Sistem Konversi Energi Angin (SKEA)

SKEA adalah kincir

angin yang
dikonversikan
untuk
menggerakan
pompa air
ataupun
dikonversikan
lebih lanjut
menjadi tenaga
listrik dengan
bantuan
generator.
Angin adalah salah satu bentuk energi yang tersedia di alam,
Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Angin mengkonversikan energi
angin menjadi energi listrik dengan menggunakan turbin
angin atau kincir angin.

PRINSIP KERJA
Energi angin yang memutar turbin angin diteruskan
untuk memutar rotor pada generator dibagian belakang
turbin angin, sehingga akan menghasilkan energi listrik.
Energi Listrik ini biasanya akan disimpan kedalam baterai
sebelum dapat dimanfaatkan.
Indonesia, negara kepulauan yang 2/3 wilayahnya
adalah lautan dan mempunyai garis pantai terpanjang di
dunia yaitu 80.791,42 Km merupakan wilayah
potensial untuk pengembangan pembanglit listrik tenaga
angin, namun sayang potensi ini nampaknya belum
dilirik oleh pemerintah.

Sungguh ironis, disaat Indonesia menjadi tuan

rumah konfrensi dunia mengenai pemanasan global di
Nusa Dua, Bali pada akhir tahun 2007, pemerintah justru
akan membangun pembangkit listrik berbahan bakar
batubara yang merupakan penyebab nomor 1
pemanasan global.
Angin kelas 3 adalah batas minimum dan angin kelas 8
adalah batas maksimum energi angin yang dapat
dimanfaatkan untuk menghasilkan energi listrik.
Pemanfaatan energi angin merupakan pemanfaatan energi
terbarukan yang paling berkembang saat ini. Berdasarkan
data dari WWEA (World Wind Energy Association), sampai
dengan tahun 2007 perkiraan energi listrik yang dihasilkan
oleh turbin angin mencapai 93.85 GigaWatts, menghasilkan
lebih dari 1% dari total kelistrikan secara global. Amerika,
Spanyol dan China merupakan negara terdepan dalam
pemanfaatan energi angin. Diharapkan pada tahun 2010
total kapasitas pembangkit listrik tenaga angin secara
glogal mencapai 170 Giga watt.
Di tengah potensi angin melimpah di kawasan pesisir
Indonesia, total kapasitas terpasang dalam sistem konversi
energi angin saat ini kurang dari 800 kilowatt. Di seluruh
Indonesia, lima unit kincir angin pembangkit berkapasitas
masing-masing 80 kilowatt (kW) sudah dibangun.
Tahun 2007, tujuh unit dengan kapasitas sama menyusul
dibangun di empat lokasi, masing-masing di Pulau Selayar tiga
unit, Sulawesi Utara dua unit, dan Nusa Penida, Bali, serta
Bangka Belitung, masing-masing satu unit. Mengacu pada
kebijakan energi nasional, maka pembangkit listrik tenaga bayu
(PLTB) ditargetkan mencapai 250 megawatt (MW) pada tahun
2025.
Sizes and
Applications
Small (10 kW)
Homes Intermediate
Farms (10-250 kW)
Remote Application Village Power
Hybrid Systems
Distributed Power

Large (660 kW - 2+MW)

Central Station Wind Farms
Distributed Power
Community Wind
PLTB (pembangkit listrik tenaga bayu) saat ini cukup
menjadi primadona di dunia barat dikarenakan potensi
angin yang mereka miliki (daerah sub tropis) sangat
besar. Berangsur-angsur tapi pasti, PLTN mulai diganti
dengan penggunaan PLTB ataupun pembangkit
renewable lainnya.
Perlu diingat di lokasi-lokasi tersebut size kapasitas
PLTB mereka sudah besar besar (Min 1 MW). PLTB
ukuran kecil seperti di Nusa penida dengan kapasitas
80 kW sangat teramat jarang sekarang ini. Untuk di
Indonesia, dengan iklim tropisnya mungkin akan cukup
sulit untuk menemukan daerah dengan potensi angin
(distribusi anginnya)yang konstan/baik.
Large and Small Wind Turbines are Different

