ENGLISH LECTURE

SUMMARY
Oleh: Dwiky Nisya Hanindya (211310860)
Dosen Pengampu: Diah Prihatiningsih, S.Si., M.Si dan Anak Agung Sri Sanjiwani, S.Psi., M.Psi., Psikolog
 GRAMMAR (TATA BAHASA)

part of speech:
1. Pronoun (kata ganti)
2. Noun (kata benda)
3. Verb (kata kerja)
4. Adjective (kata sifat)
5. Adverb (kata keterangan)
6. Determiner
7. Preposition (kata depan)
8. Conjuction (kata hubung)
 PRONOUN (KATA GANTI)
kata yang digunakan untuk mengganti kata benda berupa orang atau benda.

Contoh kata: him, mine, dan myself.

Contoh kalimat:
•  Three days ago I met Ariel. Yesterday I met him again. 
•  This is my book. The book is mine.
•  My father cooked this meal himself. 
 NOUN (KATA BENDA)
kata yang digunakan untuk menamai orang, benda, tempat, hewan, atau konsep
abstrak.

Contoh kata: student, Jakarta, dan hapiness.

Contoh kalimat:
•  Three days ago I buy an aple. 
•  This is my book.
•  My father cooked this meal himself. 
 VERB (KATA KERJA)
kata untuk menunjukkan tindakan yang dilakukan subjek, peristiwa, atau keadaan.

Contoh kata: go, went, dan gone.

Contoh kalimat:
•  Three days ago I buy an aple. 
•  My chat has been read.
•  My father cooked this meal himself. 
 ADJECTIVE (KATA SIFAT)
kata yang berfungsi menerangkan kata benda atau kata ganti.

Contoh kata: easy, excited, dan satisfying

Contoh kalimat:
•  Three days ago I buy a sweet aple. 
•  My book is so thick.
•  My father cooked this meal and so teasty. 
 DVERB (KATA KETERANGAN)
kata untuk mendeskripsikan kata kerja, kata sifat, atau kata keterangan lain. 

Contoh kata: carefully, fast, dan very.

Contoh kalimat:
•   I buy a sweet aple Three days ago. 
•  thankyou very much.
•  My father cooked this meal with my sister. 
 DETERMINER (KATA BANTU)
kata atau kelompok kata yang ditempatkan di depan kata benda untuk membatasi
makna kata benda tersebut.

Contoh kata: the, a, an, some, any.

Contoh kalimat:
•   I buy a sweet aple. 
•  Any quations?
•  Some body in here?
 PREPOSITION (KATA DEPAN)
kata atau kelompok kata yang umumnya diletakkan di depan kata benda atau kata ganti
untuk menunjukkan hubungan letak, arah, atau waktu dengan kata benda tersebut. 

Contoh kata: at, in, dan on.

Contoh kalimat:
•   I buy a sweet aple in the mall. 
•  My previous school on mulia harapan high scool
•  I have an appointment at 5 am
 CONJUCTION (KATA HUBUNG)
kata yang menghubungkan kata, klausa, kaimat, atau paragraf.

Contoh kata: and, because, dan or

Contoh kalimat:
• I buy a sweet aple and grape. 
•  My hobby is reading because I like fairytale.
•  what your colour like? Red or blue?

kata penghubung koordinatif (setara) yaitu for, and, nor, but, or, yet, dan so
Kata penghubung subordinatif (bertingkat) yaitu
• Kata hubung waktu antara lain after, since, before, while, when, dan as long as.
• Kata hubung kondisi adalah if, unless, dan provided.
• Kata hubung alasan adalah as, because, in order that, so that, dan that.
• Kata hubung alasan adalah as, because, in order that, so that, dan that.
• Kata hubung tempat adalah where dan wherever.
 PROCEDURE TEXT
sebuah teks yang  memberikan kita perintah atau instruksi untuk  melakukan
sesuatu.
Tujuannya adalah untuk
memberitahu  pembaca bagaimana melakukan atau
membuat sesuatu  melalui urutan tindakan atau langkah-langkah .
Berikut ini ada 3 jenis procedure text:
• Procedure text bagaimana sesuatu misalnya , how to use computer.
• Procedure text bagaimana  melakukan aktivitas tertentu misalnya, how to make a  noodle.
• Procedure text berhubungan dengan perilaku  manusia misalnya, how to succeed.
 SKEMA SUSUNAN UMUM
• Goal: memberikan informasi tentang maksud dan tujuan  prosedur dan memprediksi
suatu kesimpulan.

