DASAR-DASAR

PENELITIAN DAN PENULISAN KARYA ILMIAH

Endang Fauziati
Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
endang.fauziati@ums.ac.id

IAIN SURAKARTA 17 September 2019

 PENELITIAN

Definisi: suatu cara untuk memperoleh fakta atau prinsip

yang dilakukan dengan, teliti, jelas, sistematis, ilmiah,
dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan.

Empat kriteria yang harus diperhatikan:

1. dilaksanakan secara sistematis (proses bertahap).
2. Penelitian dilaksanakan secara terkendali
(perumusan konsep-konsep).
3. Penelitian dilaksanakan secara empiris
(masalah-masalah terhubung).
4. Penelitian bersifat kritis.
 Elemen-elemen dari penelitian : persoalan, berbagai
kemungkinan jawaban, pengumpulan dan penilaian data
untuk mengarahkan pilihan atas kemungkinan-
kemungkinan jawaban tsb.

 Peranan penelitian :
 1. Membantu memperoleh pengetahuan baru
 2. Memperoleh jawaban atas suatu pertanyaan
 3. Memberikan pemecahan atas suatu masalah

 Fungsi Penelitian : membantu manusia meningkatkan

kemampuannya untuk menginterpretasikan fenomena-
fenomena masyarakat yang kompleks dan berhubungan
sehingga fenomena tersebut mampu membantu hasrat ingin
tahu manusia
 MAN IS CURIOUS PEOPLE
HASRAT INGIN TAHU
(CARI KEBENARAN)

ILMIAH

NON ILMIAH LOGIKA

= KEBETULAN PENALARAN
= AKAL SEHAT (COMMON SENSE) PENGEMB. TEORI
= WAHYU
= INTUISI
= TRIAL AND ERROR
= SPEKULASI
= KEWIBAWAAN/OTORITAS
Rancangan Penelitian:
HASIL PENELTIAN Problems dan Landasan Teori
Metodologi Penelitian
Rancangan
CARI KEBENARAN METODE ILMIAH
CIRI: SERUPA,
KONSISTEN,
OBYEKTIF

LOGIKA
APLIKASINYA LANDASAN TEORI
METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

PROSES YG BERLANGSUNG MELALUI PENELITIAN ILMIAH

DILAKSANAKAN DALAM BENTUK/MELALUI PENELITIAN,

YG METODENYA TUNDUK PADA HUKUM –HUKUM LOGIKA (DEDUKSI DAN
INDUKSI)

PROSES/SIKLUS
 PENELITIAN
RISET

LANDASAN TEORITIK DAN METODOLOGI

PELAKSANAAN
PROBLEM TO GET ANSWER
searching for the true

RAGU-RAGU
BER-TANYA 2 FOR AN ANSWER
 Berpikir Ilmiah
 Berpikir ilmiah yaitu bersikap skeptik, analitik dan kritik
 Berpikir skeptik : selalu menanyakan bukti & fakta yg
mendukung pertanyaan
 Berpikir analitik : selalu menganalisis setiap pertanyaan
atau persoalan
 Berpikir Kritik : selalu mendasarkan pikiran atau
pendapat pada logika & mampu menimbang berbagai hal
secara obyektif berdasarkan data, dan analisis akal sehat
 Penelitian Eksploratif
Berdasar Dilakukan jika pengetahuan suatu gejala kurang sekali
Sifatnya atau belum ada

Penelitian Deskriptif
Penelitian untuk memberikan data yang seteliti mungkin
dengan menggambarkan gejala tertentu

Penelitian Eksplanatoris/Verivikatif
Penelitian yang dimaksudkan untuk menguji
hipotesis-hipotesis tertentu

Penelitian Development
Penelitian yang dimaksud untuk melakukan
Eksperiment suatu gejala, Pengembangan suatu gejala,
dan Tindakan/Action suatu gejala
 Berdasar Bentuknya

Diagnostik
Penelitian untuk mendapatkan
keterangan mengenai sebab-sebab
terjadinya suatu gejala tertentu
Preskriptif
Penelitian untuk mendapatkan saran-saran dalam
mengatasi masalah tertentu
Evaluatif
Penelitian yang dilakukan untuk menilai program-program
yang dijalankan
 Berdasar Pendekatan
Filosofis dan disiplin Ilmu
(terkait dengan data)

Penelitian Kualitatif
Penelitian yang dimaksudkan untuk memahami fenomena tentang
apa yang dialami oleh subyek penelitian, misalnya perilaku, persepsi,
tindakan, dll, secara holistik dengan cara deskripsi dalam bentuk
kata-kata dan naratif pada suatu konteks khusus yang alamiah dan
dengan memanfaatkan berbagai metode ilmiah.

