Prepared by

Coby Harmon
University of California, Santa Barbara
Westmont College
17-1

Investments
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Menjelaskan akuntansi untuk
debt investments.
2. Menjelaskan akuntansi untuk
equity investments.
17-2
CHAPTER 17
3. Menjelaskan metode ekuitas
akuntansi.
4. Mengevaluasi isu umum
lainnya yang berhubungan
dengan debt dan equity
investment.
 PREVIEW OF CHAPTER 17

Intermediate Accounting
IFRS 2nd Edition
Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield
17-3
 LEARNING
OBJECTIVE 1

Accounting for Financial Assets

Financial Asset
 Cash.
 Investasi ekuitas dari perusahaan lain (misalnya saham
biasa atau preference)
 Hak kontraktual untuk menerima kas dari pihak lain
(misalnya hutang, piutang, obligasi).

IASB mengharuskan perusahaan mengklasifikasikan aset

keuangan ke dalam dua kategori pengukuran —amortized
cost and fair value—tergantung pada keadaan.

17-4 LO 1 Describe the accounting framework for financial assets.

 Accounting for Financial Assets

Measurement Basis—A Closer Look

IFRS mensyaratkan bahwa perusahaan mengukur aset
keuangan mereka berdasarkan two criteria:
 Model bisnis perusahaan untuk mengelola aset
keuangan itu, dan
 Karakteristik aliran kas kontraktual dari aset keuangan..

Only debt investments seperti receivables, loans, and bond investments

yang memenuhi dua kriteria di atas yang dikelompokkan pada amortized
cost. Semua debt investments dicatat dan dilaporkan pada fair value.

17-5 LO 1 Describe the accounting framework for financial assets.

 Accounting for Financial Assets

Measurement Basis—A Closer Look

Equity investments pada umumnya dicatat dan dilaporkan
pada fair value.

Summary of Investment Accounting Approaches Illustration 17-1

17-6 LO 1 Describe the accounting framework for financial assets.

 Debt Investments

Debt investments ditandai dengan pembayaran kontrak

pada tanggal tertentu terhadap:
 Pokok pinjaman (principal) and
 Bunga atas jumlah pokok pinjaman.
Perusahaan megukur debt investments pada
 amortized cost or
 fair value.

17-7 LO 2 Understand the accounting for debt investments at amortized cost.

 Debt Investments

Accounting for Debt Investment by Category

17-8 LO 2 Understand the accounting for debt investments at amortized cost.

 Debt Investments—Amortized Cost

Illustration: Robinson Company membeli obligasi senilai

$100,000 of 8% dari Evermaster Corporation pada January 1,
2019, dengan diskon, dan membayar sebesar $92,278.
obligasi jatuh tempo pada January 1, 2024 dan yield 10%;
bunga dibayarkan setiap July 1 dan January 1. Robinson
mencatat investasi ini sebagai berikut:

January 1, 2019
Debt Investments 92,278

Cash 92,278

17-9 LO 2 Understand the accounting for debt investments at amortized cost.

 Debt Investments—Amortized Cost
Illustration 17-3

Schedule of
Interest
Revenue and Bond
Discount
Amortization—
Effective-Interest
Method

17-10 LO 2
 Debt Investments—Amortized Cost

Illustration: Robinson Company mencatat penerimaan bunga

setengah tahunan pada July 1, 2019, sebagai berikut:

July 1, 2019

Cash 4,000
Debt Investments 614
Interest Revenue 4,614

17-11 LO 2 Understand the accounting for debt investments at amortized cost.

 Debt Investments—Amortized Cost

Illustration: Robinson is on a calendar-year basis, it accrues

interest and amortizes the discount at December 31, 2019, as
follows:

December 31, 2019

Interest Receivable 4,000

Debt Investments 645
Interest Revenue 4,645

17-12 LO 2 Understand the accounting for debt investments at amortized cost.