• Materials: berisi daftar materi atau bahan-bahan yang  dibutuhkan untuk melakukan
suatu prosedur atau langkah-  langkah.

• Steps: daftar urutan instruksi/aktivitas untuk mencapai tujuan dalam urutan langkah
yang benar.

• Result: Hasil dari serangkaian langkah-langkah yang telah  dilakukan.

 TENSE (WAKTU)

• Present Tense
• Past Tense
• Future Tense
• Past Future Tense
 PRESENT TENSE
• Simple Present Tense (Menjelaskan fakta secara umum dan menjelaskan kebiasaan)
• Nominal: SUBJECT + TO BE (IS,AM,ARE) + OBJECT
• Verbal: SUBJECT + VERB 1 + OBJECT
• Contoh: we are best friend forever
I always drink a glass of water every morning
• Present Continous Tense (Menjelaskan kejadian yang terjadi masa hari ini dan
sedang terjadi)
• SUBJECT + TO BE (IS,AM,ARE) + VERB 1 + ING + OBJECT
• Contoh: I am drinking a glass of water every morning
 PRESENT TENSE
• Present Perfect Tense (Menjelaskan kejadian yang sudah selesai dan keberlanjutan suatu hal)
• Nominal: SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + OBJECT
• Verbal: SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + VERB III + OBJECT
• Contoh: we has been in Surabaya before
I have taken the book just now
• Present Perfect Continuous (Menjelaskan kejadian yang dimulainya pada masa lalu dan
masih terjadi saat orang tersebut sedang bicara)
• SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + VERB 1 + ING + OBJECT
• Contoh: I have been watching tv the whole night
 PAST TENSE
• Simple Past Tense (Menjelaskan kejadian yang terjadi pada masa lampau)
• Nominal: SUBJECT + TO BE (WAS, WERE) + OBJECT
• Verbal: SUBJECT + VERB II + OBJECT
• Contoh: I was a teacher
He god much money
• Past Continuous Tense (Menjelaskan kejadian pada masa lampau dan masih terjadi)
• SUBJECT + TO BE (WAS, WERE) + VERB 1 + ING + OBJECT
• Contoh: I was waiting for you at four o’clock yesterday
 FUTURE TENSE
• Simple Future Tense (Menjelaskan kejadian yang belum terjaddi dan akan berlaku dimasa
depan)
• SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + VERB 1 + OBJECT
• Contoh: I shall invite you tomorrow night
• Future Continuous Tense (Menjelaskan kejadian yang akan terjadi pada masa depan)
• SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + BE + VERB 1 + ING + OBJECT
• Contoh: I shall be going to medan next week
 FUTURE TENSE
• Future Perfect Tense (Menjelaskan kejadian yang dimulai pada masa lampau dan akan
selesai pada masa depan)
• Nominal: SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + HAVE + BEEN +OBJECT
• Verbal: SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + HAVE + VERB III + OBJECT
• Contoh: We shall have been here until last december
The police will have punished you next week
• Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Menjelaskan kejadian pada masa lampau dan akan masih
terjadi pada masa depan)
• SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + HAVE + BEEN + VERB 1 + ING + OBJECT
• Contoh: I shall have been going to medan next week
 PAST FUTURE TENSE
• Past Future Tense (Menjelaskan kejadian yang akan sedang terjadi pada masa lampau)
• Nominal: SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + BE +OBJECT
• Verbal: SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + VERB I + OBJECT
• Contoh: I should be in Surabaya next week
I should go if you come late tomorrow
• Past Future Continuous Tense (Menjelaskan kejadian yang akan sedang terjadi pada masa
lampau)
• SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + BE + VERB 1 + ING + OBJECT
• Contoh: We should be playing the badminton last friday
 PAST FUTURE TENSE
• Past Future Perfect Tense (Menjelaskan kejadian yang akan sudah selesai pada masa
lampau)
• Nominal: SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + HAVE + BEEN +OBJECT
• Verbal: SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + HAVE + VERB III + OBJECT
• Contoh: I should have been here at six o’clock tomorrow
Merry would have gone to Jakarta next monday
• Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Menjelaskan kejadian yang akan sedang terjadi pada
masa lampau)
• SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + HAVE + BEEN + VERB 1 + ING + OBJECT
• Contoh: I should have been studying English for a year
 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
GELAS UKUR “measuring cylinder”