Penelitian Kuantitatif
Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menjelaskan,
meramalkan, mengontrol fenomena melalui pengumpulan
data terfokus dari data numerik
Struktur dan Siklus Penelitian

Pernyataan, Proposisi
Rumusan Masalah Tujuan atau Hipotesis
Penelitian Penelitian

Kelayakan model dan

normalitas data Model Obyek atau Sampel
(uji validitas dan Penelitian dan Penelitian
reliabilitas, uji asumsi Alat Ukur
klasik)

Kesimpulan dan Keterbatasan dan

Penyajian dan
Implikasi Hasil Usulan untuk riset
Pembahasan Hasil
Riset selanjutanya
 Pendekatan
Riset

Riset Riset
Kualitatif/naturalis/non- positivism Kuantitatif/Saintifik/positivism

Riset Empiris
Studi kasus (Deskriptif dan
Action researh, riset preskriptif)
pustaka, dll
 Grounded theory  Hermeneutic
 Case study  Qualitative Intuitive
 Narrative  Discourse Analysis
 Historiography  Action research/science
 Life History  Ethno methodology
 Critical (perspective)  Participant Observation
research
 Symbolic –Interactionisme
 Focus Group Discussion
 Library study (research)
 Phenomenology
 Dan lain-lain
 Ethnography
Dasar dasar Penulisan Publikasi Ilmiah

Endang Fauziati
Endang.fauziati@ums.ac.id
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

IAIN SURAKARTA, 17 September 2019

 I. JOURNAL PAPER
A scholarly document; a sound judgment of a scholar on a
particular subject matter.
Scientific publishing is a rigorous effort of writing facts
derived from a valid methodology.
Journal paper is a concise, clear and accurate report;
discussing a problem and its solution achieved through
rigorous, valid methodology.
Journal writing tackles specific, detailed findings of a
research.
The information is current: relevant to the discipline of
knowledge.
Publishing is an act of disseminating of the knowledge to
peers.
 SISTER TERMS
Journal Paper
Research paper
Research article
Scientific paper
Artikel TBI (terbitan berkala ilmiah)
Karya ilmiah
Publikasi ilmiah
Artikel ilmiah, dll
Journal Paper ….cont

Why are journals so important?

 Communicate
findings to peers
and public

 Act as an
evaluation process
for researchers

 Peer-review
process is
considered a
quality-control
mechanism
 Journal Paper ….cont

TYPES OF JOURNALS
 Generalist
Examples: Nature, Science, Indonesian and the Malay
Worlds, Children’s Geographies, Journal of Asian
Architecture and Building Engineering
As such, from the 11,000 submissions reviewed by Science,
only 1 in 14 is accepted. It is a serious scientific
manuscript; more than 80% of the Science’s readers have
doctorate level degrees.
 Specialist
Examples: Journal of Architecture, Buildings and Energy,
Children, Youth and Environment, Landscape and Urban
Planning, Energy and Buildings
 Journal Paper ….cont

We have to understand the publication process

1. Author submits manuscript to editor.

2. Editor reads manuscript.
3. Editor chooses reviewers and forwards manuscript to
reviewers.
4. Reviewers send reviews to editor.
5. Editor decides to publish, reject, or request revision of
manuscript, and informs author of decision.
6. If revision is recommended, author revises and resubmits
manuscript.
7. Editor chooses reviewers, including one of the original
reviewers.
8. Reviewers send reviews to editor.
9. Editor makes final decision and informs author
Journal Paper ….cont

 What is stopping from publishing?

Rejection, critics,

If you want to become a writer, you need to get used

to writing for others. You need to practice taking
feedback and dealing with rejection. You also need
to start earning some fans
 What Makes a Good writer?