Large:
Large Turbines (500-1500 kW) 300 kW
Turbine
Installed in Windfarm Arrays
Totaling 1 - 100 MW Small:
10 kW
$1,000/kW; Designed for Low Cost of Turbine

Energy
Requires 6 m/s (13 mph) Average
Sites
Small Turbines (0.3-100 kW)
Installed in Rural Residential On-
Grid and Off-Grid Applications
$2,500-5,000/kW; Designed for
Reliability / Low Maintenance
Requires 4 m/s (9 mph) Average
Sites
Ada beberapa daerah di Indonesia yang katanya
memiliki kecepatan angin cukup tinggi (gust wind)
berdasarkan survei yang dilakukan selama 3 bulan, tapi
hal ini tidak berguna bagi PLTB bila kecepatan angin itu
hanya cuma bertahan beberapa menit/detik saja dan
kemudian hilang. Perlu adanya survei/studi
berkesinambungan yang memerlukan data selama
minimal satu tahun untuk mevalidasi potensi angin
didaerah tersebut. Rata-rata PLTB yang dijual di pasaran
untuk kapasitas kecil (kurang dari 100 kW), cut in dan
cut out mereka adalah 3 dan 25 m/s dengan kecepatan
optimumnya adalah 12 m/s.
Growth of Wind Energy Capacity
Worldwide
Actual Projected Jan 2003 Cumulative MW
45000
Rest of World Rest of World Rest of World = 2,803
40000 North America North America North America = 5,018
Europe Europe Europe = 21,319
35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06

Year
Sources: BTM Consult Aps, March 2001
Windpower Monthly, January 2003
Didunia saat ini banyak ditemukan PLTB stand
alone yang beredar dipasaran (utk ukuran 10
kW). Penggunanya adalah daerah-daerah
terpencil yang tidak tersentuh oleh ataupun
terlalu mahal untuk dihubungkan oleh grid.
Kebanyakan dari mereka tidak hanya
menggunakan PLTB tapi juga menggunakan PV.
Selain karena disebabkan kebutuhan listrik yang
cukup besar juga disertai dengan diversikasi
energi apabila tiba-tiba tidak terdapat angin yang
cukup.
Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan listrik di Indonesia
saat ini untuk daerah-daerah terpecil seperti di
kepulauan-kepulauan, diperlukan hybrid system
antara potensi renewable energy yang ada
dilokasi (seperti PLTB-PV-baterai, PV-PLTMH-Fuel
Cell, dll). Akan tetapi perlu menjadi catatan,
semua teknologi untuk penggunaan energi-
energi tersebut masih cukup mahal bila dilihat
dari kelayakan ekonominya terutama FC dan PV.
Sekedar untuk info apabila ada yang tertarik
untuk mengembangkan potensi renewable
energy didaerahnya, anda bisa
menggunakan standar IEC 62257 sebagai
guidelines anda. Semoga info ini dapat
membantu pengembangan renewable
energy di Indonesia
 Wind Cost of Energy
12
COE (/kWh [constant 2000 $])

10

8
Low wind speed sites

6
Bulk Power Competitive
High wind Price Band
speed sites
4

0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
 Small Wind Economics
Simple Payback
Bergey Excel, 100 ft Tower
50 Net Metering Only, 12.5 mph
Net Metering Only, 16 mph
Simple Payback, Years

Tax Credit and Net Metering, 12.5 mph

40
Tax Credit and Net Metering, 16 mph
USDA Grant and Tax Credit, 12.5 mph
30 USDA Grant and Tax Credit, 16 mph

20

10

0
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Electric Rate, /kWh
Natural Gas Price Volatility
 The Dash to Gas
11
10
INDUSTRIAL
9
Trillion Cubic Feet/Yr

