FILOSOPHI PROTEKSI

TRANSMISI

- Simple - Inspiring - Performing - Phenomenal -

 DIAGRAM SEDERHANA SISTEM PROTEKSI

Perintah buka PMT

Transmisi

Relai Proteksi Sinyal kirim Relai Proteksi

Masukan besaran Sinyal terima
arus dan tegangan

Catu Daya
(battere)

Disturbance Recorder
Data Scada
Evaluasi Gangguan
Indikasi relai
Simulasi S/W & H/W

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 Distance Relay

 Relai penghantar yang prinsip kerjanya berdasarkan

pengukuran impedansi penghantar.
 Relai ini mempunyai beberapa karakteristik seperti
mho, quadralateral, reaktans, adaptive mho dll.
 Dapat digunakan sebagai cadangan jauh (remote
back up)
 Sebagai pengaman utama Zone 1 disetting 80 % dari
impedansi SUTET
 Relai ini mempunyai ketergantungan terhadap
besarnya SIR dan keterbatasan sensitivitas untuk
gangguan satu fasa ke tanah.
 Sebagai unit proteksi relai ini dilengkapi dengan pola
teleproteksi seperti putt, pott dan blocking.
 Jika tidak terdapat teleproteksi maka relai ini berupa
step distance saja (basic).

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 PRINSIP KERJA

Zs ZL

Ir
Vs Vr Zbeba ZR = VR / IR
n
= ZL + Z
beban
Zs ZL

Ir
Vs Vr Zbeba ZR = VR / IR
n
= ZF

Jika setting rele sama dengan ZSet maka rele akan bekerja
jika ZF < ZSet
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 Karakteristik Distance Relay

Gambar : Characteristics for the phase-to-phase measuring loops.

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FIGURE : PHASE/PHASE FAULT QUADRILATERAL CHARACTERISTICS ( /PHASE SCHEME)

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 Karakteristik Distance Relay

Gambar : Characteristics for the phase-to-earth measuring loops,ohm/loop domain

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FIGURE : PHASE/GROUND FAULT QUADRILATERAL CHARACTERISTICS ( /PHASE SCHEME)

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 Local bus Near and bus far and bus

Zone-3(A) Zone-3(B)
Zone-2(A) Zone-2(B)
Zone-1(A) Zone-1(B)

A B C

Gambar : Jangkauan Setting Distance Relay 3 Zone

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 Karakteristik Distance Relay

Gambar : Phase Fault Quadrilateral Characteristics

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 Karakteristik Distance Relay

Gambar : Earth Fault Quadrilateral Characteristics

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 Karakteristik Distance Relay

Gambar : Power Swing Detection Characteristics

Power swing adalah variasi aliran daya dimana relai jarak mendeteksi ada lokus
impedan yang bergerak dari daerah beban memasuki daerah kerja relai jarak.

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 Cara Kerja Distance Relai (1)

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 Cara Kerja Distance Relai (2)

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 Setting Distance Relai
 Zone-1 80 % dari impedansi saluran, trip
instant
 Untuk gangguan Phase to phase
menggunakan kharakteristik Mho
 Untuk gangguan Phase to Ground
menggunakan karakteristik Quadrilateral
 Zone-2, trip dengan delay 0.4 detik
 Zone-3, trip dengan delay 1.6 detik

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 Distance Relai di sistem 500 KV Jawa Bali

 Main (a) : PUTT (Permissive Underreach Transfer

Trip), Zone-1 kirim sinyal
 Main (b) : POTT (Permissive Overreach Transfer
Trip), Zone-2 start kirim sinyal
 DEF + REC signal/ Aided Signal : 100 ms (main)
 DEF : 2000 ms (back up)
 Reverse DEFDeaktif

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 Teleproteksi
 Peralatan untuk kirim terima sinyal trip dari
Distance Relai/DEF ke GI diseberangnya
 Untuk Lp(a) menggunakan FO dan Lp(b)
menggunakan PLC
 Biasanya Terdiri dari 3 channel
 Distance
 DEF
 DTT (direct transfer trip)

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 Pola/ Scheme Teleproteksi

Gambar : Logic Diagram for the Basic Scheme

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 Pola/ Scheme Teleproteksi

Gambar : The PUP Z2 Permissive Underreach Scheme

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 Pola/ Scheme Teleproteksi

Gambar : Logic Diagram for the POP Z2 Scheme

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 Pola/ Scheme Teleproteksi

Gambar : Logic Diagram for the BOP Z2 Scheme

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 Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi
Pengukuran Distance Relay

1. Pengaruh Infeed Faktor dan Outfeed Faktor,

2. Pengaruh Tahanan Gangguan,
3. Mutual Impedansi,
4. SIR (Source to Line Impedance Ratio)

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 1. Pengaruh Infeed Faktor dan Outfeed Faktor,

Infeed Faktor : Adanya pembangkit pada rel ujung saluran yang diamankan
A B
I1 I1 + I2