Writers often compared to detectives, and

both share a number of characteristics:

• creative
• logical
• intuitive
• imaginative
• observant
• persistent (istiqomah)
• able to learn from their mistakes
 II. THE ANATOMY OF RESEARCH ARTICLES
Title
Byline (Baris Kepemilikan)
Abstract
Key Words
Introduction
Move 1 Establishing A Territory
Move 2 Establishing A Niche
Move 3 Occupying The Niche
 Methodology
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion

proporsi naskah artikel JUDUL ARTIKEL
penelitian
Nama Penulis (-penulis)
eksperimental
Unit Kerja & Alamat E-mail

Abstrak Hasil
________
Kata kunci

Latar Belakang
Pembahasan

Metode

Simpulan (Saran, Implikasi)

Ucapan Terima Kasih

Daftar Pustaka
 Anatomy of Research Article…cont
a. TITLE / JUDUL
 .Judul merupakan jiwa, semangat, esensi, inti, dan citra
sebuah karyailmiah
 .Judul merupakan label, secara ringkas mewadahi keseluruh
anartikel ilmiah
 .Bagian artikel yang pertamakali dibaca dan dijadikan kunci
pencarian oleh pembaca.
 .Judul harus MENARIK dan PROVOKATIF
 Hal-halyang perludiperhatikan:
 .Judul harus SINGKAT dan mampu menggambarkan
KESELURUHAN ISI ARTIKEL.
 Deskriptif dan informatif.
 .Judul lebih baik dipikirkan dan ditulis setelah seluruh
naskah selesai disusun.
Title…cont
 Every word in your title is important. So the key is
to devise a title that:
will immediately make sense to the referee
will easily be found by a search engine or indexing
system
will attract the right kind of readers rather than
discouraging them, and
will also catch the attention of browsers.
Title….cont…..
Do not use the same title as your research/thesis.

Title of Thesis
“An Investigation of the Writing Processes of Chinese EFL Learners: Sub-
processes, strategies and the role of the mother tongue”

Paper 1
“Cognitive Strategies Adopted by Chinese Students When Writing in English”

Paper 2
“What Students’ Writing Processes Tell: Towards a model of the composing
process of Chinese EFL learners”

Paper 3
“Cognitive Strategies Adopted in Writing by Students with Different English
Proficiency Levels”
 Anatomy of Research Article…cont
b. ABSTRACT

Ulasan singkat mengenai (1) alasan penelitian dilakukan tujuan

penelitian(2) metode yang dipilih, (3) hasil penting dan simpulan
utama.
Ditulis dalam SATU PARAGRAF berisikan150-250kata.
Pada Jurnal tertentu terdiri atas bebera paparagraf dan terstruktur.

Idealnya abstrak mengandung:

- Masalah pokok dan/atau tujuan penelitian,
- Menunjukkan pendekatan/metode yang dipakai
- menyuguhkan temuan penting serta simpulan yang dicapai.
ABSTRACT…cont
You can use the answers to these questions to structure your Abstract.

Obligatory:
- Why did I carry out this project? Why am I writing this paper?
(background information , its importance, Objectives)
- What did I do, and how? (methods)
- What were my results? (your contribution and its value, What was new
compared to previous research? (Result/discussion)

Additional:
- What are the the implications of my findings?
- What are my conclusions and/or recommendations?
 Anatomy of Research Article…cont

c. KEYWORDS / KATA KUNCI

Merupakan kata-kata terpilih yg bermakna dari sebuah

dokumen yang dapat dipakai untuk mengindeks kandungan
isinya.

Kata atau istilah yang dibahas

 Untuk mempermudah penelusuran artikel
 Mempunyai makna yang khas dan jelas
 3-5 kata/istilah yang dibahas di dalam artikel
 Ada di dalam judul atau bahasan
 Sebaiknya mengacu pada tesaurus (kumpulan istilah dalam
satu bidang tertentu)
 Anatomy of Research Article…cont
d. INTRODUCTION
Structure & content
Move 1 Establishing A Territory:
- Context of the study, state of the arts, frontier of knowledge (the
most advanced achievement in the field)

Move 2 Establishing A Niche

- Showing gaps/discrepancies between
• Practices/experience/empirical evidence and theories
• Different research findings (previous studies)

Move 3 Occupying The Niche

• Promising to fill in the gaps/discrepancies
• Promised contribution to the body of knowledge; showing
significance of the study
• Showing what to be done by the researcher/writer
• May end with statements of research questions or purposes.
Why reviewing previous studies? Why Citing?
 To show any possible gaps or discrepancies between/among
different research findings about the same topic so that it is
clear how the current study contributes to the body of
knowledge
 To show the frontiers of the respective knowledge as a result
of accumulative research findings (state of the arts)
Recognizing the existence of research studies which can be
compared with the present study.
 To support ideas and arguments of the author.
• Citations should not be put in the first sentence of a
paragraph because the writer’s main idea is usually put as a
topic sentence in the first sentence.
 To avoid unintentional plagiarism. How?
... to avoid unintentional plagiarism, how?

