ch17 Investment - IDN - BAGIAN 2

BAB 17
Investasi
BAGIAN 2
Translated by Kuwat Slamet, PKN STAN, 2021

Prepared by Beberapa istilah telah disesuaikan dengan PSAK 71, 60, dan 50
Coby Harmon
University of California, Santa Barbara
Unofficially Translated to Bahasa by Kuwat Slamet
Westmont College
17-1 PKN STAN 2021
CHAPTER 17
Investasi
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda diharapkan mampu untuk:
1. Menjelaskan akuntansi 3. Menjelaskan metode ekuitas
utang. (equity method) pada akuntansi.
2. Menjelaskan akuntansi 4. Memahami isu lainnya yang
investasi ekuitas. terkait dengan investasi utang
dan ekuitas.
17-2
PREVIEW OF CHAPTER 17
Intermediate Accounting
IFRS 3rd Edition
Kieso ● Weygandt ● Warfield
17-3
Tujuan Pembelajaran 3
Investasi Ekuitas Menjelaskan metode ekuitas
dalam akuntansi
Memiliki antara 20% s.d. 50%

Suatu investasi (langsung maupun tidak langsung) sebesar
20 persen atau lebih dalam saham dengan hak suara pihak
investee harus didasarkan pada anggapan bahwa, dengan
tidak adanya bukti sebaliknya, maka investor dipandang
memiliki kemampuan untuk melakukan pengaruh signifikan
terhadap investee.
Pada kondisi “pengaruh signifikan,” investor harus

memperlakukan investasinya dengan menggunakan metode
ekuitas (equity method).
17-4 LO 3
Memiliki antara 20% s.d. 50%
Metode Ekuitas
Mencatat investasi pada harga perolehan dan selanjutnya
dilakukan penyesuaian terhadap jumlah investasi tiap periodenya
yang disesuaikan dengan perubahan dalam aset bersih investee.
Jumlah kepemilikan investor terhadap earnings (losses) yang
terjadi pada investee akan meningkat (menurun) sesuai dengan
nilai tercatat investasi tersebut.
Selain itu, penerimaan dividen dari investee akan menurunkan
nilai tercatat investasi.
Apabila bagian kepemilikan investor terhadap kerugian investee

melebihi nilai tercatat investasinya, maka biasanya investor tidak
akan melanjutkan penggunaan metode ekuitas ini dan tidak
mengakui adanya tambahan kerugian.
17-5 LO 3
ILLUSTRATION 17.20
Comparison of Fair Value Method and Equity Method
17-6 LO 3
Investasi Ekuitas
Memiliki lebih dari 50%

Kepentingan Pengendali (controlling interest) – Pada
saat suatu entitas memperoleh hak suara lebih dari 50
persen terhadap entitas lain, maka:
◆ Investor disebut sebagai induk (parent).
◆ Investee disebut sebagai anak perusahaan (subsidiary).
◆ Investasi di anak perusahaan dilaporkan pada pembukuan
induk sebagai investasi jangka panjang.
◆ Induk akan menyusun laporan keuangan konsolidasian
(consolidated financial statements).
17-7 LO 3
Tujuan Pembelajaran 4
Isu Lain dalam Pelaporan Evaluasi isu utama lainnya yang
berkaitan dengan investasi utang
dan investasi ekuitas.
1. Penurunan Nilai (Impairment of Value)

Pada setiap tanggal pelaporan, entitas harus melakukan evaluasi
terhadap seluruh investasi utang yang dicatat pada harga
perolehan diamortisasi. Hal ini diperlukan untuk menentukan
apakah terdapat penurunan nilai atau tidak, yaitu suatu kerugian
nilai dimana nilai wajar investasi berada di bawah nilai
tercatatnya.
Apabila entitas menetapkan bahwa investasi terjadi penurunan
nilai, maka entitas mencatat biaya perolehan diamortisasi sebagai
basis pencatatan sekuritas individunya untuk menggambarkan
penurunan nilai ini.
Perusahaan juga mencatatnya sebagai kerugian yang terealisasi
(realized loss) dan jumlah ini masuk di dalam laporan laba rugi.
17-8 LO 4
Penurunan Nilai
Penurunan Nilai—Investasi Diukur pada Biaya
Perolehan Diamortisasi
Contoh: Pada 31 Desember 2018, Mayhew Ltd. membeli
investasi utang yang diterbitkan oleh Bao Group dengan harga
par sebesar ¥200,000 (dalam ribuan).
Investasi memiliki jangka waktu 4 tahun dengan pembayaran

bunga tahunan sebesar 10 persen yang dibayarkan tiap akhir
tahun (tingkat suku bunga efektif 10 persen). Investasi utang ini
diklasifikasikan sebagai held-for-collection.
Dengan menggunakan informasi berikut ini, maka pencatatan

kerugian karena penurunan nilai adalah sbb.
17-9 LO 4
Investasi Dicatat pada Biaya Perolehan
Diamortisasi
ILLUSTRATION 17.22
Investment Cash Flows
ILLUSTRATION 17.23
Computation of
Impairment Loss
Loss on Impairment 12,680

