasi kinerja heat exchanger evaporator E1301 dan E1302.
𝑆 2.753,3 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚
Steam Consumption = (𝑉 + 𝑉 ) = 3.587,01 𝑘𝑔/𝑗𝑎𝑚 = 0, 77
1 2
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