Is in the form of a pipe and is generally made of plastic

(polypropylene) which is equipped with a wide bottom, as
a leg to maintain the stability

The function is a tool to measure the volume of the

solution, ranging from a volume of 10 mL to 2 L.
 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
GELAS BEAKER “beaker glass”

This cylindrical tool with a flat bottom, is commonly used

for chemicals with corrosive properties. sizes for this
glass, ranging from 25 mL to 3 L.

that functions as a container.

 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
TABUNG REAKSI “test tube”

is a glass apparatus made of glass or plastic. It is roughly

the size of human finger. Test tubes are available in
various sizes. But in general it has a diameter of 10-20
with a length of 50-200 mm..

The function of the test tube is to mix, accommodate and

heat liquid or solid
chemicals, mainly for qualitative tests.
 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
PIPET TETES “Drop pipette”

this one pipette is able to move liquids in very small

quantities, namely in the form of droplets.
This is because the shape of this pipette is in the form of
small pipe covered with rubber at the top

to transfer a measured volume of liquid.

 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
MIKROPIPET “Microliter Pipette”

is a tool that can be used to take liquids up to as much as

0.001 mL.

to transfer a measured volume of liquid.

 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
PIPET UKUR “graduated pipette”

is a pipette that has a number of information on the tube.

In this pipette there is also scale that shows the volume.
The largest volume size of the self-graduated pipette is 50
mL.

The function of graduated pipette is to move the solution

measurably according to the
volume.
 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
PIPET VOLUMETRIK “volumetric
pipette”

pipettes that have high accuracy even though they are not as
high as micropipettes and are characterized by the presence
of a buble in
the middle.

The function of graduated pipette is to move the solution

measurably according to the
volume.
 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
TABUNG ERLENMEYER “Erlenmeyer
Flask”

is a widely used type of laboratory flask. This conical tool

with a cylindrical neck and flat bottomTabung.
Erlenmeyer is generally made of borosilicate glass so it is
resistant when heated. Tabung Erlenmeyer sizes vary from
50-500 mL.

The function of the “tabung Erlenmeyer” is to mix,

measure and store liquids.
 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
CAWAN PETRI “petri dish”

Is a tool used to grow bacteria in the media contained in it.

that functions as a container a grow bacteria.

 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
PINSET “Forcep”

consists of two sides of a rod that become one.

that functions as to help hold something that should not be

held directly.
 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
LABU UKUR “volumetric flask”

On the neck there is also a border marking indicating the

size of the volume, ranging
from 1 mL to 2 L.

is used to dilute a solution to reach a certain volume. This

tool made of glass in the form of a flask can also be used
to leave analytical chemical solutions with high
concentrations and amountd of accuracy.
 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
LEMARI ASAM “fume hood”

is a room or rather a cupboard that is usually used to carry

out reactions or
store volatile materials.

to react dangerous reagents, strong acids or strong bases

 SAMPLE AND
EXAMINATION TYPE
SPECIMEN AND SAMPLE

Specimen is the object of examination. Where the

specimen taken must really come from the site of
infection.

