What is Poetry?

• Do you like Poetry?

• Where and when did you
encounter with poetry for the first
time
• What kind of poetry do you like
most?
Poetry is the oldest literary genre
 In British

Beowulf, an epic poem

consisting of thousands of line
In Indonesia?
 Mantra
"
"Mantra" (Sanskrit मंत्र) means a sacred
utterance, numinous sound, or a syllable,
word, phonemes, or group of words
believed by some to have psychological
and spiritual power…
“Man”, which is the root of the Sanskrit
word for mind; and “tra”, which is the root
of the word instrument.
 PANTUN
Pantun merupakan salah satu jenis puisi lama yang
sangat luas dikenal dalam bahasa-bahasa Nusantara.
Pantun berasal dari kata patuntun dalam bahasa
Minangkabau yang berarti "petuntun". Dalam bahasa
Jawa, misalnya, dikenal sebagai parikan, dalam bahasa
Sundadikenal sebagai paparikan, dan dalam bahasa
Batak dikenal sebagai umpasa (baca: uppasa). Lazimnya
pantun terdiri atas empat larik (atau empat baris bila
dituliskan), setiap baris terdiri dari 8-12 suku kata,
bersajak akhir dengan pola a-b-a-b[1] dan a-a-a-a (tidak
boleh a-a-b-b, atau a-b-b-a).
 Mathew Arnold says
that “Poetry is simply the most
beautiful, impressive, and widely
effective
mode of saying things”.
William Wordsworth as a romantic
poet defines it as
the spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings which takes its
origin from
emotion recollected in tranquility.
 R.W. Emerson says that “Poetry
teaches the enormous forces of a
few words”.
 Seseorang lupa menggosok
giginya sebelum tidur. Di dalam tidur ia
bermimpi ada sikat gigi menggosok-
gosok mulutnya supaya terbuka. Ketika
ia bangun pagi sikat giginya tinggal
sepotong. Sepotong yang hilang itu
agaknya tersesat dalam mimpinya dan
tak bisa kembali. Dan ia berpendapat
bahwa, kejadian itu terlalu berlebihan.
The previous text, poetry?
It can be Yes or No
 Sajak Sikat Gigi
Seseorang lupa menggosok giginya sebelum tidur.
Di dalam tidur ia bermimpi
Ada sikat gigi menggosok-gosok mulutnya supaya
terbuka.

Ketika ia bangun pagi

sikat giginya tinggal sepotong.
Sepotong yang hilang itu agaknya tersesat dalam
mimpinya dan tak bisa kembali.

Dan ia berpendapat bahwa, kejadian itu terlalu

berlebihan.
Dramatic Poetry Narrative Poetry
Dramatizes action though Poetry-Tells a story
dialogue or monologue

Lyrical/ Lyric
Poetry
Expresses Personal
thoughts and Emotions
 Lyric Poetry
When the Author of a poem writes
something, but doesn’t really mean it
literally.

Metaphore

Simile

Personification

Imagery
Metaphor
A comparison NOT
using like or as.
• Ex: It is the East, and
Juliet is the sun!”
• “All the world’s stage, And
all the men and women
merely players; They have
their exist and their
entrances”…Shakespeare,
As you like it
Personification Similes
• When human like qualities • When you compare
are given to an animal or something using like or as.
object. • Ex: The river is peaceful,
• Ex: A decrepit old car. like a new baby sleeping.
• The wind whispered • Cute as
through dry grass kitten…..comparing the
• The fire swallowed the way someone looks to the
entire forest way a kitten looks
• As busy as a
bee…someone who has
full energy
Imagery
• When the
author It was dark
provides visual and dim in
pictures as you the forest…
read.
• ex:
 O Captain! My Captain!
BY WALT WHITMAN
O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,
The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won,
The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;
But O heart! heart! heart!
O the bleeding drops of red,
Where on the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.

O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;

Rise up—for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills,
For you bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths—for you the shores a-crowding,
For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;
Here Captain! dear father!
This arm beneath your head!
It is some dream that on the deck,
You’ve fallen cold and dead.

My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,
My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will,
The ship is anchor’d safe and sound, its voyage closed and done,
From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;
Exult O shores, and ring O bells!
But I with mournful tread,
Walk the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.
 Narrative Poetry
A Poem that tells a story,
and has the elements of a
story. Often Narrative poems
have a rhyme scheme
 The Raven
BY EDGAR ALLAN POE
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore—
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
“’Tis some visiter,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door—
Only this and nothing more.”

Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December;

And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.
Eagerly I wished the morrow;—vainly I had sought to borrow
From my books surcease of sorrow—sorrow for the lost Lenore—
For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore—
Nameless here for evermore.

And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain

Thrilled me—filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before;
So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating
“’Tis some visiter entreating entrance at my chamber door—
Some late visiter entreating entrance at my chamber door;—
This it is and nothing more.”

Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer,

“Sir,” said I, “or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore;
But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping,
And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door,
That I scarce was sure I heard you”—here I opened wide the door;—
Darkness there and nothing more.

Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing,
Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before;
But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token,
And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, “Lenore?”
This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, “Lenore!”—
Merely this and nothing more.

Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,

Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.
“Surely,” said I, “surely that is something at my window lattice;
Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore—
Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore;—
’Tis the wind and nothing more!”
THE RAVEN
 Dramatic Poetry
A poem where the speaker is
someone other then the poet
themselves. A Dramatic poem often
includes characters and dialogue. A
Dramatic Monologue is often from a
fictional character’s point of view.
Incident In A Rose Garden (By
Donald Justice)
Rhythm, Meter and Rhyme

4th and 5th meeting

Every words has syllable

Every words has stress, and stress

makes intonation, like music in a
song
 Rhythm
rhythm is created by the pattern of
repeated sounds in terms of both
duration and quality and ideas.
Rhythm is significant because poets
“invite” us to change speeds
while reading—to slow down and linger
or pass rapidly over some words and
sounds or to give more or less vocal
stress or emphasis on certain syllables
 Rhythm and Scansion

Scansion is the act of scanning a poem to

discover how the poem establishes a
metrical pattern—which syllables are
accented (receive stress) and which are
not, unaccented (receive no stress).
Accented/ stressed : ∕

Unaccented/ unstressed: ̌
How come?
We need metrical feet/poetic feet
iamb V /

trochee / V

spondee / /

anapest VV/

dactyl / VV

pyrric VV
As we examine the metrical feet, we also need to examine the
metrical line—the number of feet contained in a line. The
types are as follows:
Number of feet in a line Name of line

1 Monometer

2 Dimeter

3 Trimeter

4 Tetrameter

5 Pentameter

6 Hexameter

7 Heptameter

8 Octameter
For a complete description of poetic lines, we have to look at
the kind of foot and number of feet in the line. Therefore, the
poetic lines presented in the previous examples of metrical
feet are called:
(a) Iambic pentameter
(b) Trochaic trimeter with an extra syllable
(c) Iambic trimeter with a sprung rhythm (a spondee) in the 3
rd foot
(d) Anapestic dimeter
(e) Dactylic tetrameter
(f) Lesser ionic meter (Ionic meter is classical Greek meter
comprising of four syllables per foot. Greater Ionic meter
consists of two long/stressed syllables followed by two
short/unstressed syllables, whereas Lesser Ionic meter
consists of two short/unstressed syllables followed by two
long/stressed syllables.)
 V / V /
Whose woods these are iambic
dimeter
1 2 3 4

V / v /
I think I know iambic dimeter
5 6 7 8
Let’s practice !
Tyger tyger burning bright

in the forest of the night

And the sheen of their spear was like stars
 O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;
Rise up—for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills,
For you bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths—for you the shores
a-crowding,
For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;
Here Captain! dear father!
This arm beneath your head!
It is some dream that on the deck,
You’ve fallen cold and dead.
To be continued
Rhyme
• Rhyme is the identical final
syllables of words. Rhyme
gives delight and
strengthens a poem’s
psychological impact. The
similar sounds help promote
our memory on the poem.
When we want to describe the rhyme pattern
in a poem of a stanza, we label the first sound
at the end of a line “a”, the next “b”, then “c”,
“d”, and so forth. When a sound reappears, we
use the same letter to label the sound. We
would then say that the pattern, or the rhyme
scheme of a stanza or poem,
is abcbca, abba, etc.
Example:
I have wished a bird would fly away, (a)
And not sing by my house all day; (a)
Have clapped my hands at him (b)
When it seemed I could bear no more.(c)
 variations of rhymes
1. Perfect rhyme and half rhyme
2. Masculine and feminine rhyme
3. Internal rhyme
4. Alliteration
5. Assonance
6. Consonance
7. Onomatopoeia
8. Blank verse
9. Free verse
1. Perfect rhyme and half rhyme

Perfect rhymes of exact rhymes occur

when the stressed vowel following sounds
are identical like in slow - grow, fleet
street, or buying -crying.

Half rhymes occur when the final

consonant sounds of the words are
identical, but the vowels are different,
creating similar but not identical sounds (as
in quietness - express)
2. Masculine and feminine rhyme

Masculine rhyme occurs when the final

syllables of the rhyming words are stressed,
such as inquired – desired.

A feminine rhyme is the rhyming of stressed

syllables followed by identical unstressed
syllables, like in flowers –bowers.
3. Internal rhyme

This is when the rhyming words are found

within the line, often a word in the middle of a
line rhyming with the last word or sound of
the line.

Example: Small feet were pattering, wooden shoes clattering,

4. Alliteration

It is the identical consonant sounds that start

several words that are close to each other.
Check the following example. What effect do
the repeated
sounds produce?
For winter's rains and ruins are over,
And all the season of snows and sins;
The days dividing lover and lover,
The light that loses, the night that wins;
 5. Assonance

The repetition of identical vowel sounds in

different words that are close to one another.

One example is bird and thirst. (The er sound

is identical in both words.)
6. Consonance

Words have the same consonants but not

the same vowel sounds, as in “pat” and
“pit”.

