Radiography

Defects/Processes

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WELDING INSPECTOR 2
COURSE
WELDING INSPECTOR 3
COURSE
WELDING INSPECTOR 4
COURSE
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Kepekaan uji radiografi (fungsi peni)
Peni/indicator kwalitas gambar yang banyak digunakan pada pengujian uji
radiografi adalah peni jenis kawat.
Peni dapat menunjukan seberapa kecil indikasi cacat yang dapat dilihat oleh
mata manusia pada gambar film uji radiografi.
Karena ketebalan dan kepadatan serta besar-kecilnya peni merupakan ukuran
yang akan menjadi tolak ukur mata manusia pada film uji radiografi.

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Radiographic Techniques
Teknik pancaran(shoot) uji radiografi

1. Single Wall Single Image (SWSI)

Satu deposit las (pada film uji radiografi) dengan satu gambar.
film inside, source outside
Film di dalam, sumber radiasi di luar

2. Single Wall Single Image (SWSI) panoramic

Yang tampak pada gambar film uji radiografi adalah satu deposit las dengan satu gambar.
film outside, source inside (internal exposure)
Film di luar, sumber radiasi di dalam.

3. Double Wall Single Image (DWSI)

Dua deposit las yang terlihat bertumpuk dalam satu gambar pada film uji radiografi.
film outside, source outside (external exposure)
Film di luar, sumber radiasi juga di luar.

4. Double Wall Double Image (DWDI)

Dua deposit las yang terlihat berbentuk oval dalam dua gambar pada film uji radiografi.
film outside, source outside (elliptical exposure)
Film diluar, sumber radiasi juga di luar dengan pancaran radiasi yang manghasilkan gambar
berbentuk oval.

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Single Wall Single Image (SWSI)
Satu deposit las (pada film uji radiografi) dengan satu gambar.

Indikator kwalitas gambar (peni) boleh di tempatkan di samping

sumber radiasi.

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Single Wall Single Image Panoramic
Yang tampak pada gambar film uji radiografi adalah satu deposit las
dengan satu gambar.

• IQI’s are placed on the film side

Indikator kwalitas gambar (peni) di tempatkan di samping film uji

radiografi.
• Source inside film outside (single exposure)

Film di luar, sumber radiasi di dalam(sekali pancaran radiasi).

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Double Wall Single Image (DWSI)
Dua deposit las yang terlihat bertumpuk dalam satu gambar pada
film uji radiografi.

• IQI’s are placed on the film side

Indikator kwalitas gambar (peni) di tempatkan disamping film uji

radiografi.
• Source outside film outside (multiple exposure)

Film di luar, sumber radiasi juga di luar(berkali-kali pancaran

radiasi).
• This technique is intended for pipe diameters over 100mm

Cara seperti ini sebaiknya digunakan untuk pipa dengan diameter 13

lebih dari 100mm (3,5 inch).
Double Wall Single Image (DWSI)
Dua deposit las yang terlihat bertumpuk dalam satu gambar pada film
uji radiografi.

Identification

Memberi nama pada benda uji

Unique identification

Penandaan khusus pada Benda uji

IQI placing

Penempatan Peni
Pitch marks indicating readable
film length
Penandaan khusus pada benda
Uji sesuai panjang film uji radiografi ( negative film panjang 14inch. dan
negative film pendek 10inch. )
Empat acuan pokok di atas dalam melaksanakan uji radiografi harus di
patuhi.

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Double Wall Single Image (DWSI)
Dua deposit las yang terlihat bertumpuk dalam satu gambar pada film uji radiografi.

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Double Wall Double Image (DWDI)
Dua deposit las yang terlihat berbentuk oval dalam dua gambar pada
film uji radiografi.

• IQI’s are placed on the source or film side

Indikator kwalitas gambar (peni) di tempatkan disamping film uji

radiografi atau di sumber radiasi.
• Source outside film outside (multiple exposure)

Sumber radiasi di luar, film di luar (dengan pancaran radiasi berkali-

kali)
• A minimum of two exposures

Paling sedikit dua kali pancaran radiasi.