Allowance for Impaired Debt Investments 12,680
17-10
Pemulihan dari Kerugian Penurunan Nilai
Apabila loss on impairment sebelumnya mengalami

menurunan/pengurangan, maka sebagian atau seluruh
loss on impairment yang telah diakui sebelumnya
tersebut harus dibalik dengan cara:
◆ mendebit akun Allowance for Impaired Debt
Investments dan
◆ mengkredit akun Recovery of Impairment Loss.
Pembalikan kerugian penurunan nilai ini tidak boleh
menghasilkan nilai tercatat investasi melebihi biaya
perolehan diamortisasi-nya.
17-11 LO 4
Pemulihan dari Kerugian Penurunan Nilai
Sebagai contoh, asumsikan pada tanggal 31 Maret 2020,

Mayhew menetapkan bahwa risiko kredit (credit risk) Bao
telah menurun secara signifikan. Oleh karena itu,
Mayhew memutuskan untuk membalik penurunan nilai
(reverse the impairment) dengan membuat jurnal sbb.

Recovery of Loss on Impairment 12,680
17-12 LO 4
Penurunan Nilai
Penurunan Nilai—Debt Investments (HFCS)
Entitas yang memiliki investasi utang dalam bentuk held-

for-collection and selling (HFCS) melaporkan
investasinya pada nilai wajar dan setiap perubahan
dalam nilai wajar dilaporkan dalam other comprehensive
income.
Untuk jenis investasi ini, entitas menggunakan model
penurunan nilai yang berbeda.
17-13 LO 4
Contoh: Alexander AG membeli investasi utang yang

diklasifikasikan sebagai HFCS pada tanggal 1 Juli 2019
sebesar €1,000,000 (nilai nominal). Investasi utang ini
memiliki bunga 7 persen dan tanggal jatuh temponya 1
Juli 2024.
Pada tanggal 31 Desember 2019, nilai wajar investasi
menurun menjadi €960,000 yang disebabkan oleh
meningkatnya suku bunga pasar.
Jurnal untuk mencatat investasi utang ini pada tahun
2019 terlihat pada Ilustrasi 17.24.
17-14 LO 4
ILLUSTRATION 17.24
HFCS Impairment Entries
17-15 LO 4
Pada 31 Desember 2019, laporan keungan Alexander

AG menunjukkan sbb.
ILLUSTRATION 17.25
Financial Statement Presentation
17-16 LO 4
Bagaimanakah perlakuan akuntansinya apabila penurunan nilai

sebesar €40,000 tersebut diakibatkan oleh:
(1) sebesar €10,000 disebabkan oleh perubahan suku bunga
pasar dan
(2) sebesar €30,000 disebabkan oleh risiko kredit?
Pada kasus ini, jurnal ketiga pada Ilustrasi 17.24 berubah
karena adanya impairment loss sebesar €30,000 yang harus
dilaporkan pada Laporan Laba Rugi, bukan pada other
comprehensive income. Jurnal untuk mencatat impairment dan
perubahan dalam nilai wajar serta jurnal penutup terkait terlihat
pada Ilustrasi 17.26.
17-17 LO 4
Bagaimanakah perlakuan akuntansinya apabila penurunan nilai

sebesar €40,000 tersebut diakibatkan oleh:
(1) sebesar €10,000 disebabkan oleh perubahan suku bunga pasar
dan
(2) sebesar €30,000 disebabkan oleh risiko kredit?
ILLUSTRATION 17.25
Impairment Entries—Increase in Credit Risk
17-18 LO 4
Pada tanggal 31 Desember 2019, Laporan Keuangan

Alexander nampak sbb. ILLUSTRATION 17.27
Financial Statement
Presentation
17-19 LO 4
Misalkan Alexander menjual investasi utangnya pada tanggal 1

Januari 2020 sebesar €960,000 (nilai wajar saat itu), maka jurnal
pencatatannya sbb.
Cash 960,000
Loss on Sale of Debt Investment 10,000
Debt Investments 1,000,000
Fair Value Adjustment 10,000

Accumulated Comprehensive Income 10,000
17-20 LO 4
Bagaimanakah perlakuan akuntansinya apabila Alexander

memutuskan untuk tetap memegang investasi utangnya
dan kemudian ternyata risiko kredit investasinya menurun
sebesar €15,000?
Pada kasus ini, maka perusahaan mencatat sbb.