 Debt Investments—Amortized Cost

Melaporkan Bond Investment at Amortized Cost

Illustration 17-3

17-13 LO 2 Understand the accounting for debt investments at amortized cost.

 Debt Investments—Amortized Cost

Illustration: Asumsikan bahwa Robinson Company sells its

investment in Evermaster bonds on November 1, 2021, at
99.75 ditambah accrued interest. Robinson records this
discount amortization as follows:

November 1, 2021

Debt Investments 522

Interest Revenue 522

$ 783 x 4/6 = $ 522

17-14 LO 2 Understand the accounting for debt investments at amortized cost.

 Debt Investments—Amortized Cost

Perhitungan untuk the realized gain on sale.

Illustration 17-4

Cash 102,417
Interest Revenue (4/6 x $4,000) 2,667
Debt Investments 96,193
Gain on Sale of Debt Investments 3,557

17-15 LO 2
 Debt Investments—Held-for-Collection and
Selling (HFCS)

Debt investments at fair value mengikuti entri akuntansi

yang sama sebagai debt investments “held-for-collection”
selama periode pelaporan. Artinya, mereka dicatat pada
amortized cost.

Namun, pada setiap tanggal pelaporan, perusahaan

 Menyesuaikant the amortized cost to fair value.
 Any unrealized holding gain or loss dilaporkan
sebagai bagian dari net income (fair value method).

17-16 LO 3 Understand the accounting for debt investments at fair value.

 Debt Investments—Held-for-Collection and
Selling (HFCS)
Example: Single Security

Illustration: Graff plc membeli £ 100.000, 10 persen, obligasi

lima tahun pada tanggal 1 Januari 2019, dengan bunga
dibayarkan pada tanggal 1 Juli dan 1 Januari. Obligasi dijual
seharga £ 108.111, yang menghasilkan premi obligasi sebesar
£ 8.111 dan bunga efektif 8 persen.

Graff mencatat pembelian obligasi ini sebagai berikut

1 Januari 2019
Debt Investments 108.111
Cash 108.111
17-17 LO 3 Understand the accounting for debt investments at fair value.
 Debt Investments—Held-for-Collection and
Selling (HFCS)

17-18 LO 3 Understand the accounting for debt investments at fair value.

 Debt Investments—Held-for-Collection and
Selling (HFCS)

17-19 LO 3 Understand the accounting for debt investments at fair value.

 Debt Investments—Held-for-Collection and
Selling (HFCS)
Untuk menerapkan nilai wajar pada investasi utang ini,
asumsikan pada akhir tahun nilai wajar obligasi adalah £105.000
dan nilai buku investasi adalah £106.732. Membandingkan nilai
wajar ini dengan jumlah tercatat (biaya diamortisasi) obligasi
pada tanggal 31 Desember 2019, Graff mengakui unrealized
holding loss sebesar £ 1.732 (£ 106.732 - £ 105.000).Graff
melaporkan kerugian ini sebagai pendapatan komprehensif
lainnya.

Graff membuat entri berikut

31 Desember 2019
Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss-Equity 1,732
Fair value adjustment 1,732
17-20 LO 3 Understand the accounting for debt investments at fair value.
 Debt Investments—Held-for-Collection and
Selling (HFCS)
Example: Portofolio of Securities
Illustration (Portfolio of Securities): Webb Corporation
memiliki dua debt investments accounted dicatat pada fair
value. Ilustrasi berikut mendefinisikanthe amortized cost, fair
value, and the amount of the unrealized gain or loss.

17-21 LO 3 Understand the accounting for debt investments at fair value.

 Debt Investments—Held-for-Collection and
Selling (HFCS)
Illustration (Portfolio of Securities): Webb membuat jurnal
penyesuaian pada December 31, 2019 untuk mencatat
penurunan nilai dan mencatat loss sebagai berikut.

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 9,537

Fair Value Adjustment 9,537

17-22 LO 3 Understand the accounting for debt investments at fair value.

