I = -------
∑I=0
∑V = 0
Node A : -i1-i2-i3 = 0
Node B : i1+i2+i3 = 0
Dengan perjanjian arus yang meninggalkan node
bernilai negatif dan arus yang masuk node bernilai
positif.
Loop I : -v1-v2+v3 = 0
Loop II : -v3+v4+v5 = 0
Loop III : -v1-v2+v4+v5 = 0
Tegangan bernilai negatif bila searah dengan arus loop,
tegangan bernilai positif bila berlawanan arah dengan
arus loop, sesuai dengan Hukum Ohm.
1.5. CONTOH
i1 = (-0,5)A
i1
5W A v4
i2 = 0,25A
v2
i3 2W i3 = 0,25A
v1 i2 v3 v5
v1 = 5V
5V 10W 8W v2 = (-2,5)V
v3 = 2,5V
i2
v4 = 0,5V
B v5 = 2,0V
i1 i3
Pembuktian:
Node A : -i1-i2-i3 = 0
-(-0,5)-0,25-0,25 = 0
0 = 0 → terbukti
Node B : i1+i2+i3 = 0
(-0,5)+0,25+0,25 = 0
0 = 0 → terbukti
Loop I : -v1-v2+v3 = 0
-5-(-2,5)+2,5 = 0
0 = 0 → terbukti
Loop II : -v3+v4+v5 = 0
-2,5+0,5+2 = 0
0 = 0 → terbukti
Loop III : -v1-v2+v4+v5 = 0
-5-(-2,5)+0,5+2 = 0
0 = 0 → terbukti
BAB 2
HUBUNGAN SERI-PARALEL
2.1. HUBUNGAN
SERI
V1
R1
V
I I1
I = I 1 = I2
V = V1 + V 2 Vs
= I1R1 + I2R2 I2
= I R1 + I R 2
= I(R1+R2) R2 V2
= I RS
V
V
I
I = ----- Vs RS
RS
RS = R1 + R2
RSN = R1 + R2 + … + RN
CONTOH:
V1
R1 5W
RS = R1 + R2
V
= 5 + 5 = 10W I I1
10V
VS 10 I2
I = ------- = ----- = 1A
RS 10 R2 5W V2
V
I
Vs RS
V
I V1 V2
Is R1 I2 R2
I1
V
I
Is RP
V = V1 = V2
I = IS
I = I1 + I 2
= V1/R1+V2/R2
= V /R1+V /R2
= V(1/R1+1/R2)
= V(1/RP)
V= I RP
Jadi:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
---- = ---- + ---- → ---- = ---- + ---- + … + ----
RP R1 R2 RPN R1 R2 RN
1 R2 + R 1
---- = --------------
RP R1 R2
R1 R2
RP = ------------
R1 + R2
CONTOH:
V
I V1
2A R1 I2 R2
I1
10W 10W
V
I
Is RP
RP = R1//R2
R1 R2 10*10
= --------- = --------
R1+R2 10+10
= 5W
V = I RP
=2*5
= 10 V
BAB 3
AKUMULASI SUMBER TEGANGAN & SUMBER ARUS
5W 12V 10W
15V 10V
5W 10W
12V
15V 10V
5+10=15W
-12+15+10=13V
R1 3W R2 2W
2A 3A 6A
Rp =3 2/(3+2)
=6/5
=1,2W -2-3+6=1A
V1 = (R1/RS)VS
V2 = (R2/RS)VS
V3 = (R3/RS)VS
RS = R1 + R2 + R3
Misalkan:
VS = 10V
R1 = 1W
R2 = 4W
R3 = 5W
Maka:
V1 = (R1/RS)VS = (1/(1+4+5))*10 = 1V
V2 = (R2/RS)VS = (4/(1+4+5))*10 = 4V
V3 = (R3/RS)VS = (5/(1+4+5))*10 = 5V
Bila V1, V2 dan V3 dijumlah maka nilainya
samadengan VS.