Recovery of Impairment Loss 15,000
17-21 LO 4
ILLUSTRATION 17.28
Impairment Model Summary
17-22 LO 4
Recycling Adjustments
2. Isu Pelaporan
Contoh Periode Tunggal.
Untuk menyajikan sebuah contoh dari pelaporan sekuritas investasi

dan untung-rugi yang terkait dengan investasi held-for-collection
and selling (HFCS), misalkan pada tanggal 1 Januari 2019 Hinges
plc memiliki kas dan saham biasa £50,000. Pada tanggal tsb,
perusahaan tidak memiliki aset lainnya, liabilitas, ataupun saldo
laba. Pada tanggal 2 Januari Hinges membeli sekuritas utang yang
diklasifikasikan sebagai HFCS secara tunai £50,000. Pada tanggal
30 Juni, Hinges menjual sebagian portofolio sekuritas utang HFCS
dan mengakui keuntungan sebagaimana dalam Ilustrasi 17.29.
17-23 LO 4
Isu Pelaporan
Pada tanggal 30 Juni, Hinges menjual sebagian portofolio sekuritas
utang HFCS dan mengakui keuntungan. ILLUSTRATION 17.29
Computation of Realized Gain
Hinges tidak membeli ataupun menjual sekuritas lainnya sepanjang

tahun 2019. Perusahaan menerima bunga £3,000 selama tahun
berjalan. Pada tanggal 31 Desember 2019, sisa portofolio terlihat
sebagai berikut. ILLUSTRATION 17.30
Computation of Unrealized Gain
17-24 LO 4
ILLUSTRATION 17.31
ILLUSTRATION 17.32
17-25 LO 4
ILLUSTRATION 17.33
ILLUSTRATION 17.34
17-26 LO 4
Recycling Adjustments
Isu Pelaporan
Contoh Multi-Periode. Pada saat sebuah perusahaan menjual
sekuritas selama tahun berjalan, dapat terjadi penghitungan
ganda atas keuntungan dan kerugian yang direalisasikan dalam
pendapatan komprehensif (realized gains or losses in
comprehensive income).
Penghitungan ganda ini terjadi saat sebuah perusahaan
melaporkan keuntungan dan kerugian yang belum direalisasikan
dalam pendapatan komprehensif pada periode sebelumnya dan
melaporkan keuntungan dan kerugian ini sebagai bagian dari
laba bersih tahun berjalan.
Untuk memastikan bahwa keuntungan dan kerugian tidak
dihitung dua kali pada saat penjualan terjadi, maka diperlukan
sebuah penyesuaian reklasifikasi.
17-27 LO 4
Contoh Isu Pelaporan Multi-Periode
Misalkan Open AG memiliki dua investasi utang HFCS dalam

portofolionya pada akhir tahun 2018 (tahun pertama operasinya)
sebagaimana tersaji berikut ini.
ILLUSTRATION 17.35
HFCS Investment Portfolio (2018)
17-28 LO 4
ILLUSTRATION 17.35
Jurnal untuk mencatat keuntungan yang belum direalisasikan

(unrealized holding gain) tahun 2018 sbb.

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity 40,000
17-29 LO 4
Apabila Open melaporkan laba bersih tahun 2018 sebesar
€350,000, maka perusahaan menyajikan laporan laba
komprehensif sbb.
ILLUSTRATION 17.36
Statement of Comprehensive Income (2018)
17-30 LO 4
Jurnal untuk memindahbukukan unrealized holding gain—
equity ke accumulated other comprehensive income sbb.
31 Desember 2018 (Jurnal Penutupan)

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income 40,000
Pada 10 Agustus 2019, Open menjual obligasi Lehman Inc.-nya

sebesar €105,000 dan merealisasikan keuntungan dari penjualan.
Cash 105,000
Debt Investments 80,000
Gain on Sale of Investments 25,000
17-31 LO 4
Ilustrasi ini menunjukkan perhitungan dari perubahan dalam
akun Fair Value Adjustment (hanya investasi Woods Co.).
ILLUSTRATION 17.37
HFCS Investment Portfolio (2019)
Jurnal untuk mencatat unrealized holding gain or loss tahun 2019 sbb:

17-32 LO 4
Misalkan Open melaporkan laba bersih €720,000 pada tahun
2019, termasuk realisasi penjualan atas obligasi Lehman, maka
laporan pendapatan komprehensif disajikan sbb.
ILLUSTRATION 17.38
Statement of Comprehensive Income (2019)
17-33 LO 4
Pada tanggal 31 Desember 2019, Open melaporkan investasi

utang di laporan posisi keuangannya sebesar €155,000 (cost
€120,000 ditambah fair value adjustment of €35,000) dan
accumulated other comprehensive income in equity sebesar
€35,000 (€40,000 − €5,000).
Jurnal untuk memindahbukukan unrealized holding loss—equity
ke accumulated other comprehensive income sbb.
31 Desember 2019 (Jurnal Penutupan)

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income 5,000
17-34 LO 4
Penyesuaian reklasifikasi ini dapat dibuat di laporan laba rugi,

di accumulated other comprehensive income, atau di catatan
atas laporan keuangan. IASB lebih memilih reklasifikasi ini
disajikan di accumulated other comprehensive income dalam
catatan atas laporan keuangan. Untuk kasus Open AG,
penyajiannya menjadi sbb.
ILLUSTRATION 17.39
17-35
Transfers Between Categories
3. Pemindahan suatu investasi dari satu klasifikasi ke

klasifikasi yang lain:
◆ hanya terjadi apabila model bisnis dalam

pengelolaan investasi berubah.
◆ IASB berharap perubahan seperti ini jarang terjadi.
◆ Perusahaan memperlakukan pemindahan di antara

klasifikasi ini secara prospektif, yaitu pada awal
periode akuntansi setelah perubahan pada model
bisnis.
17-36 LO 4
Contoh: British Sky Broadcasting Group plc (GBR)
memiliki portofolio investasi utang yang diklasifikasikan
sebagai trading; yaitu investasi utang yang bukan dipegang
untuk ditagih (not held-for-collection) melainkan untuk
ditujukan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan (profit) dari
perubahan suku bunga.
Dengan demikian, perusahaan menilai investasi ini pada nilai
wajar. Pada tanggal 31 Desember 2018, British Sky memiliki
saldo sekuritas sbb.:
17-37 LO 4
Sebagai bagian dari proses perencanaan strategisnya, yang

selesai pada 4 kwartal di tahun 2018, manajemen British Sky
memutuskan untuk berpindah dari strategi sebelumnya—yang
membutuhkan keaktifan manajemen—ke strategi untuk
simpan (held-for-collection) atas investasi utangnya.
British Sky membuat jurnal berikut ini untuk mentransfer
sekuritas ini ke klasifikasi held-for-collection.
Debt Investments 125,000

17-38 LO 4
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in
Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the
express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Request for further information should be addressed to the
Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser
may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for
distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for
errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these
programs or from the use of the information contained herein.
17-39
APPENDIX 17A
Accounting for Derivative
Instruments
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5
Describe the uses of and accounting for derivatives.
Defining Derivatives
Financial instruments that derive their value from values of
other assets (e.g., ordinary shares, bonds, or commodities).
Three types of derivatives:
1. Financial forwards or financial futures.
2. Options.
3. Swaps.
17-40 LO 5
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Who Uses Derivatives, and Why?

◆ Producers and Consumers
◆ Speculators and Arbitrageurs
17-41 LO 5
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Basic Principles in Accounting for Derivatives

◆ Recognize derivatives in the financial statements as
assets and liabilities.
◆ Report derivatives at fair value.
◆ Recognize gains and losses resulting from speculation

in derivatives immediately in income.
◆ Report gains and losses resulting from hedge

transactions differently, depending on the type of
hedge.
17-42 LO 5
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Derivative Financial Instrument (Speculation)

A call option gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy
shares at a preset price.
Illustration: Assume that the company purchases a call option
contract on January 2, 2019, when Laredo shares are trading at €100
per share. The contract gives it the option to purchase 1,000 shares
(referred to as the notional amount) of Laredo shares at an option
price of €100 per share. The option expires on April 30, 2019. The
company purchases the call option for €400 and makes the following
entry.
Jan. 2, Call Option 400 Option

2019 Cash 400 Premium
17-43
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments

The option premium consists of two amounts. ILLUSTRATION 17A.1
Option Premium
Formula
Intrinsic value is the difference between the market price and

the preset strike price at any point in time. It represents the
amount realized by the option holder, if exercising the option
immediately. On January 2, 2019, the intrinsic value is zero
because the market price equals the preset strike price.
17-44 LO 5
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments

The option premium consists of two amounts. ILLUSTRATION 17A.1
Option Premium
Formula
Time value refers to the option’s value over and above its
intrinsic value. Time value reflects the possibility that the option
has a fair value greater than zero. How? Because there is some
expectation that the price of Laredo shares will increase above
the strike price during the option term. As indicated, the time
value for the option is €400.
17-45 LO 5
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Additional data available with respect to the call option:
On March 31, 2019, the price of Laredo shares increases to €120 per
share. The intrinsic value of the call option contract is now €20,000.
That is, the company can exercise the call option and purchase 1,000
shares from Baird Investment for €100 per share. It can then sell the
shares in the market for €120 per share. This gives the company a gain
€20,000
on the option contract of ____________. (€120,000 - €100,000)
17-46 LO 5
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
On March 31, 2019, it records the increase in the intrinsic value

of the option as follows.
Call Option 20,000

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 20,000
A market appraisal indicates that the time value of the option at

March 31, 2019, is €100. The company records this change in
value of the option as follows.
Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 300

Call Option (€400 - €100) 300
17-47 LO 5
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
At March 31, 2019, the company reports the

◆ call option in its statement of financial position at fair value of
€20,100.
◆ unrealized holding gain which increases net income.
◆ loss on the time value of the option which decreases net

income.
17-48 LO 5
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
On April 16, 2019, the company settles the option before it

expires. To properly record the settlement, it updates the value
of the option for the decrease in the intrinsic value of €5,000
([€20 - €15]) x 1,000) as follows.

Call option 5,000
The decrease in the time value of the option of €40 (€100 - €60)
is recorded as follows.
Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 40
Call Option 40
17-49 LO 5
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
At the time of the settlement, the call option’s carrying value is

as follows.
Settlement of the option contract is recorded as follows.

Cash 15,000
Loss on Settlement of Call Option 60
Call Option 15,060
17-50 LO 5
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Summary effects of the call option contract

ILLUSTRATION 17A.2
on net income. Effect on Income Derivative
Financial Instrument
The company records the call option in the statement of financial

position on March 31, 2019. Furthermore, it reports the call option at
fair value, with any gains or losses reported in income.
17-51 LO 5
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Differences between Traditional and Derivative

Financial Instruments
A derivative financial instrument has the following three basic
characteristics.
1. Instrument has (1) one or more underlyings and (2) an identified
payment provision.
2. Instrument requires little or no investment at the inception of the

contract.
3. Instrument requires or permits net settlement.
17-52 LO 5
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Features of Traditional and Derivative Financial Instruments
ILLUSTRATION 17A.3
17-53 LO 5
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Explain the accounting for hedges.
Derivatives Used for Hedging

Hedging: The use of derivatives to offset the negative
impacts of changes in interest rates or foreign currency
exchange rates.
IFRS allows special accounting for two types of hedges—

◆ fair value and
◆ cash flow hedges.
17-54 LO 6
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Fair Value Hedge

A company uses a derivative to hedge (offset) the exposure to
changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of
an unrecognized commitment.
17-55 LO 6
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Illustration: On December 1, 2019, Hayward Tire Fabricators

holds an inventory of 1,000 tractor tires, with a cost of €200 per
tire. Hayward has been building an inventory of tractor tires in
anticipation of demand for these tires in the upcoming
spring planting season. Hayward records the inventory on its
statement of financial position at €200,000 (1,000 × €200), using
lower-of-FIFO-cost-or-net realizable value.
Until Hayward sells the tires, the company is exposed to the risk
that the value of the tire inventory will decline. Hayward wishes to
hedge its exposure to fair value declines for its tire inventory (the
inventory is pledged as collateral for one of its bank loans).
17-56 LO 6
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Illustration: To hedge this risk, Hayward locks in the value of its

tire inventory on January 2, 2020, by purchasing a put option to
sell rubber at a fixed price. Hayward designates the option as a
fair value hedge of the tire inventory. This put option (which
expires in nine months) gives Hayward the option to sell 4,000
pounds of rubber at a price of €50 per pound, which is the current
spot price for rubber in the market. Since the exercise price
equals the current market price, no entry is necessary at
inception of the put option.
17-57 LO 6
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Illustration: At March 31, 2020, the fair value of the inventory

has declined by 10 percent (€200,000 × 10% = €20,000 ) .
Hayward records the following entry for the tire inventory.