 Debt Investments—Held-for-Collection and
Selling (HFCS)

Webb melaporkan unrealized holding loss sebesar € 9,537

sebagai pendapatan komprehensif lainnya dan pengurangan
ekuitas. Ingatlah bahwa perusahaan mengecualikan dari laba
bersih setiap keuntungan dan unrealized holding loss terkait
dengan sekuritas HFCS. unrealized holding gain or loss — Ekuitas
ditutup untuk Akumulasi Penghasilan Komprehensif Lain seperti
yang ditunjukkan pada entri berikut

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income 9,537

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 9,537

17-23 LO 3 Understand the accounting for debt investments at fair value.

 Debt Investments—Held-for-Collection and
Selling (HFCS)
Illustration (Sale of Debt Investments): Webb Corporation
menjual the Watson bonds (from Illustration 17-10) pada July 1,
2020, sebesar $90,000, pada saat itu, terdapat amortized cost
sebesar $94,214. Illustration 17-11

Cash 90,000
Loss on Sale of Debt Investments 4,214
Debt Investments 94,214

17-24 LO 3 Understand the accounting for debt investments at fair value.

 Debt Investments—Held-for-Collection and
Selling (HFCS)
Illustration (Sale of Debt Investments): Webb melaporkan
realized loss di “Other income and expense”yang merupakan
bagian dari the income statement. Asumsikan tidak ada
pembelian lainnya dan penjualan bonds pada tahun 2020,
Webb pada tanggal December 31, 2020, mempersiapkan
informasi:

17-25 LO 3 Understand the accounting for debt investments at fair value.

 Debt Investments—Held-for-Collection and
Selling (HFCS)
Illustration (Sale of Debt Investments): Webb records the
following at December 31, 2020.
Illustration 17-12

Fair Value Adjustment 4,537

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 4,537

17-26 LO 3 Understand the accounting for debt investments at fair value.

 Debt Investments—Held-for-Collection and
Selling (HFCS)
Financial Statement Presentation

17-27
LO 3 Understand the accounting for debt investments at fair value.
 Debt Investments—Trading
Illustration 17-7

Perusahaan melaporkan trading securities pada fair alue,

dengan unrealized holding gains and loses dilaporkan
sebagai bagian dari net income.

Pelaporan ini sama dengan held-for-collection or HFCS

inestments, yaitu perusahaan diminta untuk mengamortisasi
diskon dan premi

17-28 LO 3 Understand the accounting for debt investments at fair value.

 Debt Investments—Trading
To illustrate, assume that on December 31, 2019, Western
Publishing determined its trading securities portfolio to be as
shown in Illustration 17.11. (Assume that 2019 is the first year
that Western Publishing held trading securities.) At the date of
acquisition, Western Publishing recorded these trading securities
at cost, including brokerage commissions and taxes, in the
account entitled Debt Investments. This is the first valuation of
this recently purchased portfolio

17-29 LO 3 Understand the accounting for debt investments at fair value.

 Debt Investments—Trading

At December 31, Western Publishing makes an adjusting entry to the

Fair Value Adjustment account, to record both the increase in value and
the unrealized holding gain.
Fair Value Adjustment 3,750
Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 3,750
17-30
 Fair Value Option

Perusahaan memiliki opsi untuk melaporkan aset keuangan

pada fair value. option ini
 Diterapkan secara instrument-by-instrument basis dan
 Umumnya hanya tersedia pada saat sebuah perusahaan
pertama kali melakukan pembelian aset keuangan atau
menimbulkan sebuah financial liability.
Jika perusahaan memilih untuk menggunakan opsi nilai
wajar, maka pengukuran instrumentnya sebesar fair value
sampai perusahaan tidak lagi memiliki kepemilikan terhadap
aset keuangan tersebut.
17-31 LO 4 Describe the accounting for the fair value option.
 Fair Value Option

Illustration: Hardy Company membeli obligasi yang diterbitkan

oleh German Central Bank. Hardy berencana untuk memegang
the debt investment sampai jatuh tempo dalam waktu 5 tahun.
Pada December 31, 2019, the amortized cost dari investment ini
adalah €100,000; fair value pada December 31, 2019, adalah
€113,000. Jika Hardy memilih the fair value option untuk
menghitung investment ini, Maka entri yang dibuat pada
December 31, 2019.
Debt Investment—German Bonds 13,000
Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 13,000

17-32 LO 4 Describe the accounting for the fair value option.

