Struktur Molekular
Struktur Molekular
2He 2
Konfigurasi
10Ne 2 8 elektron Stabil
18Ar 2 8 8
36Kr 2 8 18 8
54Xe 2 8 18 18 8
86Rn 2 8 18 32 18 8 1
Kesetabilan suatu atom tergantung pada konfigurasi
elektronya. Atom akan stabil jika memiliki konfigurasi
elektron seperti gas mulia
Gol IA Gol IIA Gol IIIA Gol IVA Gol VA Gol VIA Gol VIIA Gol VIIIA
x x x x x x x x
4
CARA ATOM MENCAPAI KESETABILAN
Untuk mencapai kesetabilan, atom dapat membentuk ikatan
kimia dengan atom lain.
Dalam membentuk ikatan kimia atom melakukan dengan dua cara:
A. Serah terima elektron Ikatan ion
Ikatan ini terjadi antara atom yang cengderung melepas elektro
(LOGAM) dengan yang cenderung menerima elektron
(NON LOGAM)
Cl - 5
Na Cl Na+
Senyawa MgCl2
Cl
Cl Mg
XmYn
7
B. Pemakaian elektron valensi bersama Ikatan Kovalen
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Ikt. Kovalen
O O O O
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
B B
10.1
2 atoms bonded to central atom
Cl Be Cl
10.1
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
10.1
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
10.1
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
10.1
10.1
lone-pair vs. lone pair lone-pair vs. bonding bonding-pair vs. bonding
repulsion
> pair repulsion
> pair repulsion
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB3 3 0
planar planar
trigonal
AB2E 2 1 bent
planar
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0
bipyramidal bipyramidal
trigonal distorted
AB4E 4 1
bipyramidal tetrahedron
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0
bipyramidal bipyramidal
trigonal distorted
AB4E 4 1
bipyramidal tetrahedron
trigonal
AB3E2 3 2 T-shaped
bipyramidal
F
F Cl
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0
bipyramidal bipyramidal
trigonal distorted
AB4E 4 1
bipyramidal tetrahedron
trigonal
AB3E2 3 2 T-shaped
bipyramidal
trigonal
AB2E3 2 3 linear
bipyramidal
I
I 10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
10.1
VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
10.1
Predicting Molecular Geometry
1. Draw Lewis structure for molecule.
2. Count number of lone pairs on the central atom and
number of atoms bonded to the central atom.
3. Use VSEPR to predict the geometry of the molecule.
O S O F
AB4E
AB2E F S F
distorted
bent tetrahedron
F
10.1
Which of the following molecules have a dipole moment?
H2O, CO2, SO2, and CH4
O S
H C H
O C O
no dipole moment H
nonpolar molecule no dipole moment
nonpolar molecule
10.2
10.2
Valence Bond Theory and NH3
N – 1s22s22p3
3 H – 1s1
Actual H-N-H
bond angle is
107.30
10.4
Hybridization – mixing of two or more atomic
orbitals to form a new set of hybrid orbitals.
1. Mix at least 2 nonequivalent atomic orbitals (e.g. s and
p). Hybrid orbitals have very different shape from
original atomic orbitals.
2. Number of hybrid orbitals is equal to number of pure
atomic orbitals used in the hybridization process.
3. Covalent bonds are formed by:
a. Overlap of hybrid orbitals with atomic orbitals
b. Overlap of hybrid orbitals with other hybrid orbitals
10.4
10.4
10.4
Predict correct
bond angle
10.4
Formation of sp Hybrid Orbitals
10.4
Formation of sp2 Hybrid Orbitals
10.4
How do I predict the hybridization of the central atom?
# of Lone Pairs
+
# of Bonded Atoms Hybridization Examples
2 sp BeCl2
3 sp2 BF3
5 sp3d PCl5
6 sp3d2 SF6
10.4
10.5
Pi bond (p) – electron density above and below plane of nuclei
Sigma bond (s) – electron density between the 2 atoms
of the bonding atoms 10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
Sigma (s) and Pi Bonds (p)
H
s bonds = 6 + 1 = 7
H C C O H
p bonds = 1
H
10.5
Experiments show O2 is paramagnetic
O
O
No unpaired e-
Should be diamagnetic
10.6
Energy levels of bonding and antibonding molecular
orbitals in hydrogen (H2).
10.7
Number of Number of
bond order =
1
2 ( electrons in
bonding
MOs
- electrons in
antibonding
MOs
)
bond order
½ 1 ½ 0
10.7
10.7
KEPOLARAN IKATAN
Non polar
H H
Pasangan elektron tertarik sama kuat
s+ H s- polar
Cl
Pasangan elektron tertarik kearah Cl
52
Molekul CH4 Pasangan elektron tertarik ke arah
H atom C, sehingga ikatannya
POLAR.
Tetapi bentuk molekul yang simetris
C menghasilkan molekul yang
H NON POLAR
H H
Molekul NH3 Pasangan elektron tertarik ke arah
s- atom N, sehingga ikatannya
POLAR.
N Bentuk molekulnya tidak simetris
N s+
H sehingga menghasilkan molekul
s+ H H s+ Nuris 53
POLAR
Molekul bersifat polar Jika:
• Ikatannya polar.
• Bentuk geometrinya tidak
simetris.
54
GAYA TARIK ANTAR MOLEKUL
Sifat fisik suatu zat dipengaruhi oleh gaya tarik
antar molekulnya.
Semakin kuat gaya tarik antar molekulnya, maka
zat semakin sukar menguap dan semakin tinggi
titik didihnya.
55
Coba anda perhatikan,
Apa faktor yang menyebabkan
perbedaan wujud ketiga zat berikut ?
56
Gaya tarik Dipol-dipol
atau dipol permanen
Ikatan Kovalen
57
Gaya tarik Dipol permanent
s+ s- s+ s- s+ s-
H Cl H Cl H Cl
s+ s- s+H s-
H Cl Cl s+ H Cl s-
58
Gaya tarik Dipol sesaat (Gaya Dispersi)
s+ s- s+ s- s+ s-
59
Polarisabilitas
Yaitu tingkat kecenderungan membentuk kutub.
s- s+ s-
s+ s+ s-
s+ s- s+ s-
CH3
CH3
64
Gaya tarik pada senyawa ion
+ - + - + - +
- + - + - + - - Muatan sama
+ - + - + - + + tolak menolak
- + - + - + - -
+ 65
Struktur ikatan jaringan kovalen
-C-
SiO2
Struktur grafit O
Si
O O O O
Si O Si
O O O O
Si
Struktur Intan 66
Struktur Silikat