 Z1 f
ZBf

VAf I1.ZAB  ( I1  I 2).ZBf I2

ZAf  
I1 I1
( I1  I 2).ZBf 
ZAf  ZAB   ZAB  K .ZBf
I1

(I1  I 2)
Jadi faktor infeed K
I1

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 Infeed Faktor : Saluran transmisi ganda ke tunggal

A B
I
2I

f
I

( I . ZAB  2 IZBf )
ZRA   ZAB  2 ZBf
I

Jadi faktor infeed K = 2

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 Infeed Faktor : Saluran transmisi ganda ke ganda
A B C
I I1
f
 xx
f
l-x
I I

Jika terjadi gangguan pada titik f impedansi yang terlihat oleh relai A, adalah :
IZAB  I 1ZBf I1
ZRA   ZAB  ZBf
I I
(2l  x ) Jadi faktor infeed
I1  2I
2l
(2l  x )
(2l  x )
ZRA  ZAB  ZBf K
l l
• Untuk gangguan f dekat rel B (x  0) faktor infeed K = 2
• Untuk gangguan f dekat rel C (x  l) faktor infeed K = 1 dan
• Untuk gangguan diantar rel B dan rel C nilai infeed berfariasi antara 1 dan 2.

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 Outfeed Faktor : Saluran transmisi tunggal ke ganda
A B C
I1


I f
xx f l
I

Impedansi saluran yang terlihat oleh relai A jika terjadi gangguan di f adalah :
IZAB  I 1ZBf I1
ZRA   ZAB  ZBf
I I Jadi faktor infeed
(2l  x )
I1  I
2l ( 2l  x )
(2l  x ) K
ZRA  ZAB  ZBf 2l
2l

• Untuk gangguan f dekat rel B (x  0) faktor infeed K = 1

• Untuk gangguan f dekat rel C (x  1) faktor infeed K = 0.5 dan
• Untuk gangguan diantar rel B dan rel C nilai infeed berfariasi antara 0.5 dan 1.
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 2. Pengaruh Tahanan Gangguan,

Gambar : Resistive Reaches for Load Avoidance

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 Blinder :

Ground fault distance comparator InPCT  800 CCC  540

3 Vn
Vn  70 10 ZL   n1 0.5 ZL  9.409 
CCC 3

Power factor sistem Pf  0.8

acos ( Pf )
L  L  36.87 faktor L  36 derajat
deg

AngleLoad  L AngleLoad  36

RLoad  ZL cos ( L  k) RLoad  7.612  ( Sekunder) pilih RLoad  7.6

dipilih : BFRS  7.6  BFRG  BFRS

110
PTS1 
BFLS = Linked with BFRS 3

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 3. Mutual Impedansi

Effects of Mutual Coupling on Distance Settings

Where overhead lines are connected in parallel or run in close proximity for the
whole or part of their length, mutual coupling exists between the two circuits.
The positive and negative sequence coupling is small and can be neglected.
The zerosequence coupling is more significant and will affect relay measurement during
earth faults with parallel line operation.

Zero sequence mutual coupling will cause a distance relay to underreach or

overreach, depending on the direction of zero sequence current flow in the parallel line.
However, it can be shown that this underreach or overreach will not affect relay
discrimination during parallel line operation (ie. it is not be possible to overreach for
faults beyond the protected line and neither will it be possible to underreach to such a
degree that no zone 1 overlap exists).
A channel-aided scheme will therefore still respond to faults within the protected line and remain
secure during external faults. Some applications exist, however, where the effects of mutual
coupling should be addressed.

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 Effect of Mutual Coupling on Zone 1 Setting

For the case shown in Figure 4, where one circuit of a parallel line is out of service
and earthed at both ends, an earth fault at the remote bus may result in incorrect
operation of the zone 1 earth fault elements.
It may be desireable/menguntungkan to reduce the zone 1 earth loop reach for this
application. This can be achieved / mencapai, meraih using an alternative setting group
within the relay, in which the residual compensation factor kZ1 is set at a lower value than
normal (typically ≤ 80% of normal kZ1).
Zapp = Va/Ia + In* KN KN = (Z0-Z1) / 3Z1

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 Effect of Mutual Coupling on Zone 2 Setting

Boost = dorongan, kenaikan

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 Effect of Mutual Coupling on Zone 2 Setting
If the double circuit line to be protected is long and there is a relatively short adjacent
line, it is difficult to set the reach of the zone 2 elements to cover 120% of the
protected line impedance for all faults, but not more than 50% of the adjacent line.
This problem can be exacerbated / memperburuk when a significant additional allowance has
to be made for the zero-sequence mutual impedance in the case of earth faults (see Section
2.4.6).
For parallel circuit operation the relay Zone 2 earth fault elements will tend to
underreach. Therefore, it is desirable to boost the setting of the earth fault elements
such that they will have a comparable reach to the phase fault elements.
Increasing the residual compensation factor kZ2 for zone 2 will ensure/ menjamin adequate/
cukup fault coverage.
Under single circuit operation, no mutual coupling exists, and the zone 2 earth fault
elements may overreach beyond 50% of the adjacent line, necessitating time
discrimination with other Zone 2 elements.
Therefore, it is desirable to reduce the earth fault settings to that of the phase fault elements for
single circuit operation, as shown in Figure 5. Changing between appropriate settings can be
achieved by using the alternative setting groups available in the relay series relays.
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 4. SIR (Source to Line Impedance Ratio)

SIR adalah perbandingan impedansi sumber terhadap impedansi penghantar,

sehingga panjang penghantar menjadi salah satu faktor terhadap besaran SIR.
SIR menunjukan kekuatan sistem yang akan diproteksi, makin kecil SIR makin
kuat sumber yang memasok SUTT tersebut.