 Summary of Debt Investment Accounting

Illustration 17-14

17-33 LO 4 Describe the accounting for the fair value option.

 LEARNING
OBJECTIVE 2
Equity Investments

Investasi intrumen ekuitas merepresentasikan

kepemilikan investor di saham biasa, preferen atau
intrumen modal lainnya.
 Cost includes price of the security.
 Broker’s commissions and fees are recorded as
expense.

Tingkat pengaruh investor terhadap entitas yang dimiliki

intrumen ekuitasnya (investee) menentukan metode
pencatatan yang diterapkan

17-34 LO 5 Understand the accounting for equity investments at fair value.

 Equity Investments
Illustration 17-15
Levels of Influence
Determine Accounting Methods

Biaya (cost)
atau Ekuitas Konsolidasi
(PSAK 4, 15 &
22)

*Jika nilai wajar instrumen ekuitas tidak dapat diukur

dengan andal, ma ka digunakan metode biaya (cost)
17-35 LO 5 Understand the accounting for equity investments at fair value.
 Equity Investments

Persentase kepemilikan tidak menjadi dasar yang mutlak

untuk menentukan tingkat pengaruh.

Entitas harus mempertimbangkan faktor lain yang bersifat

kualitatif untuk menentukan tingkat pengaruh.

Tidak ada pengaruh atau pengaruh

tidak signifikan (PSAK 50, 55 & 60)
Aset keuangan yang diukur
pada nilai wajar melalui
laba rugi

Tersedia untuk dijual

17-36 LO 5 Understand the accounting for equity investments at fair value.
 Equity Investments
Illustration 17-16
Accounting and Reporting for
Equity Investments by Category

17-37 LO 5 Understand the accounting for equity investments at fair value.

 EQUITY INVESTMENTS

Holdings of Less Than 20%

Under IFRS, the presumption is that equity investments are
held-for-trading.

General accounting and reporting rule:

 Investasi dinilai menggunakan nilai wajar.
 Mencatat unrealized gains and losses dalam net income.

17-38 LO 5
 EQUITY INVESTMENTS

Holdings of Less Than 20%

IFRS allows companies to classify some equity investments
as non-trading.

General accounting and reporting rule:

 Investments valued at fair value.
 Record unrealized gains and losses in other
comprehensive income.

17-39 LO 5
 Equity Investments—Trading (Income)

Illustration: November 3, 2019, Republic Corporation

purchased ordinary shares of three companies, each
investment representing less than a 20 percent interest. These
shares are held-for-trading.

Republic records these investments as follows:

17-40 LO 5
 Equity
Investments
—Trading

Republic records these investments as follows:

Equity Investments 718,550
Cash 718,550

On December 6, 2019, Republic receives a cash dividend of

€4,200 on its investment in the ordinary shares of Nestlé.

Cash 4,200
Dividend Revenue 4,200
17-41 LO 5
 Equity Investments—Trading (Income)

At December 31, 2015, Republic’s equity investment portfolio has

the carrying value and fair value shown.