Allowance to Reduce Inventory to Fair Value 20,000
The following journal entry records the increase in value of the

put option to sell rubber, assuming that the spot price for
rubber declined by 10 percent.
Put Option 20,000

17-58 LO 6
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
ILLUSTRATION 17A.5
ILLUSTRATION 17A.6
17-59 LO 6
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Cash Flow Hedge

Used to hedge exposures to cash flow risk, which results from
the variability in cash flows.
Reporting:
◆ Fair value on the statement of financial position.
◆ Gains or losses in equity, as part of other comprehensive

income.
17-60 LO 6
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Illustration: In September 2019 Allied Can Ltd. anticipates
purchasing 1,000 metric tons of aluminum in January 2020.
Concerned that prices of aluminum will increase, Allied enters
into an aluminum futures contract. The aluminum futures contract
gives Allied the right and the obligation to purchase 1,000 metric
tons of aluminum for ¥1,550 per ton (amounts in thousands). This
contract price is good until the contract expires in January 2020.
The underlying for this derivative is the price of aluminum. Allied
enters into the futures contract on September 1, 2019. Assume
that the price to be paid today for inventory to be delivered in
January—the spot price—equals the contract price. With the
two prices equal, the futures contract has no value. Therefore no
entry is necessary.
17-61 LO 6
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Illustration: At December 31, 2019, the price for January

delivery of aluminum increases to ¥1,575 per metric ton. Allied
makes the following entry to record the increase in the value
of the futures contract.
Futures Contract 25,000

([¥1,575 - ¥1,550] x 1,000 tons)
Allied reports the futures contract in the statement of financial position as a

current asset and the gain as part of other comprehensive income.
17-62 LO 6
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Illustration: In January 2020, Allied purchases 1,000 metric

tons of aluminum for ¥1,575 and makes the following entry.
Aluminum Inventory 1,575,000

Cash (¥1,575 x 1,000 tons) 1,575,000
At the same time, Allied makes final settlement on the futures

contract. It records the following entry.
Cash 25,000
Futures Contract (¥1,575,000 - ¥1,550,000) 25,000
17-63 LO 6
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Effect of Hedge on Cash Flows

ILLUSTRATION 17A.7
There are no income effects at this point. Allied accumulates in equity the
gain on the futures contract as part of other comprehensive income until the
period when it sells the inventory.
17-64 LO 6
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Illustration: Assume that Allied processes the aluminum into

finished goods (cans). The total cost of the cans (including the
aluminum purchases in January 2020) is ¥1,700,000. Allied
sells the cans in July 2020 for ¥2,000,000, and records this
sale as follows.
Cash 2,000,000
Sales Revenue 2,000,000
Cost of Goods Sold 1,700,000

Inventory (Cans) 1,700,000
17-65 LO 6
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Illustration: Since the effect of the anticipated transaction

has now affected earnings, Allied makes the following entry
related to the hedging transaction.
July 2020
Cost of Goods Sold 25,000
The gain on the futures contract, which Allied reported as part of other
comprehensive income, now reduces cost of goods sold. As a result, the cost
of aluminum included in the overall cost of goods sold is ¥1,550,000.
17-66 LO 6
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Other Reporting Issues

Identify special reporting issues related to derivative financial instruments that cause
unique accounting problems.
Embedded Derivatives
A convertible bond is a hybrid instrument. Two parts:
1. a debt security, referred to as the host security, and
2. an option to convert the bond to shares of common stock,
the embedded derivative.
Accounted for as a single unit.
17-67 LO 7
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Qualifying Hedge Criteria

Criteria that hedging transactions must meet before requiring
the special accounting for hedges.
1. Documentation, risk management, and designation.
2. Effectiveness of the hedging relationship.
3. Effect on reported earnings of changes in fair values or

cash flows.
17-68 LO 7
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Summary of Derivative Accounting ILLUSTRATION 17A.8
17-69 LO 7
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Comprehensive Hedge Accounting Example

Many companies popular type of derivative called a swap.
A swap is a transaction between two parties in which the
1. first party promises to make a payment to the second party.
2. Similarly, the second party promises to make a simultaneous

payment to the first party.
The most common type of swap is the interest rate swap. In this
type, one party makes payments based on a fixed or floating
rate, and the second party does just the opposite.
17-70 LO 7
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Comprehensive Hedge Accounting Example

In most cases, large money-center banks bring together the two
parties. ILLUSTRATION 17A.9
Swap Transaction
17-71 LO 7
APPENDIX 17A
Instruments
Fair Value Hedge

Illustration: Assume that Jones AG issues €1,000,000 of five-year,
8 percent bonds on January 2, 2019. Jones records this transaction
as follows.
Cash 1,000,000
Bonds Payable 1,000,000
To protect against the risk of loss, Jones hedges the risk of a

decline in interest rates by entering into a five-year interest rate
swap contract.
17-72 LO 7
Fair Value Hedge
Jones agrees to the following terms:
1. Jones will receive fixed payments at 8 percent (based on the
€1,000,000 amount).
2. Jones will pay variable rates, based on the market rate in
effect for the life of the swap contract. The variable rate at the
inception of the contract is 6.8 percent. ILLUSTRATION 17A.10
Interest Rate Swap
17-73 LO 7
Fair Value Hedge
Assuming that Jones enters into the swap on January 2, 2019 (the
same date as the issuance of the debt), the swap at this time has no
value. Therefore, no entry is necessary.
At the end of 2019, Jones makes the interest payment on the
bonds. It records this transaction as follows.
Interest Expense 80,000