8 ELECTRIC GENERATION

7 THE KEY DRIVER

6
5 RESIDENTIAL
4
3 COMMERCIAL
2
GAS CONSUMPTION: 1997-2017
1
1997 2002 2007 2012 2017
 Economic Development Impacts

Land Lease Payments: 2-3% of gross revenue $2500-

4000/MW/year
Local property tax revenue: 100 MW brings in on the order of
$500,000 - 1 million/yr
1-2 jobs/MW during construction

2-5 permanent O&M jobs per 50-100 MW

Local construction and service industry: concrete, towers

usually done locally
Investment as equity owners: production tax credit,
accelerated depreciation
 Wind Power Provides Rural
Economic Benefits

240 MW of wind in Iowa

$640,000/yr in lease payments to farmers
($2,000/turbine/yr)
$2 million/yr in property taxes
$5.5 mil/yr in O&M income
40 long-term O&M jobs
200 short-term construction jobs
Doesnt include multiplier effect
107 MW wind project in MN
$500,000/yr in lease payments to farmers
$611,000 in property taxes in 2000 = 13%
of total county taxes
31 long-term local jobs and $909,000 in
income from O&M (includes multiplier
effect)
 Wind Power Provides Rural
Economic Benefits

40 MW of wind in South Dakota = $400,000 -

$450,000/yr for Hyde County, including:
More than $100,000/yr in annual lease
payments to farmers ($3,000 -
$4,000/turbine/yr)
$250,000/yr in property taxes (25% of
Highmores education budget)
75 -100 construction jobs for 6 months
5 permanent O&M jobs
Sales taxes up more than 40%
Doesnt include multiplier effect
Harnessing the Wind
Internal Parts: The Hub
Turbines: Two Types

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines

Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
 Wind Turbine
Blade Design

Joseph Rand
The Kidwind Project
joe@kidwind.org
877-917-0079
 Calculation of Wind Power
Power
Power in theinWind
the=wind
AV3
Effect of swept area, A
Effect of wind speed, V
Effect of air density,
R

Swept Area: A = R2 Area

of the circle swept by the
rotor (m2).
Many Different Rotors

KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org

 Number of Blades One
Rotor must move more rapidly to
capture same amount of wind
Gearbox ratio reduced
Added weight of counterbalance
negates some benefits of lighter design
Higher speed means more noise,
visual, and wildlife impacts
Blades easier to install because
entire rotor can be assembled on
ground
Captures 10% less energy than
two blade design
Ultimately provide no cost savings
 Number of Blades - Two
Advantages & disadvantages
similar to one blade
Need teetering hub and or
shock absorbers because of
gyroscopic imbalances
Capture 5% less energy
than three blade designs
Number of Blades - Three
Balance of gyroscopic forces
Slower rotation
increases gearbox &
transmission costs
More aesthetic, less noise,
fewer bird strikes
Blade Composition
Wood
Wood
Strong, light weight,
cheap, abundant, flexible
Popular on do-it yourself
turbines
Solid plank
Laminates
Veneers
Composites
Blade Composition
Metal
Steel
Heavy & expensive
Aluminum
Lighter-weight and easy to work
with
Expensive
Subject to metal fatigue
Blade Construction
Fiberglass
Lightweight, strong,
inexpensive, good fatigue
characteristics
Variety of manufacturing
processes
Cloth over frame
Pultrusion
Filament winding to produce spars
Most modern large turbines use
fiberglass
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
 Lift & Drag Forces
The Lift Force is perpendicular
to the direction of motion. We = low
want to make this force BIG.

= medium
<10 degrees
The Drag Force is parallel to the
direction of motion. We want
to make this force small. = High
Stall!!
Airfoil Shape
Just like the wings of an airplane,
wind turbine blades use the
airfoil shape to create lift and
maximize efficiency.