• This technique is intended for pipe diameters less than 100mm
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Cara seperti ini sebaiknya di gunakan untuk pipa dengan diameter
kurang dari 100mm (3,5 inch).
Double Wall Double Image (DWDI)
Dua deposit las yang terlihat berbentuk oval dalam dua gambar pada
film uji radiografi.
Identification
Memberi nama Pada benda uji
Unique identification
Penandaan khusus pada Benda uji
IQI placing
Penempatan Peni
Pitch marks indicating readable
film length
Penandaan khusus pada benda
Uji sesuai panjang film uji radiografi.

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Double Wall Double Image (DWDI)
Dua deposit las yang terlihat berbentuk oval dalam dua gambar pada film uji radiografi.

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Radiography Testing
Uji Radiografi
GAMMA SOURCES
Penggunaan Sumber radiasi yang menggunakan sinar Gamma, atom (isotop) untuk
jenis-jenis ketebalan benda uji.

Isotope Typical Thickness Range

Iridium 192 10 to 50 mm (mostly used)
Cobalt 60 > 50 mm
Ytterbium < 10 mm
Thulium < 10 mm
Caesium < 10 mm

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Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Uji Radiografi
1 Kelebihan nya :
- Hasil Uji dapat disimpan lama.
- Indikasi cacat jelas terlihat.
- Persiapan pada permukaan benda uji tidak perlu perlakuan khusus.
- Semua material dapat di lakukan uji radiografi.
- Dapat melakukan uji radiografi pada benda uji yang tipis.

2.Kekurangan nya :
- Mahal alat dan proses pengujian nya.
- Karena berpotensi radiasi tinggi dan berbahaya maka sulit untuk memobilisasi
( tidak bisa naik pesawat terbang ).
- Hasil nya lambat karena butuh waktu untuk proses pencucian film uji radiografi.
- Sulit menentukan cacat las di kedalaman (Lack of fusion).
- Dapat di lihat dari dua sisi ( bolak – balik ) maka berpotensi terjadi kesalahan membaca
cacat pada film radiografi (jika salah identifikasi).
- Tidak jelas untuk memeriksa cacat berbentuk lurus dan memanjang tanpa ukuran
ketebalan (planar defect) apabila pancaran sinar radiasinya segaris dengan cacat
tersebut.

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 PW 41.1 PIPE TUBE HEADER

PW 51.4

PW 51.5

WELDING INSPECTOR 21
COURSE
WELDING INSPECTOR
COURSE
PURNAWAN SAPTA 22
WARDHANA
A-250 Rounded Indication

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 Weld Defects

Defects which may be detected by visual inspection can

be grouped under five headings

• Cracks
• Surface irregularities
• Contour defects
• Root defects
• Miscellaneous
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 Weld Defects

Other associated defects

 Cavities
 Solid inclusions
 Set up irregularities
 Parent material defects

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 Weld Defects

Cracks
Classified by Shape Classified by Position
 Longitudinal  HAZ
 Transverse  Centreline

 Branched  Crater

 Chevron  Fusion zone

 Parent metal
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 1. Cracks

Longitudinal parent metal crack Transverse weld metal crack

Longitudinal weld metal crack Lamellar tearing

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 Cracks

Transverse Crack:
A fracture in the weld metal running
across the weld

Radiographic Image:
Feathery, twisting line of darker density
running across the width of the weld
image

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 Cracks

Longitudinal Crack:
A fracture in the weld metal running
lengthwise in the welding direction

Radiographic Image:
Feathery, twisting line of darker
density running lengthwise along the
weld at any location in the width of the
weld image

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 Cracks
Crater / Star Crack:
Cracks which occur in the end crater
of a weld run due to incorrect welding
technique can be found either at the
stop or start of a weld run

Radiographic Image:
Fine dark wavy lines with a feathery
appearance usually emanating from
the centre of the weld crater in the
shape of a star. Sometimes as a
single wavy line longitudinal or
transverse to the crater.