Cash (8% × €1,000,000) 80,000
17-74 LO 7
Fair Value Hedge
At the end of 2019, market interest rates have declined
substantially. Therefore, the value of the swap contract increases.
Recall (see Illustration 17A.9) that in the swap, Jones receives a
fixed rate of 8 percent, or €80,000 (€1,000,000 × 8%), and pays a
variable rate (6.8%), or €68,000. Jones therefore receives €12,000
(€80,000 − €68,000) as a settlement payment on the swap contract
on the first interest payment date.
Jones records this transaction as follows.
Cash 12,000
Interest Expense 12,000
17-75 LO 7
Fair Value Hedge
In addition, a market appraisal indicates that the value of the
interest rate swap has increased €40,000. Jones records this
increase in value as follows.
Swap Contract 40,000

Because interest rates have declined, the company records a loss

and a related increase in its liability as follows.

Bonds Payable 40,000
17-76 LO 7
ILLUSTRATION 17A.11
ILLUSTRATION 17A.12
17-77 LO 7
APPENDIX 17B Fair Value Disclosures
Describe required fair value disclosures.
Disclosure of Fair Value Information:

Financial Instruments
Both
◆ cost and
◆ fair value
of all financial instruments must be reported in the notes to the

financial statements.
17-78 LO 8
Disclosure of Fair Value Information

Three broad levels related to the measurement of fair values.
◆ Level 1 is the most reliable measurement because fair value is

based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or
liabilities.
◆ Level 2 is less reliable; it is not based on quoted market prices

for identical assets and liabilities but instead may be based on
similar assets or liabilities.
◆ Level 3 is least reliable; it uses unobservable inputs that reflect

the company’s assumption as to the value of the financial
instrument.
17-79 LO 8

Companies must provide the following (with special emphasis
on Level 3 measurements):
1. Quantitative information about significant unobservable

inputs used for all Level 3 measurements.
2. A qualitative discussion about the sensitivity of recurring

Level 3 measurements to changes in the unobservable
inputs disclosed, including interrelationships between inputs.
3. A description of the company’s valuation process.
17-80 LO 8

Companies must provide the following (with special emphasis
on Level 3 measurements):
4. Any transfers between Levels 1 and 2 of the fair value

hierarchy.
5. Information about non-financial assets measured at fair value

at amounts that differ from the assets’ highest and best use.
6. The proper hierarchy classification for items that are not

recognized on the statement of financial position but are
disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.
17-81 LO 8
GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS
Compare the accounting for investments under IFRS and U.S. GAAP.
Until recently, when the IASB issued IFRS 9, the accounting and reporting for
investments under IFRS and U.S. GAAP were for the most part very similar.
While IFRS 9 introduces new investment classifications relative to U.S. GAAP,
both IFRS and U.S. GAAP have increased situations when investments are
accounted for at fair value, with gains and losses recorded in income.
17-82 LO 9
Relevant Facts
Following are the key similarities and differences between U.S. GAAP and
IFRS related to investments.
Similarities
• U.S. GAAP and IFRS use similar classifications for financial assets: cash,
loans and receivables, investments, and derivatives.
• Both IFRS and U.S. GAAP require that financial assets be sorted into
specific categories for measurement and classification purposes.
• Held-to-maturity (U.S. GAAP) and held-for-collection (IFRS) investments
are accounted for at amortized cost. Gains and losses on some investments
are reported in other comprehensive income.
17-83 LO 9
Relevant Facts
Similarities
• Amortized cost or fair value is used depending upon the classification of the
financial instrument.
• The definitions of amortized cost and fair value are the same.
• Both U.S. GAAP and IFRS use the same test to determine whether the
equity method of accounting should be used, that is, significant influence
with a general guideline of over 20 percent ownership.
• U.S. GAAP and IFRS are similar in the accounting for the fair value option.
That is, the option to use the fair value method must be made at initial
recognition, the selection is irrevocable, and gains and losses are reported
as part of income.
• Under both U.S. GAAP and IFRS, credit losses are recognized in income.
17-84
Relevant Facts
Differences
• While U.S. GAAP classifies debt investments as trading, available-for-sale,
and held-to-maturity, IFRS classifies debt investments as held-for-collection,
held-for-collection and selling (debt investments), and trading.
• U.S. GAAP requires that all changes in fair value for all equity securities be
reported as part of income. IFRS requires that changes in fair value for non-
trading equity securities be reported as part of other comprehensive
income.
17-85 LO 9
Relevant Facts
Differences
• U.S. GAAP measures impairments based on lifetime expected credit
losses. IFRS uses lifetime expected losses for financial assets that have
experienced a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition
(otherwise, the credit loss allowance is based on 12-month expected credit
losses).
• U.S. GAAP generally does not permit the reversal of an impairment charge
related to held-to-maturity debt investments and equity investments. IFRS
allows reversals of impairments of held-for-collection investments.
• In the accounting for the fair value option, one difference is that U.S. GAAP
permits the fair value option for all financial assets; IFRS allows the fair
value option if doing so reduces an accounting mismatch.
17-86 LO 9
On the Horizon
At one time, both the FASB and IASB indicated that they believed that all
financial instruments should be reported at fair value and that changes in fair
value should be reported as part of net income. Through recent standards in
this area, the Boards continue to move toward that goal. U.S. GAAP and IFRS
are substantially converged, except for non-trading equity investments and the
measurement of credit losses.
17-87 LO 9
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in
Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the
express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Request for further information should be addressed to the
Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser
may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for
distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for
errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these
programs or from the use of the information contained herein.
17-88