The Bernoulli Effect

Lift/Drag Forces
Experienced by
Turbine Blades

KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org

 Twist & Taper
Speed through the air of a point on
the blade changes with distance
from hub
Therefore, tip speed ratio varies as
well
To optimize angle of attack all along
blade, it must twist from root to tip

Fastest

Faster

Fast
 Tip-Speed Ratio
R
Tip-speed ratio is the ratio of the speed of
the rotating blade tip to the speed of
the free stream wind. R
There is an optimum angle of attack
which creates the highest lift to drag
ratio.
Because angle of attack is dependant on
wind speed, there is an optimum tip-
speed ratio
R
TSR =
Where,
V
= rotational speed in radians /sec
R = Rotor Radius
V = Wind Free Stream Velocity
Performance Over Range of Tip Speed Ratios

Power Coefficient Varies with Tip Speed Ratio

Characterized by Cp vs Tip Speed Ratio Curve
 Wind Power Equation
P = * air density * Area Swept by Rotor * Wind Speed3

P = * * A * V3
1) Power in the wind is correlated 1:1 with area and is extremely sensitive to wind speed
(the cubic amplifies the power significantly)

2) If the wind speed is twice as high, it contains 23 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 times as much energy

3) A site with 16 mph average wind speed will generate nearly 50% more electricity and be
more cost effective than one with 14 mph average wind speed (16*16*16) /
(14*14*14) = 1.4927

4) Therefore, it pay$ to hunt for good wind sites with better wind speeds
Energy from the Wind
Turbine output drives wind economics and output is a strong function of wind speed

Wind speed increases with height above the ground

Power = 1/2 (air density) (area) (wind speed)

Energy in the wind increases as height increases (theoretically)

V2/V1 = (H2/H1)1/7
Betz Limit
All wind power cannot be
captured by rotor or air would
be completely still behind
rotor and not allow more
wind to pass through.
Theoretical limit of rotor
efficiency is 59%
Most modern wind turbines are
in the 35 45% range
 Rotor Solidity
Solidity is the ratio of total rotor planform
area to total swept area

Low solidity (0.10) = high speed, low torque R

a

Solidity = 3a/A
High solidity (>0.80) = low speed, high torque
Technology Overview
Large Wind Projects
Over 98-99% availability

Can deliver power for less than 5 cents/kWh

(with Production Tax Credit) in many locations

~6,000 MW to be installed nationwide at end of

2003

In 2004, will generate about 3x Vermonts total

use
Typical Turbine Size
1.3 to 1.8 MW rated capacity
Rotor diameter 60 to 80 meters
Tower height 60 to 80 meters
Turbine footprint 10 m x 10 m

245-330 ft. TIP

165-220 ft TOWER
Lowest ground clearance is at least 100 ft.

Apx. 100 ft.

Next Generation Wind Turbines
 Operating Characteristics of
Wind Turbines

0.66 MW 1.5 MW 1.8 MW 2.5 MW 3.0 MW

Vestas GE Vestas GE Vestas

Hub Height (m) 55 80-85 67-70 80 80-90

Rotor Diameter (m) 47 70.5 80 88 90

Swept Area by Rotor (m2) 1,735 3,904 5,027 6,082 6,362

Cut-in Speed (m/s) 4 3 4 3 4

Cut-out Speed (m/s) 25 25 25 25 25

Rated Speed (m/s) 15 12 16 12 15

 Pitch Control Mechanisms

KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org

Some Wacky Ideas
 Manufacturing Blades

The blade mold (left) is lined with layers of fiberglass, then injected with epoxy
resin. To enhance stiffness, a layer of wood is placed between the fiberglass
layers. The two molds are joined and adhered together using a special liquid
epoxy, which evenly joins the two sides of the blade.

Finally, the whole mold is baked like a cake! 8 hours at 70 degrees C.