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 Cracks

HAZ Crack:
A crack which runs parallel to the edge of the
weld cap. It may be situated in the weld metal,
weld junction, heat affected zone or the parent
metal.

Radiographic Image:
Fine dark wavy lines (often discontinuous)
with a feathery appearance and situated
close together depending on the severity of
the crack.

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 Cracks

Longitudinal Root Crack:

A fracture in the weld metal at the edge
of the root pass.

Radiographic Image:
Feathery, twisting lines of darker density
along the edge of the image of the root
pass. The twisting features helps to
distinguish the root crack from
incomplete root penetration

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 Root Defects
Lack of Root Penetration(LOP):
The edge of the pieces have not been welded
together, usually at the bottom of single V-
groove welds

Radiographic Image:
A darker density band, with very straight line
parallel edges, in the center of the width of
the weld image

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 Root Defects

Lack of Root Fusion:

Lack of union between weld metal
and parent metal at the root face of
the weld preparation.

Radiographic Image:
A very fine straight dark line
running along one edge of the
lighter image of the root
penetration bead.

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 Root Defects
Internal Concavity (suck back):
A depression in the center of the surface of
the root pass.

Radiographic Image:
An elongated irregular darker density with
fuzzy edges, in the center of the width of the
weld image.

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 Root Defects
Excessive Penetration (LORP):
Extra metal at the bottom (root) of the weld..

Radiographic Image:
A lighter density in the center of the width of
the weld image, either exrended along the
weld or in the isolated circular “drops”.

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 Root Defects
Burn Through:
A severe depression or a crater-type hole at
the bottom of the weld but usually not
elogated

Radiographic Image:
A localized darker density with fuzzy edges in
the center of the weld image. It may be wider
than the width of the root pass image.

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Burn Through
 Lack of Fusion
Lack of Sidewall Fusion(LOF):
Elongated voids between weld beads and the
joint surfaces

Radiographic Image:
Elongated, parallel, or single, darker density
lines sometimes with darker density spots
dispersed along the LOF lines which are very
straight in the lengthwise direction and not
winding like elongated slag lines

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 Lack of Fusion
Interpass Cold Lap:
Lack of fusion areas along the top surface
and edge of lower passes.

Radiographic Image:
Small spots of darker densities, some with
slightly elongated tails, aligned in the welding
direction and not in the center of the width
of the weld image.

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 Lack of Fusion
Lack of Sidewall Fusion
with slags:
Elongated voids between weld
beads and the joint surfaces

Radiographic Image:
Elongated, parallel, or single,
darker density lines sometimes
with darker density spots
dispersed along the LOF lines
which are very straight in the
lengthwise direction and not
winding like elongated slag lines

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 Slags

Slag Inclusion:
Weld slag or the other foreign matter
trapped in the weld metal. Usually
formed by slag from a previous weld
run that has not re-melted

Radiographic Image:
Dark indications with irregular shapes
sometimes elongated with sharp
pointed ends, usually following the line
of the weld run.

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 Slags
Interpass Slag Inclusion:
Usually non-metallic impurities that solidified
on the weld surface and were not removed
between weld passes

Radiographic Image:
An irregular –shaped darker density spot,
usually slightly elongated and randomly
spaced

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 Slags
Elongated Slag Lines
(wagon tracks):
Impurities that solidify on the surface after
welding and were not removed between
passes

Radiographic Image:
Elongated, parallel or single darker density
lines, irregular in width and slightly winding in
the lengthwise direction

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 Inclusion
Tungsten Inclusion:
Random bits of tungsten fused into but not
melted into the weld metal

Radiographic Image:
Irregularly shaped lower density spots
randomly located in the weld image

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 Slags
Copper Inclusion:
An inclusion in the weld metal of small
particles of copper which are deposited from
the contact tip used in mig/mag and
submerged arc welding processes.

Radiographic Image:
It appears in the radiograph as light spots of
any shape with indistinct edges due to partial
alloying with the weld metal and can be
differentiated from tungsten inclusions
because of this.