4.2. PEMBAGIAN ARUS
I1 = (RP/R1)IS
I2 = (RP/R2)IS
I3 = (RP/R3)IS
1/RP = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
Misalkan:
IS = 2A
R1 = 3W
R2 = 4W
R3 = 12W
Maka:
1/RP = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
= 1/3 + 1/4 + 1/12
= (4+3+1)/12
= 8/12
= 2/3
RP = 3/2
I1 = (RP/R1)IS = (3/2/3)*2 = 1A
I2 = (RP/R2)IS = (3/2/4)*2 = 0,75A
I3 = (RP/R3)IS = (3/2/12)*2 = 0,25A
Bila I1, I2 dan I3 dijumlah maka nilainya samadengan
IS .
BAB 5
TEOREMA SUPERPOSISI
5.1. TEOREMA SUPERPOSISI
5.2. CONTOH 1
Ix
2W
7A 5W 10W 5A
Ix = Ix(7A ON, yang lain OFF) + Ix(5A ON, yang lain OFF)
Ix
2W
7A 5W 10W
Ix
2W
5W 10W
W
Vx
4A 7W 3W
Rx 7
VX(50V ON, yang lain OFF) = ----- Vs = ---------- 50 = 350/12
Rs 2+7+3
VX = VX(4A ON, lain OFF) + VX(5A ON, lain OFF) + VX(50V ON, lain OFF)
= -(140/12) + 105/12 + 350/12
= 315/12
= 105/4 V
5.4. LATIHAN
W
6V Vz
3A W W 6A
Iy
5.5. -e-
BAB 6
TEOREMA TRANSFORMASI SUMBER
6.2. CONTOH 1
Dapatkan nilai Ix dari rangkaian listrik di bawah ini
dengan menggunakan Teorema Transformasi Sumber
Ix
2W
7A 5W 10W 5A
Ix
2W
7A 5W 10W 5A
Is Rp Rp Is
Ada IS dan RP sehingga bisa dilakukan konversi sumber
arus ke sumber tegangan. Bagian yang ditanyakan (IX)
tidak boleh dikonversi.
Ix
Rs=Rp=5W Rs=Rp=10W
2W
= Is Rp Vs = Is Rp
Vs = 7A 5W = 5A 10W
= 35V = 50V
Ix = Vx/Rx
Ix Rx
= (---- Vs)/Rx
5W 2W 10W Rs
35+50 = = Vs/Rs
Dua sumber tegangan = 85/(5+2+10)
85V =
yang tersusun seri bisa = 85/17
dijumlahkan/diselisihkan = 5A
6.3. CONTOH 2
Dapatkan nilai Vx dari rangkaian listrik di bawah ini
dengan menggunakan Teorema Transformasi Sumber.
W
Vx
50V
4A 7W 5A 3W
4A 7W 5A 3W = (50/3)A
W
Vx
= (50/3)+5
4A 7W 3W = (50/3)+(15/3)
= (65/3)A
4A 7W 65V
Vx
= 65/5
4A 7W 5W
= 13A
Vx
= 13-4
7W 5W
= 9A
Vx = Ix Rx
Rp
= ----- Is Rx
R
75 1 315 105
= ------ --- 9 7 = ----- = ----- V
7+5 7 12 4
6.4. LATIHAN
W
6V Vz
3A W W 6A
Iy
6.5. -e-
BAB 7
RANGKAIAN ORDE PERTAMA
push on switch
7.3 INITIAL CONDITION
v(t)
i(t)
Vs t<0 R C Is t<0 R L
Eo
t=0 R C t=0 R L Io
vf
if
t>0 R C t>0 R L
v(t) = Ae(-t/) + vf
i(t) = Be(-t/) + if
Dimana:
A,B = konstanta/bilangan
e = basis dari logaritma alami
nilainya 2,71828 18284 59045 23536 02874 71352
t = variabel waktu (dalam detik)
t = konstanta waktu (time constant) (dalam detik)
7.7 CONTOH 1
v(t)