 Manufacturing Blades

Before delivery, samples of the rotor blades have to go through a variety of

static and dynamic tests. First, they are subjected to 1.3 times the maximum
operating load. To simulate 20 years of material fatigue, the blades are then
mounted on special test beds and made to vibrate around two million times,
before the endurance of the material is again tested with a final static test.

The blades are painted white, then shipped to wind farms all over the world.
Advanced Classroom Blades

Cardboard Tube
Airfoil Blades for twisted blades
 Wind Turbine Blade Challenge
Students perform experiments and
design different wind turbine blades
Use simple wind turbine models
Test one variable while holding
others constant
Record performance with a
multimeter or other load device
Goals: Produce the most voltage,
pump the most water, lift the most
weight
Minimize Drag
Maximize LIFT
Harness the POWER of the wind!
Questions?

Joe Rand
KidWind Project
joe@kidwind.org
Wind Energy Technology
What works & what doesnt
www.kidwind.org
 What is KidWind?

The KidWind Project is a team of teachers,

students, engineers and practitioners
exploring the science behind wind energy
in classrooms around the US. Our goal is to
introduce as many people as possible to
the elegance of wind power through
hands-on science activities which are
challenging, engaging and teach basic
science principles.

KidWind Project |
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
www.kidwind.org
 Orientation
Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes
based on the orientation of the rotor
Vertical Axis
Horizontal Axis

KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org

 Vertical Axis Turbines

Disadvantages
Advantages Rotors generally near
Omnidirectional ground where wind poorer
Accepts wind from any Centrifugal force stresses
angle blades
Components can be Poor self-starting capabilities
mounted at ground level Requires support at top of
turbine rotor
Ease of service
Requires entire rotor to be
Lighter weight towers removed to replace bearings
Can theoretically use Overall poor performance
less materials to and reliability
capture the same Have never been
amount of wind commercially successful
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Lift vs Drag
VAWTs
Lift Device Darrieus
Low solidity, aerofoil
blades
More efficient than drag
device
Drag Device Savonius
High solidity, cup shapes
are pushed by the wind
At best can capture only
15% of wind energy
VAWTs have not been commercially
successful, yet
Every few years a new company
comes along promising a
revolutionary breakthrough in
wind turbine design that is low
cost, outperforms anything else
on the market, and overcomes
all of the previous problems with
WindStor
VAWTs. They can also usually Mag-Wind
be installed on a roof or in a city
where wind is poor.

WindTree Wind Wandler

Capacity Factor

Tip Speed Ratio

Horizontal Axis Wind
Turbines

Rotors are usually

Up-wind of tower
Some machines have
down-wind rotors,
but only
commercially
available ones are
small turbines
Active vs. Passive Yaw
Active Yaw (all medium & large
turbines produced today, & some
small turbines from Europe)
Anemometer on nacelle tells
controller which way to point rotor
into the wind
Yaw drive turns gears to point rotor
into wind
Passive Yaw (Most small turbines)
Wind forces alone direct rotor
Tail vanes
Downwind turbines
Airfoil Nomenclature
wind turbines use the same aerodynamic principals as aircraft

KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org

 Lift & Drag Forces
The Lift Force is perpendicular
to the direction of motion. We =
want to make this force BIG. low

= medium
<10 degrees
The Drag Force is parallel to the
direction of motion. We want
to make this force small. = High
Stall!!
 Apparent Wind &
Angle of Attack
R r

V V

VR = Relative Wind
= angle of attack = angle between the
chord line and the direction of the relative
wind, VR .