Assonance and consonance are known as

slant rhyme.
 7. Onomatopoeia

It is a blend of consonant and vowel

sounds designed to imitate or suggest a
situation or action.

This technique uses a word whose spund

suggests its meaning, such as buzz,
crackle, hum, etc.
 8. Blank verse
It is unrhymed iambic pentameter.
Shakespeare’s plays and Milton’s
Paradise Lost are two popular examples.
 9.Free verse

Some poetry is composed in lines which

are free of the traditional patterns of lines
and meter. The rhythm is based on the
stress resulting from the meaning of the
line and its natural and punctuated
pauses
Stanzaic Forms

A stanza is a group of lines in a

poem. Ordinarily, each stanza
follows a particular rhyme
scheme.
1) Couplet—a stanza of two lines which
usually rhymes.
2) Triplet/tercet—a stanza of three lines
3) Quatrain--—a stanza of four lines
4) Sestet—a stanza of six lines
5) Septet—a stanza of seven lines
6) Rhyme royal—a stanza of seven lines
written in iambic pentameter and
rhyming ababbcc

7) Octave—a stanza of eight lines

8) Sonnet —a stanza of fourteen lines
9) Spenserian stanza
This stanza has nine lines

10) Ottava rima—a stanza of

eight lines.
The stanza consists of eight lines
written in iambic pentameter.
 Double, double toil and trouble;
Fire burn and caldron bubble.
Fillet of a fenny snake,
In the caldron boil and bake;
Eye of newt and toe of frog,
Wool of bat and tongue of dog,
Adder's fork and blind-worm's sting,
Lizard's leg and howlet's wing,
For a charm of powerful trouble,
Like a hell-broth boil and bubble.

Double, double toil and trouble;

Fire burn and caldron bubble.
Cool it with a baboon's blood,
Then the charm is firm and good.
 DENOTATION,
CONNOTATION,

6th Meeting
Look at these expression

Ow! I broke my hand.

Could you give a hand?

 Does the word “hand” in the two
contexts have the same meaning?
 Look at these

What a beautiful day!

What a beautiful day?

Do the two expressions above
have the same meaning?
 The Meaning of Words
• One of the characteristic of poetry is the use
of words in a new way
• The word is uniquely used that a reader or
listener may not understand what it means
How to understand words with a
new way
• At first, we concern with the meaning of
individual words
• meaning is largely determined by context and
by the interrelationship of words in a sentence
• Each word in a language is distinguished from
every other word by its unique combination of
denotation and connotations.
 a. Denotation
• A word is only an accurate tool of
communication if it conveys the same idea to
both the speaker and the listener; yet the
meanings of words continually change and,
despite the existence of dictionaries, can only
be said to mean what people think they mean.
• Furthermore, the same words can mean
different things to different people or to
different contexts.
 If we say of someone,
“He is a bit red”
• he is embarrassed,
• sunburned,
• or attracted to Communism.
 “mistress”
• its meaning has changed.

• It used to be a praise for a woman wife of

noble-blood, but now it is used for
disparaging a woman lack of a marriage–
license (Pickering and Hoeper,1980).
The various meanings of the words
above are all denotations – that is,
they are listed as definitions in
nearly any good dictionary.
 b. Connotation

• As it is well-known, denotation refers to the

dictionary meaning of a word. Connotation,
on the other hand, is determined by the
ideas associated with or suggested by the
word.
• Denotation is the meaning a word gives to a
sentence; connotation is the verbal coloring
a word takes on from those sentences in
which it is commonly used.
 “flower”
• denotes a part of plant
• it connotatively means girl, beauty and
delicacy
 “childlike” and “childish”
mean an attitude and behavior of a child, but
they have different meanings. “childlike” means
“meekness’, “innocence”, while “childish” means
“foolishness” and “willfulness”. Denotation is
quite important for a poet because it can enrich the
meaning of each line he/she writes (“saying more
in fewer words”).
SOLITUDE

yang paling mawar

yang paling duri
yang paling sayap
yang paling bumi
yang paling pisau
yang paling risau
yang paling nancap
yang paling dekap

samping yang paling

Kau!
(Sutarji Calzoum Bachri)
 Practice
1) Which word in each group has the most “romantic” connotation?
a. horse, steed, donkey
b. king, ruler, tyrant
c. rose, flower, plant
2) Which word in each group is the most emotionally connotative?
a. female, mother, dam
b. offspring, children, progeny
c. brother, sibling
3) Arrange the words in each group from most positive to most negative in
connotation:
a. skinny, thin, gaunt, slender
b. prosperous, loaded, moneyed
c. brainy, intelligent, eggheaded, smart
.
4) In the following examples the denotation for the
word white remains the
same, but the connotations differ. Explain.
a) The young princess had blue eyes, golden hair, and a
breast as white as snow

b) Confronted with the evidence, the young princess

turned as white as a sheet.
5) Please identify and explain the connotative meaning of the
lines below.
a) Remember me when I am gone away,
Gone far away into the silent land; (Christina Rossetti)