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BAB 17

Translated by Kuwat Slamet, PKN STAN, 2021

Memiliki antara 20% s.d. 50%

Pada kondisi “pengaruh signifikan,” investor harus

Apabila bagian kepemilikan investor terhadap kerugian investee

Memiliki lebih dari 50%

1. Penurunan Nilai (Impairment of Value)

Investasi memiliki jangka waktu 4 tahun dengan pembayaran

Dengan menggunakan informasi berikut ini, maka pencatatan

Loss on Impairment 12,680

Apabila loss on impairment sebelumnya mengalami

Sebagai contoh, asumsikan pada tanggal 31 Maret 2020,

Allowance for Impaired Debt Investments 12,680

Penurunan Nilai—Debt Investments (HFCS)

Entitas yang memiliki investasi utang dalam bentuk held-

Contoh: Alexander AG membeli investasi utang yang

Pada 31 Desember 2019, laporan keungan Alexander

Bagaimanakah perlakuan akuntansinya apabila penurunan nilai

Bagaimanakah perlakuan akuntansinya apabila penurunan nilai

Pada tanggal 31 Desember 2019, Laporan Keuangan

Misalkan Alexander menjual investasi utangnya pada tanggal 1

Fair Value Adjustment 10,000

Bagaimanakah perlakuan akuntansinya apabila Alexander

Allowance for Impaired Debt Investments 15,000

Untuk menyajikan sebuah contoh dari pelaporan sekuritas investasi

Hinges tidak membeli ataupun menjual sekuritas lainnya sepanjang

Misalkan Open AG memiliki dua investasi utang HFCS dalam

Jurnal untuk mencatat keuntungan yang belum direalisasikan

Fair Value Adjustment 40,000

31 Desember 2018 (Jurnal Penutupan)

Pada 10 Agustus 2019, Open menjual obligasi Lehman Inc.-nya

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity 5,000

Pada tanggal 31 Desember 2019, Open melaporkan investasi

31 Desember 2019 (Jurnal Penutupan)

Penyesuaian reklasifikasi ini dapat dibuat di laporan laba rugi,

3. Pemindahan suatu investasi dari satu klasifikasi ke

◆ hanya terjadi apabila model bisnis dalam

◆ IASB berharap perubahan seperti ini jarang terjadi.

◆ Perusahaan memperlakukan pemindahan di antara

Sebagai bagian dari proses perencanaan strategisnya, yang

Debt Investments 125,000

Three types of derivatives:

1. Financial forwards or financial futures.

Who Uses Derivatives, and Why?

◆ Speculators and Arbitrageurs

Basic Principles in Accounting for Derivatives

◆ Report derivatives at fair value.

◆ Recognize gains and losses resulting from speculation

◆ Report gains and losses resulting from hedge

Derivative Financial Instrument (Speculation)

Jan. 2, Call Option 400 Option

Derivative Financial Instrument (Speculation)

Intrinsic value is the difference between the market price and

Derivative Financial Instrument (Speculation)

Additional data available with respect to the call option:

On March 31, 2019, it records the increase in the intrinsic value

Call Option 20,000

A market appraisal indicates that the time value of the option at

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 300

At March 31, 2019, the company reports the

◆ unrealized holding gain which increases net income.

◆ loss on the time value of the option which decreases net

On April 16, 2019, the company settles the option before it