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 Undercut
External Undercut (Cap):
A gouging out of the piece to be
welded, alongside the edge of
the to or “external” surface of
the weld..

Radiographic Image:
An irregular darker density along
the edge of the weld image. The
density will always be darker
than the density of the pieces
being welded

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 Undercut

Internal Undercut (Root):

A gouging out of the piece to be welded,
alongside the edge of the to or “internal”
surface of the weld..

Radiographic Image:
An irregular darker density near the center of
the width of the weld image and along the
edge of the root pass image.

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 Incomplete Filled Groove

Insufficient Fill
A depression in the top of the weld, or cover
pass, indicating a thinner than normal section
thickness..

Radiographic Image:
A weld density darker than the density of the
pieces being welded and extending across the
full width of the weld image.

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 Excessive Weld Cap

Excessive Reinforcement (cap):

A heavy deposit of the final weld run giving a
convex shape with an abrupt change in
thickness at the boundary between the
parent metal and the weld reinforcement.

Radiographic Image:
A high contrast between the density of the
image of the parent metal and the image of
the weld with little or no sign of the image of
the root run.

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 Porosity

Cluster porosity
Rounded or slightly elongated voids grouped
together.

Radiographic Image:
Rounded or slightly elongated darker density
spots in clusters with the clusters randomly
spaced

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 Porosity

Gas Pore or Single porosity

A cavity generally under 1.5mm in diameter,
formed by gas trapped in the weld metal
during solidification.

Radiographic Image:
The image appears as a dark round spot with
sharp contours.

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 Porosity

Scattered Porosity
Rounded voids random in size and location.

Radiographic Image:
Rounded spots of darker densities random in
size and location

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 Porosity

Root Pass Aligned Porosity

Rounded and elongated voids in the bottom
of the weld aligned along the weld centerline.

Radiographic Image:
Rounded and elongated darker density spots,
that may be connected, in a straight line in
the center of the width of the weld image

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 Porosity

Surface Porosity
Groups of gas pores formed by entrapped gas
during solidification of the weld metal.

Radiographic Image:
Gas inclusions form spherical blow holes or
bubbles, their images appear as dark round
spots with sharp contours randomly
distributed.
Surface breaking porosity usually appears
spread out to the extremities of the image of
the weld cap rather than more centrally
distributed as when found in the weld body.

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 Porosity

Herring Bone
Porosity:

Radiographic
Image:

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 Missalignment

Offset or Mismatch:
A missalignment of the pieces to be
weled.

Radiographic Image:
An abrupt change in film density across
the width of the weld image.

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 Missalignment

Offset or Mismatch with LOP:

A missalignment of the pieces to be weled
and insufficient filling of the bottom of the
weld or “root area”.

Radiographic Image:
An abrupt change in film density across the
width of the weld image with a straight
longitudinal darker density line at the center
of the width of the weld image along the edge
of the density change.

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 Spot Weld

Spot Weld Gas &

Crack:

Radiographic
Image:

Spot weld crack Spot weld gas

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 Arc Strike

Arc Strike:
A localized coalescence outside the weld
zone

Radiographic Image:
Irregularly shaped lower density spots located
in the parent metal image

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 Miscellaneous Defects
Spatter

Spatter:
Small droplets of weld metal deposited on the
surface of the parent metal and sometimes on
the surface of the weld.

Radiographic Image:
Small round light spots on the image of the
parent metal and on the image of the weld.

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 Artifacts

Film Scratch:

Radiographic Image:

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 Artifacts

Chemical Marks:

Radiographic Image:

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 Artifacts

Light Leaks:

Radiographic Image:

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 Artifacts
Static Discharge:

Radiographic Image:

Causes:

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 Artifacts

Dust, Lint and Grime

Marks:

Radiographic Image:

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 Artifacts

Light Leaks:

Radiographic Image:

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 Artifacts

Unknown Artifacts:

Radiographic Image:

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