GIVE CREDIT WHENEVER YOU USE

 another person’s idea, opinion, or theory;
 any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings—any pieces of
information—that are not common knowledge;
 quotations of another person’s actual spoken or written
words; or
 paraphrase of another person’s spoken or written words.
Anatomy of Research Article…cont

e. Results
 the results are the core of the paper
 presents the data the researcher has found
 whenever practical, sets of related results should be
organized in tables, or interpreted through figures or
diagrams
 if extensive data have been collected, it is often best simply
to summarize the results, perhaps augmenting the
summary with representative examples

 the commonest fault: repetitive prose that is already clear

to the reader from an examination of the tables and figures
 remember that the busy reader will be grateful for a
guiding hand but should not be led as though blindfolded
Well-presented results
 are simply and clearly stated
 report representative data rather than endlessly repetitive
data
 reduce large masses of data to means, along with the
standard error or standard deviation
 report repetitive data in tables and graphs, not in the text
 repeat the text only the most important findings shown in
tables and graphs
 include negative data—what was not found—if they affect the
interpretation of results. Otherwise, negative data are
omitted
 give only data that relate to the subject of the paper as defined
in the introduction
 refer in the text to every table and figure by number
 include only tables, figures, and graphs that are necessary,
clear, and worth reproducing
 Anatomy of Research Article…cont
f. DISCUSSION

 the author explains what the results mean and their

implications for future study
 does not repeat what has already been said in the review of
literature or in the Results
 relates the results to the questions that were set out in the
Introduction
 in organization, follow the order of the original objectives
 shows relationships between the facts observed during this
investigation
 show how the results and interpretations agree, or don’t agree,
with previously published work
 discusses theoretical implications of the work
 states conclusions, with evidence of each
 indicates the significance of the results
 suggest future research that is planned or is needed to follow
up the results
Discussion …cont
 controversial issues should be discussed lucidly and fairly
 where results differ from previous ones, an explanation
rather than refutation should be sought
 anomalous results for which no explanation is readily
available should be stressed rather than concealed, and the
anomalies frankly admitted
 most interesting and valuable to science will open new
possibilities of exploration, and these should be brought to
the fore (placed in front)
 speculation, if any, must be reasonable
 a single hypothesis to explain results is almost mandatory,
but piling hypothesis upon hypothesis is bad
Discussion …cont..
At the editor’s desk …
 the editor usually judge whether readers at this point will say “So
what?” or who cares?

 if they might, the author has not done an adequate job

 the Discussion is the most difficult part of any paper, and the one
that editors most frequently ask to have revised
Results and Discussion Combined ...
Advantage
 simple
 only when problems are
simple
 appropriate for ‘note’ or
‘short communication’
Disadvantage
 sometimes difficult to
differentiate clearly
between one’s own
findings and those
reported in the literature
 author’s argumentation
cannot be developed well
Results and Discussion as Separate Sections
 neat format
 some readers prefer to draw their own conclusions, without being
prejudiced by the author, and compare them with the author’s
when they come to the Discussion section

When there is no separate Conclusion (and Suggestion)

section
 Conclusion can be integrated in Discussion section
 Put the conclusion at the end of the corresponding paragraph
 Discussion
 In this section, you are free to explain what the results mean or why
they differ from what other workers have found.
 You should interpret your results in light of other published results, by
adding additional information from sources you cited in the
Introduction section as well as by introducing new sources. Make sure
you provide accurate citations.
 Relate your discussion back to the objectives and questions you raised
in the Introduction section. However, do not simply re-state the
objectives. Make statements that synthesize all the evidence (including
previous work and the current work).
 Limit your conclusions to those that your data can actually support. You
can then proceed to speculate on why this occurred and whether you
expected this to occur, based on other workers' findings.
Simpulan
 Bukan rangkuman hasil penelitian
 Tekankan pada temuan penting
 Selaraskan dengan pernyataan tujuan penelitian
 Tak perlu sistem nomor atau poin
 Buatlah generalisasi dengan hati-hati (perhatikan
keterbatasan hasil temuan)
 Implikasi temuan dapat ditulis
 Saran harus berkait dengan pelaksanaan atau hasil
penelitian (tidak mengada-ada)
 h. DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Artikel untuk berkala ilmiah

(Dikti, butir akreditasi dalam evaluasi
berkala ilmiah)
Minimum 80% sumber acuan
primer