6V 10KW 10nF
vf
6V 10KW 10nF
vf = 0
sehingga v(t) = Ae(-10000t) + 0
= Ae(-10000t)
Saat t<0
Eo
6V 10KW 10nF
Eo = 6V
Saat t=0
v(0)
Eo
10KW C
v(0) = Ae(-10000*0)
= Ae0
= A*1
=A
Dimana v(0) = Eo = 6V
Jadi A = 6
Sehingga persamaan menjadi v(t) = 6e(-10000t) Volt
7.8 CONTOH 2
1W
i(t)
6A 5W 4H
1H
Saat t>0
1W
if
6A
5W 4H
1H
If = (RP/R) IS
If =(1*5/(1+5))(1/1) * 6 = 5A
sehingga i(t) = Be(-3t/2) + 5
Saat t<0
1W
Io
6A 5W 4H
1H
Io = 0
Saat t=0
1W
i(0)
6A 5W 4H Io
1H
i(0) = Be(-3*0/2) + 5
= Be0 + 5
= B*1 + 5
=B+5
Dimana i(0) = Io = 0
Jadi 0 = B + 5 → B = -5
Sehingga persamaan menjadi i(t) = -5e(-3t/2) + 5 Ampere
7.9 CONTOH 3
3W i(t)
7A 5H 4W
7A 5H 4W
If = 0
Sehingga i(t) = Ce(-t/(35/12)) + 0
i(t) = Ce(-t/(35/12))
Saat t<0
3W
7A Io 5H 4W
IO = 7A
Saat t=0
3W i(0)
Io
7A 4W
i(0) = Ce(-12*0/35)
= Ce0
= C*1
=C
7.10 CONTOH 4
W
v(t)
7A 5W 4F
5W 4F
Vf = 0
Sehingga. v(t) = De(-t/4) + vf
v(t) = De(-t/4)
Saat t<0
W
Eo
7A 5W 4F
Eo = 7*5 = 35 V
Saat t=0
W
v(0)
Eo
7A 5W C
v(0) = De**(-0/4)
= De**0
= D*1
=D
7.11 CONTOH 5
40K
i(t)
24V 20K
10nF 12V
40K 30nF
Dapatkan persamaan i(t) pada rangkaian di atas.
Persamaan umum: i(t) = Ae(-t/) + if
Dimana = RC
= (40//40)*(103)* 10*(10(-9))
= (1600/80)*10*(10(-6))
= 0,0002 detik
Sehingga i(t) = Ae(-t/0,0002) + if
= Ae(-5000t) + if
40K
if
24V 20K
12V
40K
saat
t>0
if = (V)/(R)
= (24-12)/(40+40)
= 0,15mA
Sehingga i(t) = Ae(-5000t) + 0,15 mA
40K
Eo1
24V 20K
Eo2 12V
40K
saat
t<0
Eo1 = Eo2 = 24 V
40K
i(0)
20K
24V
24V 12V
Eo1 24V
40K
saat
Eo2
t=0
i(0)[Eo1-on] = 24V/40K
i(0)[24V-on] = 0
I(0)[Eo2-on] = 0
i(0)[12V-on] = -12V/40K
i(0) = 12V/40K
= 0,3 mA
i(0) = Ae(-5000*0) + 0,15 mA
= Ae0 + 0,15
= A*1 + 0,15
= A + 0,15
Jadi 0,3 = A + 0,15
A = 0,15
Sehingga persamaan i(t) = 0,15e(-5000t) + 0,15 mA
7.12 CONTOH 6
40K
24V 20K
10nF 12V
40K 30nF
v(t)
24V 20K
12V
40K
saat
t>0 vf
vf = (R2/RS) VS
= (40/(40+40))*12
= 6V
Sehingga v(t) = Be(-5000t) + 6 V
40K
Eo1
24V 20K
Eo2 12V
40K
saat
t<0
Eo1 = Eo2 = 24 V
40K
20K
24V
24V 12V
Eo1 24V
40K
saat Eo2
t=0 v(0)
v(0) = Be(-5000*0) + 6
= Be0 + 6
= B*1 + 6
=B+6
v(0)[Eo1-on] = -24V
v(0)[24V-on] = 24V
v(0)[Eo2-on] = 0V
v(0)[12V-on] = 0V
v(0) =0
Jadi: 0 = B + 6
B = -6
Sehingga persamaan v(t) = -6e(-5000t) + 6 Volt
7.13 LATIHAN
20K
i2(t)
12V 20K
30nF 6V
40K 10nF
v2(t)
7.14 -e-