ILLUSTRATION 17-17
Computation of Fair Value Adjustment—
Equity Investment Portfolio (2019)

17-42 LO 5
 Equity Investments—Trading (Income)

ILLUSTRATION 17-17

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 35,550

Fair Value Adjustment 35,550
17-43 LO 5
 Equity Investments—Trading (Income)

On January 23, 2020, Republic sold all of its Burberry ordinary

shares, receiving €287,220. ILLUSTRATION 17-18
Computation of Gain on Sale of Burberry Shares

Cash 287,220
Equity Investments 259,700
Gain on Sale of Equity Investment 27,520

17-44 LO 5
 Equity Investments—Trading (Income)

In addition, assume that on February 10, 2020, Republic purchased

€255,000 of Continental Trucking ordinary shares (20,000 shares
€12.75 per share), plus brokerage commissions of €1,850.
Republic’s equity investment portfolio as of December 31, 2020.

ILLUSTRATION 17-19
Computation of Fair
Value Adjustment—
Equity Investment
Portfolio (2020)

17-45
 ILLUSTRATION 17-19

Republic records this adjustment as follows.

Fair Value Adjustment 101,650

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 101,650

17-46 LO 5
 Equity Investments—Non-Trading (OCI)

Entri akuntansi untuk mencatat non-trading equity

investments sama dengan untuk trading equity investments,
kecuali untuk mencatat unrealized holding gain or loss.

Laporkan laba atau rugi yang belum direalisasi sebagai

pendapatan komprehensif

17-47 LO 5
 Equity Investments—Non-Trading (OCI)

Sebagai ilustrasi, asumsikan pada 10 Desember 2019,

Republic SA membeli 1.000 saham biasa Hawthorne Company
seharga € 20,75 per saham (total biaya € 20,750). Investasi
tersebut mewakili kurang dari 20 persen bunga. Hawthorne
adalah distributor untuk produk-produk Republik di lokasi
tertentu, undang-undang yang mewajibkan tingkat kepemilikan
saham minimum atas perusahaan di wilayah itu. Investasi di
Hawthorne memenuhi persyaratan peraturan ini. Akibatnya,
Republik mencatat investasi ini pada nilai wajar, dengan
keuntungan dan kerugian yang belum direalisasi dicatat dalam
pendapatan komprehensif lain (OCI) .

17-48 LO 5
 Equity Investments—Non-Trading (OCI)

Republik mencatat investasi ini sebagai berikut:

10 Desember 2019
Equity Invetsments (Hawthome) 20,750
Cash 20,750
Pada tanggal 27 Desember 2019, Republik menerima dividen kas
€450 atas investasinya di saham biasa Hawthorne Company. Jurnl
untuk mencatat dividen kas sebagai berikut

Cash 450
Dividend Revenue 450

17-49 LO 5
 Equity Investments—Non-Trading (OCI)

Dalam hal ini, Republik menyiapkan jurnal penyesuaian yang mengkreditkan

Keuntungan atau Kerugian dari Holding yang Belum Direalisasi — akun Ekuitas
dan mendebit akun Investasi Ekuitas untuk mencatat kenaikan nilai wajar dan
mencatat keuntungan sebagai berikut

Equity Investment 3,250

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity 3,250

17-50 LO 5
 LEARNING
OBJECTIVE 3
Holdings Between 20% and 50%

Investasi (langsung atau tidak langsung) sebesar 20 persen

atau lebih dari hak suara dari investee harus mengarah pada
anggapan bahwa jika tidak ada bukti yang bertentangan,
investor memiliki kemampuan untuk melakukan pengaruh
signifikan terhadap investee.

Dalam kasus "pengaruh signifikan," investor harus

memperhitungkan investasi menggunakan metode ekuitas.

17-51 LO 6
 Holdings Between 20% and 50%

Equity Method
Record the investment at cost and subsequently adjust
the amount each period for
 the investor’s proportionate share of the earnings
(losses) and
 dividends received by the investor.

If investor’s share of investee’s losses exceeds the carrying

amount of the investment, the investor ordinarily should discontinue
applying the equity method.

17-52 LO 6
 ILLUSTRATION 17-23
Comparison of Fair Value Method and Equity Method
17-53 LO 6
 Holdings of More Than 50%

Controlling Interest - When one corporation acquires a

voting interest of more than 50 percent in another
corporation.
 Investor is referred to as the parent.
 Investee is referred to as the subsidiary.
 Investment in the subsidiary is reported on the parent’s
books as a long-term investment.
 Parent generally prepares consolidated financial
statements.

