ELEKTRONIKA RF

11
Modul ke:

PERANCANGAN OSILATOR

Fakultas
TEKNIK Lukman Medriavin Silalahi, A.Md., S.T,. MT

Program Studi
Quotes :
Teknik Orang-orang yang berhenti belajar
Telekomunikasi akan menjadi pemilik masa lalu.
Orang-orang yang masih terus
belajar, akan menjadi pemilik masa
depan.
(Mario Teguh, 1956)
 SUMMING AMPLIFIER

If
Recall inverting
amplifier and
If = I 1 + I 2 + … + I n

VOUT = -Rf (V1/R1 + V2/R2 + … + Vn/Rn)

 RF RF RF 
Vout   V1  V2  V3 
 R1 R2 R3 
Summing amplifier is a good example of analog circuits serving as analog
computing amplifiers (analog computers)!
Note: analog circuits can add, subtract, multiply/divide (using logarithmic
components, differentiat and integrate – in real time and continuously.
 PENGKONDISI SINYAL
(aplikasi penjumlah)
Vref R2
R • diinginkan
Vin R1 • Keluaran V0
–
+ +
• 00 C  0 Volt
Vo • 1000 C  -10 Volt
–

• Masukan Vin Diketahui :

• Transduser panas kelvin • Vref = -9Volt
• 00 K  0 Volt
• 2730 K  2,73 Volt • R, R1, R2 ???
 Perhitungan gain
• Masukan Vin
• Transduser panas kelvin • Per 0 K
• 00 K  0 Volt •  0,01 Volt
• 2730 K  2,73 Volt

• diinginkan • diinginkan
• Keluaran V0 • per 0 C
• 00 C  0 Volt •  0,1 Volt
• 1000 C  -10 Volt

• Gain  10 kali
 Perhitungan R1 dan R
-9 V R2 R R R 
Vo    Vin  Vref 
Vin R1  R1 R2 
–
R R 
+ + Vo    Vin    9  
Vo  R1 R2 
–
R
• Gain  10 kali  10
R1
• Bila R1 =10 KΩ  maka R = 100 KΩ

 100000 
Vo   10  Vin    9 
 R2 
 Penentuan R2

 100000 
Vo   10  Vin    9 
 R2 

• Diinginkan Keluaran V0 Tegangan masukan :

• 00 C  0 Volt 00 C  2730 K = 2,73 Volt
Maka Vin =2,73 Volt
 900000 
0   10  2,73  
 R2 
900000
R2   32727,2727 
27,3
 Hasil Akhir
-9 V R2 R
• R1=10 KΩ
Vin R1
– • R = 100 KΩ
+ + • R2 =32727,27 Ω
Vo
–

• Persoalannya, bagaimana realisasi R2 ?

• Pakai hambatan variabel (potensio), agar aman

Pot + R tetap.
• Misal  pot : 10 K dan R = 27 K
 VALIDASI
-9 V R2 R R R 
Vo    Vin  Vref 
Vin R1  R1 R2 
–
+ + • R1=10 KΩ
Vo
– • R = 100 KΩ
• R2 =32727,27 Ω
Saat suhu 1000 C 100000 100000 
Maka  Vo     3,73    9 
 10000 32727,27 
masukan = 3730 K
Tegangan Vin = 3,73 V Vo   37,3  27,3  10
 INTEGRATOR
I2
I1 = (Vi - V)/R1

d V  Vo 
C
I2 = dt
I1
set I1 = I2, d V  Vo 
C
(Vi - V)/R1 = dt
but V- = V+ =dV
0
C o

Output is the integral of input Vi/R1 = dt

signal. CR1 is the time constant Solve for Vo 1
vo  
R1C 
vi dt

Bila vi konstan maka vi

v0   t Linier
R1C
 OUTPUT INTEGRATOR
(dengan tegangan masukan tetap)

vi v0
v0   t
R1C
-VCC
 APLIKASI
• Pembangkitan bentuk
gelombang
vi
• Kemiringan tergantung
v0   t
besarnya RC
R1C
 DIFERENSIATOR
d Vin  V  d Vin 
I2 I1  C C
R dt dt
I1 C I2 
 V  V0    V0 

