LIMFOSIT T

DAN
TIMUS
SEL-SEL SISTEM IMUN
SEL-SEL SISTEM IMUN SPESIFIK
1. Sel T
• Sel asal sel T adalah dari sumsum tulang  memasuki
timus  berproliferasi di regio subkapsuler
• Sel asal itu adalah dari CD4 dan CD 8
• Terdiri dari berbagai subset :
• Sel Th (T helper)
• Sel Ts (T suppressor)
• Sel Tdh/Td (delayed hypersensitivity)
• Sel Tc (cytotoxic)
• Sel limfosit naif (virgin)
• Sel Th0
• Sel Regulator dan efektor
Activation of Lymphocytes in
Lymph Nodes
Penyebaran Limfoid Pada Tubuh Manusia
• Fungsi Sel T umumnya :
• Membantu sel B dalam memproduksi
antibodi
• Mengenal dan menghancurkan sel
yang terinfeksi virus
• Mengaktifkan makrofag dalam
fagositosis
• Mengontrol ambang dan kualitas
sistem imun
2. Sel T
• Perkembangan Sel T dalam sumsum
tulang adalah antigen independen tetapi
perkembangan selanjutnya memerlukan
rangsangan dari antigen
• Fungsi utama sel T adalah memproduksi
antibodi
SISTEM IMUN SPESIFIK
• SPESIFIK HUMORAL
• Benda asing  sel B berproliferasi dan berkembang menjadi sel plasma
 membentuk antibodi  mentetralisir toksin infeksi ekstraseluler
• SPESIFIK SELULER
• Sel T  Pertahanan terhadap infeksi intraseluler
• SISTEM LIMFOID
• Tempat pematangan sel T dan sel B

B lymphocytes and plasma cells

T lymphocytes
Helper/Inducer (CD4)
Suppressor (CD8)
Pertahanan Humoral
A. Komplemen
a. Fungsi komplemen
1. Menghancurkan sel membran banyak bakteri (lisis)
2. Melepas bahan kemotaktik yang mengerahkan makrofag ke
tempat bakteri (kemotaksis)
3. Mengendap pada permukaan bakteri  memudahkan makrofag
untuk mengenal (opsonisasi)  lalu memakannya
b. Larut dalam keadaan non aktif  diaktivasi oleh antigen,
kompleks imun, dsb  mediator (biologik aktif ataupun mjd
enzim untuk reaksi selanjutnya)
c. Jalur aktivasi ini sering pula disertai dengan kerusakan
jaringan
Pertahanan Seluler
1. Fagosit
• Pada dasarnya semua sel bersifat fagositosis
• Non spesifik  mononuklier (monosit & makrofag) dan
polimorfonuklier atau granulosit
• Alur : kemotaksis (aktivasi komplemen)  menelan  memakan
(fagositosis)  membunuh  mencerna (lisis)
2. Makrofag
• Dapat hidup lama
• Mempunyai beberapa granul dan melepaskan berbagai bahan :
lisozim, komplemen, interferon, dan sitokin  kontribusi dalam SIN
dan SIS
3. LGL (Large Granular Lymphocyte)
• Mengandung banyak sitoplasma, granul sitoplasma azurofilik,
pseudopodia, dan nukleus eksentris
• Bersifat seperti sel NK
B and T Cell Activation
signaling overview

Scharenberg et al.
Nat Rev Immunol.
2007
Consequences of T-Cell Activation
• Tremendous Proliferation
• Antigen plus co-stimulatory signal (CD28) leads to entry into cell
cycle and IL-2, IL-2R production. IL-2/IL-2R leads to progression
through cell cycle.
• Many rounds of proliferation (1 cell to thousands)
• Differentiation into effector functions
T-cell Activation

Signaling
Stages of T lymphocyte development-I
Maturation of T lymphocytes in Thymus
Antigen Presenting Cells

• Macrophages/monocytes
• Dendritic cells (e.g., Langerhan’s cells)
• B cells
T cells require APCs to respond to
a specific Ag
Selection of T lymphocytes in Thymus
 T-cell subpopulation
1) CD4 T helper lymphocytes (TH)

- TH lymphocytes recognize antigen on the surface of APC in

association with class II MHC molecules

- They are activated and secrete several cytokines

- There are two main subsets of TH cells (THI and TH2)

- The two subsets are differentiated on basis of the cytokine they

produce
 1) CD4 T helper lymphocytes Subsets
Th1 produce mainly :
- Cytokines of CMI and inflammation
e.g. IFN-γ, TNF- β, IL-3 and IL-2

TH2 produce mainly:

- Cytokines that stimulate B-cells
- Suppressor cytokines
e.g. Il-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10
 2) CD8 Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs)
* They constitute 35% 0o peripheral T-cells

* CTLs recognize antigen on suurface of target cells (infected

APC or other infected nucleotid cell) in association with MHC-I

* They are activated and kill the virus infected cell or tumour cell
 Antibodies produced by B-cells of the immune system
recognize foreign antigens and mark them for destruction
Activation of helper T cells
Activation of cytotoxic T cells
T Cell Recognition of Antigen
• Recognize antigen peptide fragments bound to
specialize cell surface molecules on antigen-presenting
cells (APC).
• Molecules are encoded by major histocompatibility
complex
• Peptides are displayed to T cells as peptide:MHC
complexes
• T cell antigen receptors recognize peptide:MHC
complexes
• Each MHC molecule can bind numerous different
peptides
• Two classes of MHC molecules
 Major Histocompatibility Complex
(MHC) Gene Products
• Class I
• Antigen is usually endogenous (e.g. viral proteins).
• CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize antigen in
association with class I MHC gene product on APC.
• Class II Molecules
• Antigen is usually extracellular.
• CD4+ Helper T Lymphocytes recognize antigen in association with
class II MHC gene product on APC.
 Cellular Cooperation and Antigen
Recognition

APC Extracellular Class II CD4+ Helper

Antigen MHC- T
associated Lymphocyte
antigen
B Cell Antigen Recognition

• Cell surface immunoglobulin receptor or B-cell receptor

(IgM and IgD)
• Antigen contact initiates B-cell activation, clonal expansion,
maturation to plasma cell
• Antigen receptor is identical to immunoglobulin that will
ultimately be produced

Plasma cell
(Derived from B-
lymphocyte, produces
Pengenalan antigen oleh
seL B
B CELL ACTIVATION
B-cells activation
Stages of B lymphocyte development-I
Stages of B lymphocyte development-II
Stages of B lymphocyte development-III
The Phases of B cell Responses
B-cell Activation Signaling
Interface between T and B-cells
 Cellular Cooperation

antigen TH B

Plasma Cells
Antigen presentation to T
and B cells by APC

T cells elaborate Antibody secretion

Antigen presenting cell cytokines to facilitate B by plasma cells
cell proliferation and
maturation
Effector Mechanisms
• Mechanisms that are used by the immune system
to eliminate pathogens (or other substances) from
the body
• Cellular effector mechanisms
• Activated T cells
• Natural killer cells
• Humoral effector mechanisms (antibody)
• Neutralization
• Opsonization
• Complement activation
• Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Effector Activity Against Pathogens
Perbedaan antara Limfosit B dan Limfosit T
Indikator Limfosit T Limfosit B
1. Fungsi berperan dalam memproduksi
inflamasi, aktifasi antibodi
makrofag dalam
fagositosis, aktivasi
dan proliferasi sel B
dalam membentuk
antibodi, serta
pengenalan dan
penghancuran sel yang
terinfeksi virus
2. Asal Thymus Bone Marrow
No Indikator Limfosit T Limfosit B
. Struktur dan
markers
receptor