VR = wind speed seen by the airfoil vector

sum of V (free stream wind) and R (tip
speed).
 Tip-Speed Ratio
R
R
Tip-speed ratio is the ratio of the speed of
the rotating blade tip to the speed of RR
the free stream wind.
There is an optimum angle of attack
which creates the highest lift to drag
ratio.
Because angle of attack is dependant on
wind speed, there is an optimum tip-
speed ratio
R
TSR =
Where,
V
= rotational speed in radians /sec
R = Rotor Radius
V = Wind Free Stream Velocity
 Performance Over Range of Tip
Speed Ratios
Power Coefficient Varies with Tip Speed Ratio
Characterized by Cp vs Tip Speed Ratio Curve

0.4
Cp
0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Tip Speed Ratio
 Twist & Taper
Speed through the air of a
point on the blade changes
with distance from hub
Therefore, tip speed ratio
varies as well
To optimize angle of attack all
along blade, it must twist
from root to tip
Pitch Control vs. Stall Control
Pitch Control
Blades rotate out of the wind
when wind speed becomes too
great
Stall Control
Blades are at a fixed pitch that
starts to stall when wind speed is
too great
Pitch can be adjusted for
particular locations wind regime
Active Stall Control
Many larger turbines today have
active pitch control that turns the
blades towards stall when wind
speeds are too great
 Airfoil in stall

Stall arises due to separation of flow from airfoil

Stall results in decreasing lift coefficient with
increasing angle of attack
Stall behavior complicated due to blade rotation
 Rotor Solidity
Solidity is the ratio of total rotor planform
area to total swept area
R
Low solidity (0.10) = high speed, low torque a

High solidity (>0.80) = low speed, high torque Solidity = 3a/A

 All wind power cannot be
Betz Limit captured by rotor or air
would be completely still
Rotor Disc behind rotor and not allow
more wind to pass through.
Theoretical limit of rotor
efficiency is 59%

Rotor Wake
Betz Limit
16
C p ,max .5926
27
 Number of Blades One
Rotor must move more rapidly to
capture same amount of wind
Gearbox ratio reduced
Added weight of counterbalance
negates some benefits of lighter design
Higher speed means more noise,
visual, and wildlife impacts
Blades easier to install because
entire rotor can be assembled on
ground
Captures 10% less energy than
two blade design
Ultimately provide no cost savings
 Number of Blades - Two
Advantages & disadvantages
similar to one blade
Need teetering hub and or
shock absorbers because of
gyroscopic imbalances
Capture 5% less energy
than three blade designs
Number of Blades - Three
Balance of gyroscopic forces
Slower rotation
increases gearbox &
transmission costs
More aesthetic, less noise,
fewer bird strikes
Hubs
The hub holds the rotor together
and transmits motion to nacelle
Three important aspects
How blades are attached
Nearly all have cantilevered hubs
(supported only at hub)
Struts & Stays havent proved
worthwhile
Fixed or Variable Pitch?
Flexible or Rigid Attachment
Most are rigid
Some two bladed designs use
teetering hubs
 Direct Drive Enercon
E-70, 2.3 MW (right)

Drive Trains
Drive Trains transfer power
from rotor to the generator
Direct Drive (no
transmission)
Quieter & more reliable
Most small turbines
Mechanical Transmission GE 2.3 MW (above)
Can have parallel or planetary Multi-drive Clipper
shafts Liberty 2.5 MW (right)
Prone to failure due to very
high stresses
Most large turbines (except in
Germany)
 The rotor is the single most critical
Rotor Controls element of any wind turbine How a
wind turbine controls the forces acting
Micro Turbines on the rotor, particularly in high
winds, is of the utmost importance to
May not have any controls the long-term, reliable function of any
Blade flutter wind turbine. Paul Gipe
Small Turbines
Furling (upwind) rotor moves
to reduce frontal area facing
wind
Coning (downwind) rotor
blades come to a sharper cone
Passive pitch governors blades
pitch out of wind
Medium Turbines
Aerodynamic Stall
Mechanical Brakes
Aerodynamic Brakes
 Towers
Monopole (Nearly all
large turbines)
Tubular Steel or Concrete
Lattice (many Medium
turbines)
20 ft. sections
Guyed
Lattice or monopole
3 guys minimum
Tilt-up
4 guys
Tilt-up monopole
The KidWind Project
www.kidwind.org