– R R
V+in + +
– Vo
– dVin   V0 
C 
dt R
dVin
Output is the differential of input V0   RC
signal. CR is the time constant dt

Bila input konstan maka  tegangan output = nol

 Aplikasi diferensiator
• Kelengkungan tergantung besarnya RC
 PEMBANGKIT FUNGSI

• Gelombang gigi gergaji

• Gelombang kotak
• Gelombang segitiga
• Gelombang sinus
Pembangkit gelombang gigi gergaji
Saklar ditutup sebelum opamp jenuh,
kemudian langsung buka lagi

I2

Saat saklar ditutup

I1

v0
-VCC
 ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS
PEMBANGKIT GELOMBANG KOTAK
• A switching oscillator known as Astable Multivibrator can be formed
by adding an RC feedback network to a Schmitt Trigger circuit.
They are useful to generate low frequency square waves.

• The comparator and

feedback resistor
form an inverting
Schmitt Trigger
having threshold
levels of A/2 and
–A/2 assuming A
is the output level
of the comparator.

Graphs from Prentice Hall

 Astable multivibrators II
• The operation of the Astable Multivibrators can be described as follows: at
time 0, the initial voltage on the capacitor is 0, assuming the initial output
voltage is +A (A is the level of the comparator output). Thus, initially the
capacitor is charged through the resistor R toward +A. However, when the
capacitor voltage reaches A/2, the output voltage rapidly switches to –A.

• Then the capacitor starts to discharge, once the voltage drops below –A/2, the
output again
switches back to A. Thus,
the capacitor voltage
cycles back and forth
between A/2 and –A/2.

• Voltage across
capacitor resembles
Triangular wave and
comparator output
voltage is symmetrical
square wave.
 Astable multivibrators III
• The period and frequency of the output square waveform can be
determined by analyzing the transient response of the RC feedback
network.

• The frequency of oscillation for the Astable Multivibrator shown before

is
1
f 
2 RC ln 3
• In real circuit design, several non-idealities related to the comparator
can affect the frequency, such as the propagation delay of the
comparator and bias current effects.

• To minimize the bias current effects, we usually need to make sure

that the smallest current charging to the capacitor should be much
larger than the bias current, for example, a few hundred times.
Pembangkit gelombang segitiga
Bagaimana memutar knob suatu generator fungsi dapat mengubah frekuensi ?
Rangkaian ini terdiri atas integrator, Schmitt trigger dan transistor.

Vin
PEMBANGKIT
SINUS
 Wien Bridge Oscillator
• Berbasis pada op amp
• Kombinasi R dan C dlm
feedback sehingga factor f
tergantung frekuensi.
• Analisis beranggapan opamp
ideal.
– Gain A sangat besar
– Arus masuk sangat kecil.
R2 – Terminal input short.
R1
• Analyze like a normal feedback
amplifier.
V0
– Determine input and output
Vi
If ZS loading.
– Determine feedback factor.
– Determine gain with
ZP
feedback.
• Shunt-shunt configuration.
 Wien Bridge Oscillator
R1 1 1  sRC
R2 Z S  R  ZC  R  
sC sC
V0 1 1
1 1  1 
Z P  R Z C       sC 
Vi ZS  R Z C  R 
If
R

ZP 1  sCR

Input Loading Output Loading

ZS ZS
Z1 V0 = 0
Vi = 0
Z2
ZP ZP

1
 1 1 
Z1  Z P Z S      1  sRC
 ZP ZS  Z2  Z S  R  ZC 
sC
R1  sCR 
1
1  sCR sC 
 R  1  sCR  
sCR  (1  sCR ) 2
 