Sample is part of the specimen taken, sent, and processed

in the laboratory as material for certain examination.
 SAMPLE AND
EXAMINATION TYPE
Specimens derived from humans can be :

Serum Brain Fluid (Cairan Otak)

Plasma Gastric Rinse (Bilasan Lambung)
Blood Wipe The Throat (Apus Tenggorok)
Urine Rectal Smear (Apus Rectum)
Stool (Tinja) Pussy
Sputum Sperm
 SAMPLE AND
EXAMINATION TYPE
What do the characteristics of urine tell us?

The elimination of urine is very important for different bodily functions. It

regulates the balance of water in the body, for example, and also gets rid
of substances that are produced during metabolic processes and are no
longer needed by the body. These include toxic substances in food or
medicines. Urine tests can help detect diseases of the urinary system as
well as metabolic diseases like diabetes or liver disease.

Five standard urine tests can be used to examine the different components
of urine. Two of them can also be done at home, whereas the other three
can only be done in a lab.
 SAMPLE AND
EXAMINATION TYPE
How do you give a urine sample?

Urine can easily be contaminated by bacteria, cells and other substances so

it is a good idea to cleanse the genital area with water – but not soap –
before giving a sample. To get an accurate result and avoid bacterial
contamination, “clean” midstream urine is used. You take a sample of
midstream urine by interrupting the flow of urine after a few seconds and
then collecting this middle portion of the urine in a cup. Your doctor will
let you know if there is anything else you should pay attention to for your
specific test.
 SAMPLE AND
EXAMINATION TYPE
What is urinalysis?
Urinalysis is an initial basic test of the main features of the blood. It is often part of a
routine examination and is frequently performed when people are admitted to hospital
and before surgery. It can also be used to check abnormal results from a rapid urine
test. Complete urinalysis is done in a laboratory. It usually involves three steps:
• Assessment of the color, cloudiness and concentration of the urine
• Examination of the chemical composition of the urine using a test strip
• Examination of the urine under a microscope to look for bacteria, cells and parts of
cells
Urinalysis is used to find the cause of – or monitor – urinary tract infections, bleeding
in the urinary system, or kidney or liver disease. It can also be used for diabetes, some
diseases of the blood, and bladder stones.
 SAMPLE AND
EXAMINATION TYPE
What does urinalysis test for?
In addition to the substances that can be detected using a rapid test,
urinalysis can also test for the following:
• Creatinine (breakdown product of muscle metabolism, an indicator of
kidney function)
• Bacteria (not usually found in urine)
• Urinary casts (cylindrical stuck-together structures that form in the renal
tubules, not usually found in urine)
• Crystals (found if there are high concentrations of certain substances in the
urine, not usually found in urine)
• Epithelial cells (cells that line the ureter, bladder and urethra)
 SAMPLE AND
EXAMINATION TYPE
What do the results tell us?
With the help of these values, laboratories can also use urinalysis to
detect signs of other problems:
• Cholesterol crystals can be caused by high levels of cholesterol in the
urine, for example.
• Urinary casts are usually a sign of kidney disease, such as an
inflammation of the renal pelvis.
Abnormal results can be discussed with a doctor and may be followed
by more precise tests, such as a blood test.
 SAMPLE AND
EXAMINATION TYPE
What is a rapid urine test?
A rapid urine test is the quickest way to test urine. This involves dipping a
test strip with small square colored fields on it into the urine sample for a
few seconds. After that you have to wait a little for the result to appear.
Depending on the concentration of the particular substance you are testing
for, the fields on the test strip change color. Then the resulting colors of the
fields are compared with a color table. The color table can be found on the
urine test package. It shows which colors indicate normal and
abnormal values.
 SAMPLE AND
EXAMINATION TYPE
What substances can a rapid urine test detect?
Many substances are usually found only in certain amounts in urine, so higher or lower levels indicate a
deviation from the norm.
The following substances can be checked using a rapid urine test:
• pH value (measure of the acidity of the urine. Normal values, depending on diet, range from about 5 to
7, where values under 5 are too acidic, and values over 7 are not acidic enough)
• Protein (not usually found in urine)
• Sugar (glucose, not usually found in urine)
• Nitrite (not usually found in urine)
• Ketone (a metabolic product, not usually found in urine)
• Bilirubin (breakdown product of hemoglobin, not usually found in urine)
• Urobilinogen (breakdown product of bilirubin, not usually found in urine)
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes, not usually found in urine)
• White blood cells (leukocytes, not usually found in urine)
 SAMPLE AND
EXAMINATION TYPE
What do the results tell us?
You can determine whether the results are within the normal range by using the package
insert or the color chart on the package. The pH value, for example, can be used to find out
whether there is an increased risk of developing urinary stones. This is the case if the pH is
too acidic (if the value is below 5). A pH value over 7 may be a sign of a bacterial urinary
tract infection. Tests measuring other things can help detect other problems:
• High protein levels may be a sign of nephritis (a kidney inflammation).
• Ketones and sugar in urine are signs of high blood sugar.
• Leukocytes or nitrite may be a sign of a bacterial infection.
If the test results are abnormal, you need to see a doctor. As with all
tests, the results of rapid urine tests are not always reliable. For this
reason, it might be a good idea to have a more detailed test done in
a lab.
 PREPARATION AND
COLLECTION OF BLOOD SAMPLE
Phlebotomy or taking blood comes from the Greek words phleb
andtomia. Phleb which means vein and tomia means slicing (cutting).