17-54 LO 6
 LEARNING
OBJECTIVE 4
OTHER REPORTING ISSUES

Impairment of Value
Untuk debt investments, perusahaan menggunakan uji
penurunan nilai untuk menentukan apakah “ada kemungkinan
bahwa investor tidak akan dapat mengumpulkan semua jumlah
yang jatuh tempo sesuai dengan persyaratan kontrak.”
Kerugian penurunan nilai ini dihitung sebagai perbedaan antara
jumlah tercatat ditambah bunga yang masih harus dibayar dan
arus kas masa depan yang diharapkan didiskontokan pada
tingkat suku bunga efektif historis investasi.

17-55 LO 7
 Impairment of Value

Illustration: Pada tanggal 31 Desember 2018, Mayhew

Company memiliki investasi hutang di Bao Group, dibeli seharga
¥ 200.000 (jumlah ribuan). Investasi ini memiliki jangka waktu
empat tahun, dengan pembayaran bunga tahunan sebesar 10
persen, dibayarkan pada akhir setiap tahun (tingkat suku bunga
efektif historis adalah 10 persen). Investasi utang ini
diklasifikasikan sebagai dimiliki untuk koleksi (held-for-collection)
Dengan menggunakan informasi berikut, catat kerugian
penurunan nilai.

17-56 LO 7
 Impairment of Value

ILLUSTRATION 17-25
Computation of
Impairment Loss

31 Desember 2019
Loss on Impairment 12,680
17-57 Allowance for impaired Debt Investments LO 7
 Recovery of Impairment Loss

Jika kemudian kerugian penurunan nilai menurun, sebagian

atau semua kerugian penurunan nilai yang diakui sebelumnya
akan dibalikkan dengan
• mendebit ke akun Investasi Utang dan

• mengkredit Pemulihan Kerugian Penurunan Nilai.

Pembalikan rugi penurunan nilai tidak akan menghasilkan

jumlah tercatat investasi yang melebihi biaya perolehan
diamortisasi yang seharusnya dilaporkan seandainya
penurunan nilai tersebut tidak diakui.

17-58 LO 7
 Recovery of Impairment Loss
Sebagai contoh, asumsikan bahwa pada tanggal 31 Maret 2020,
Mayhew menentukan bahwa risiko kredit Bao telah menurun
secara signifikan. Oleh karena itu Mayhew memutuskan untuk
membalikkan penurunan nilai dengan membuat entri berikut

31 Maret 2020
Allowance for Impairment Debt Investments 12,680
Recovery Investments Loss 12,680

17-59
 Transfers Between Categories

Transferring an investment from one classification to another

 Should occur only when the business model for managing
the investment changes.
 IASB expects such changes to be rare.
 Companies account for transfers between classifications
prospectively, at the beginning of the accounting period
after the change in the business model.

17-60 LO 8
 Transfers Between Categories

Illustration: British Sky Broadcasting Group plc (GBR) has a

portfolio of debt investments that are classified as trading; that is,
the debt investments are not held-for-collection but managed to
profit from interest rate changes. As a result, it accounts for these
investments at fair value. At December 31, 2014, British Sky has
the following balances related to these securities.

17-61 LO 8
 Transfers Between Categories

Illustration: As part of its strategic planning process, completed

in the fourth quarter of 2014, British Sky management decides to
move from its prior strategy—which requires active management
—to a held-for-collection strategy for these debt investments.
British Sky makes the following entry to transfer these securities
to the held-for-collection classification.

Debt Investments 125,000

Fair Value Adjustment 125,000

17-62 LO 8
 Reporting Treatment of Investments

ILLUSTRATION 17-26
Summary of Investment Accounting Approaches
17-63 LO 8