 Wien Bridge Oscillator
I1 I2
Amplifier gain including loading effects
R2 V0 V0 Vi
Ar  
R1 I S Vi I S
V0
Vi V0 Vo
If To get , we use I1  I 2  and
IS Vi R1  R2
Z2
Z1 Vo
Vi  V  V  I1R1  R1 so
R1  R2
V0 R1  R2 R
  1 2
Vi R1 R1
Feedback factor
ZS Vi
If Since I   0,  Z1 and
IS

V0 V0 Vi  R 
Ar   Z1 1  2 
ZP Vi I S  R1 
R1  sCR 
Z1  so
f 
Xf
 
If
1 sCR  (1  sCR ) 2
X o Vo ZS
 R  R1  sCR 
sC Ar  1  2 
 2
1  sRC  R1  sCR  (1  sCR )
 Wien Bridge Oscillator
Oscillation condition
Phase of  f Ar equal to 180 o !
 R  sCR
Need only  f Ar  1  2  2
1
 R1  sCR  (1  sCR )
Rewriting
 R  sCR
 f Ar  1  2  2
 R1  sCR  (1  sCR)
 R  sCR
 1  2 
 2 2 2
 R1  sCR  1  2 sCR  s C R 
 R  sCR  R  1
Loop Gain  1  2   1  2 
 R1  3  1  sCR
2 2 2
 R1  1  3sCR  s C R
sCR
 sC 
 f Ar     Ar  R 
 1  2 
1
 1  sCR   R1  3  j  CR  1 
 sC  R2  R1  sCR   CR 
  1   Then phase term  0 at the oscillatio n frequency
 1  sCR  R 1  sCR  (1  sCR )
2
1
o 
 R  sCR RC
 1  2  2
 R1  sCR  (1  sCR) Finally, we can get  f Ar  1 by selecting the resistors R1 and R2
Gain with feedback is appropriat ely using

Ar  R2  1 R
Arf  1    1 or 2  2
1   f Ar  R1  3 R1
 Wien Bridge Oscillator - Example

Oscillator specifications: o=1x106 rad/s

1
Selecting for convenience C  10nF , then from  o 
RC
1 1
R   100
 oC 10nF (1x106 rad / s )
Choosing R 1  10 K then
R2  2(10 K )  20 K
 Wien Bridge Oscillator

Final note: No input signal is needed. Noise at the desired oscillation frequency
will likely be present and when picked up by the oscillator, it will start the
oscillator and the output will quickly buildup to an acceptable level.
Wien Bridge Oscillator
• Once oscillations start, a limiting circuit is needed
to prevent them from growing too large in
amplitude
 Phase Shift Oscillator
Rf
If
Vo V V  1 
IC3 V2 IC2 V1 IC1 I C 2  I R1  I C1   o  o 1  
sCRR f R f R f  sCR 
VX
C C C V0 V  V  I Z   Vo  Vo 1  1  1
 
R R 2 1 C2 C
sCR f Rf  sCR  sC
IR2 IR1
Vo  1 
• Based on op amp using  2 
sCR f  sCR 
inverting input
 V2 Vo  1 
• Combination of R’s and C’s I R2   2  
R sCRR f  sCR 
in feedback loop so get Vo  1  Vo  1 
additional 180o phase shift. IC3  I R2  IC 2  2  1 
sCRR f  sCR  R f  sCR 

• Analysis assumes op amp is
Vo 1  1  1  Vo  3 1 
ideal. 
Rf 1     2     1   2
Vo  sCR  sCR  sCR  R f  sCR ( sCR) 
V  V  0 so I f   I C1 Finally
Rf
V IC 3 V  1  Vo  3 1 
V1  V  I C1Z C   o V X  V2    o 2  1   2
sCR f sC sCR f  sCR  sCR f  sCR ( sCR ) 
Vo  4 1 
 V  1  Vo 
  Vo  3   2
I R1  1   sCR f
R R  sCR f  sCRR f  sCR ( sCR) 