SIR menurut IEEE Std C17.113-1999 tentang Guide for Protective Relay
Applications to Transmission Lines, panjang penghantar dikelompokan menjadi :
- Penghantar Pendek dengan SIR > 4
- Penghantar Sedang dengan 0.5 < SIR < 4
- Penghantar Panjang dengan SIR < 0.5

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 SIR (Source to Line Impedance Ratio)

B ZL
E
Z = n x ZL
Z = n x ZL
ZS ZL
n = 0- 1
E VB
Z
F
Letak Gangguan = Z/ZL

Zs = Impedansi sumber
ZL = Impedansi saluran yang diamankan
Z = Impedansi dari bus ke titik gangguan
V = Tegangan di bus
F = Letak gangguan
B = Lokasi relay
Tegangan Relay berfariasi tergantung Zs, dalam hal ini
dinyatakan dalam perbandingan Zs/ZL disebut SIR atau
tergantung lokasi gangguan (Zs/Z),

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 Hubungan antara Zs, letak gangguan dan tegangan yang
dirasakan oleh relay adalah sebagai berikut :

Contoh pada hubung singkat 3 fasa,

VB = (Z1xE) / (Zs1 + Z1)
VB = ((Z1 / ZL1) x E) / (Zs1/ZL1) + (Z1 / ZL1)

Karena E dapat dianggap konstan, maka VB saat gangguan

harganya dipengaruhi oleh SIR dan letak gangguan (Z1 / ZL1)

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 Directional Earth Fault (DEF)
 Digunakan untuk mendeteksi gangguan high resistance,
sebagai komplemen untuk Distance relai
 Pada distance yang masih elektrostatik biasanyamasih
berupa hardware yang terpisah, pada distance numerik
biasanya dalam hardware yang sama dengan distance.
 Jika relai sudah Phase segregated, maka reclose untuk
DEF diaktifkan.
 Untuk relai yang elektrostatik masih terpisah dengan
Distance Relai
 Setting 10 % In (main : 100 ms , back up 2000ms)

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 KARAKTERISTIK RELAY DEF PADA SUATU PRODUK RELAY

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 KARAKTERISTIK RELAI DEF
-(VB+VC)

Vreferensi =  0
IA sefase VA (Cos  = 1)
Arcing (R)
sefase VA OPERATING

VA AREA
IA langging 36 VA (Cos  = 0,8)

IA IA RCA (-60)

(-60)
BLOKING

AREA

VC VB

VB+VC

Gambar : Vektor DEF hubungan 0° dan - 60° RCA

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 Distance Relay Terdapat Beberapa Fasilitas Seperti :
- Autoreclose,
- Synchro Check,
- SOTF,
- Power Swing,
- Out Of Step,

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 Synchro Check Relay

 Minimum Voltage : 90 %Vn

 Voltage different : 10 % Vn
 Angle different : 15 degrees
 Slip frequency : 167 mHz
 Time delay : 500 ms

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 Auto Reclose

 Single Pole Auto Recloser  Dead Time : 900 ms

 Initiate from 1ph to ground fault only  Reclaime Time : 40 s
 Single shoot only  No Master and slaves
 Trigger from :
Z1, Z2+Aided and DEF+Aided
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 SOTF (Switch On To Fault)

 Pada saat pemasukan PMT system terjadi

gangguan
 Pada saat energizing Earthing Switch masih masuk
 Menggunakan fungsi non-directional overcurrent
 Elemen Distance belum siap karena tidak adanya
elemen voltage input.

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Current Differential Relay

EndA End B

Relay A Relay B

Tanpa gangguan atau gangguan eksternal IA +IB = 0

Relai arus differensial Transmisi
Keadaan gangguan internal IA +IB ≠ 0 (= IF)

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Contoh karakteristik current differensial relay

Gambar : Relay bias characteristic

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The characteristic is determined by four protection settings:

Is1 is The basic differential current setting which determines

the minimum pick-up level of the relay.

k1 is The lower percentage bias setting used when the

bias current is below Ιs2. This provides stability for small
CT mismatches, whilst ensuring good sensitivity to
resistive faults under heavy load conditions.

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Is2 is A bias current threshold setting, above which the
higher percentage bias k2 is used.

k2 is The higher percentage bias setting used to improve

relay stability under heavy through fault current conditions.

The tripping criteria can be formulated as:

a. for |Ibias| < Is2, |Idiff| > k1.| Ibias| + Is1
b. for |Ibias| > Is2, |Idiff| > k2.| Ibias| - (k2 - k1). Is2 + Is1

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 THANK FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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