Overall, a phlebotomist is a medical worker who has received

training or expertise to remove and collect blood specimens
(sampling) from veins, arteries or capillaries.
 PREPARATION AND
COLLECTION OF BLOOD SAMPLE
PHLEBOTOMY WITH A SYRINGE
• Do palpation (palpation) at the location of the vein to be stabbed to take
blood
• The patient is asked to make a very tight fist
• Place the tourniquet approximately fingers above the patient's elbow
crease.
• The location of the vein to be punctured is disinfected with 70% alcohol
cotton with one wipe and wait until it is completely dry.
• Puncture the vein with the needle hole facing up with a slope between the
needle and the skin of 15 degrees or can be adjusted to the patient's
venous condition.
 PREPARATION AND
COLLECTION OF BLOOD SAMPLE
• After the blood volume is sufficient, the tourniquet is released and the
patient is asked to open his fists, try not to take this process too long.
• Remove or withdraw the needle and immediately place a dry cotton swab
over the injection site to press the area until there is no more bleeding and
then cover it with a plaster or hepavyx.
• Transfer the blood sample from the syringe to the tube by removing the
needle and then flowing the blood slowly through the tube wall and do this
process carefully.
• If the sample must be anticoagulated, then immediately put the blood into
the tube with an anticoagulant (EDTA, or Citrate or other anticoagulant
according to the type of examination), mix it by inverting the tube several
times.
 PREPARATION AND
COLLECTION OF BLOOD SAMPLE
PHLEBOTOMY WITH VACUTAINER (VACUTAINER TUBE)
• Install the needle in the holder by inserting the rubber-covered needle into the holder's hole and
then turning it clockwise to make sure it is tight and doesn't come off easily.
• Ask the patient to put his hand on the table and ask to relax, to feel (palpate) to find the vein to be
punctured.
• Put a tourniquet on the arm for more than 3 fingers above the elbow crease and disinfect the locale
of the vein to be pierced with 70% alcohol cotton with one swipe and wait until it is completely dry.
• Insert the needle into the patient's vein with the needle hole facing up and according to the patient's
venous depth.
• Insert the vacutainer tube into the holder by pushing it until it is stuck in the needle and the blood
will be sucked into the tube and will stop itself if the volume is in accordance with the capacity of
the contents of the tube.
• Remove the tourniquet and then pull the tube from inside the holder and pull the needle from the
vein, close the vein pierced with cotton, pressed and closed with plaster or hepavyx.
 PREPARATION AND
COLLECTION OF BLOOD SAMPLE
PHLEBOTOMY WITH WING NEEDLE
Using a vacutainer:
• Install the rubber-protected needle on the holder by inserting it into
the holder's hole and then rotating it until it is firmly attached
• Taking blood in the same way as taking blood using a vacutainer
needle (vacutainer needle).
 THE END

that's my summary,
thank you.