 Phase Shift Oscillator
Rearrangin g
Vo  4 1 
If Rf VX   3   2
IC3 IC2 IC1 sCR f
 sCR ( sCR ) 
V2 V1 we get for the loop gain
VX C V0  sCR f
C C L( )   ( ) A( )  
R V0 VX  1 
IR2 R IR1
3 
4
 2
 sCR ( sCR ) 
 jCR f  2CRR f
 
Example  4 1    1 
3  j  4  j  3 CR  
Oscillator specifications: ωo=1x106 rad/s  CR (CR ) 2    CR 
To get oscillatio ns, we need the imaginary term to go to zero.
Selecting for convenience C  10 nF ,
We can achieve this at one frequency  o so
1 1 1
then from  o 
3RC 3CR  so    0 
CR 3RC
1 1
R   58  To get oscillatio ns, we also need L(ωo )  1 so
3 oC 3 10nF (1x106 rad / s )
Then  0 2CRR f
L(ωo )   1 and substituti ng for ωo we get
R f  12(58 )  0.67 K 4
 0 2CRR f CRR f 1 Rf
Note: We get 180 phase shift from op amp
o    1 so
4 4 3R 2C 2 12 R
since input is to inverting terminal and R f  12 R
another 180 from the RC ladder.
o
 Summary of Oscillator Design
• Telah ditunjukkan komponen reaktif di loop
Osilator Wien Bridge feedback dapat menimbulkan osilasi.
• Agar dicapai feedback posistip.
– Dengan pemilihan hambatan yang
tepat bisa dipilih sinyal feedback yang
sefase dengan sinyal input.
– Dapat dihasilkan amplitude sinusoidal
yang besar
• Telah dijelaskan dua rangkaian oskilator:
• (Osilator Wien Bridge)
• (Osilator Geser Fase)
Osilator Geser Fase • untuk menghasilkan frekuensi tertentu,
nilai resistor dan kapasitor dihitung
berdasarkan persamaan yang ada
• Catatan akhir: Perancangan
osilator semata-mata tergantung
pada rangkaian feedback bukan
pada karakteristik opamp.
FILTER
 Passive Low-Pass Filter
H ( j )
 The pass-band is from 0
Vout
to some frequency wp.
Vin
 Its stop-band extends
form some frequency
ws, to infinity.
wp ws w  In practical circuit
R
design, engineers often
choose amplitude gain
of 0.95 for passive RC
Vin C Vout RL
filters:
 Design of Passive Filters
R The amplitude response:
Vout 1

Vin C Vout RL Vin 1   RC 
2

The amplitude gain:

ZL
Transfer Function G
ZF  ZL
1
H  j   The 3dB break-point is at:
jRC  1
1 1
1 f 3dB  
H  s  2RC 2
RCs  1
 Design of Low Pass Active Filters
C2 The -3 dB cut-off frequency:
fH  1
 2RF C2 
RF
R1 The DC gain:
Vin - K LP  
RF
A R1
Vout
+
B Example:
Design a low pass filter with
Transfer Function: cut-off frequency of 5kHz,
0 and DC gain of 10:
T .F .  K LP
s  0 Two equations, three unknowns
 Design of High Pass Active
Filters

The -3 dB cut-off frequency:

fH  1
RF
 2R1C1 
C1 R1 The DC gain:
-
Vin A
K HP  RF
Vout
R1
B
+ Two equations, three unknowns
Select one component based on
other conditions, and
Transfer Function:
s determine the values of the
T .F .  K HP other two components.
s  0
Soal 1 - 4
 Soal 5
Fungsi RFC adalah
a. Agar tidak terjadi osilator
b. Memberi penguatan yang besar
c. Bersama C6 membentuk tapis/filter lolos
tinggi
d. Membentuk rangkaian resonansi
 Terima Kasih
Lukman Medriavin Silalahi, S.T,. MT

Quotes :
Seseorang yang berhenti belajar adalah orang
lanjut usia, meskipun umurnya masih remaja.
Seseorang yang tidak pernah berhenti belajar
akan selamanya menjadi pemuda.
(Hendry Ford, 1863)