Homeostasis “…the ability to

maintain relatively
constant internal
conditions even
though the outside
world changes
continuously…”
ECF

ICF

• Within cells
• Within body
Larry Frolich, Molecules and
Diffusion
 Silabus
1. Mekanisme permeabilitas dan transpor
2. Ion-ion serta eksitasi membran
3. Konsep-konsep sinaptik
4. Mekanisme sensori pada hewan
5. Regulator serta pembawa pesan
6. Otot dan pergerakannya
7. Osmoregulasi
8. Transpor dan sirkulasi darah
9. Pertukaran gas
10. Pencernaan makan an
11. Sistem reproduksi
 Membran Plasma
• Mengelilingi sel
• Strukturnya sangat terdeferensiasi
• Struktur dasar terdiri atas: Protein (lipoprotein, glikolipid);
fosfolipida, karbohidrat, dan kolesterol

• Fungsi
1. Mengontrol cairan intraseluler
2. tempat enzim mengkatalis reaksi
3. melekatnya sitoskeleton (bentuk sel)
4. tempat lewatnya molekul-molekul
5. tempat protein sebagai reseptor
6. mengelilingi sel, memisahkan sel dengan sel lain
7. tempat sel berikatan dengan sel lain (jaringan), dll.
 Membran Plasma
(Fluid mosaic model)
Glycoprotein
Carbohydrate (of
glycoprotein)
Fibers of the
extracellular
matrix
Glycolipid

Phospholipid
Cholesterol
Microfilaments Proteins
of the
cytoskeleton CYTOPLASM
Struktur
• Dwilapis membran
• Permeabilitas umumnya
selektif
• Fosfolipida dan protein
membentuk “fluid mosaic”
(singer –Nicolson, 1972)
 Komponen LIPIDA

• Semua membran terdiri atas lipida dan protein dengan

ratio yang berbeda-beda (membran mitokondria t.a
76% prot; membran mielin 18 prot)
• Lipida paling banyak terdapat dalam bentuk fosfolipida
• Fosfolipida bersifat amfifatik, biasanya t.a 16, 18, atau
20 atom C
• Fosfolipida t.a bagian kepala dan ekor
• Menentukan fluiditas membran
 Plasma membrane components
1. Phospholipid bilayer
polar
head P –

hydrophobic hydrophilic
molecules molecules
cytosol

nonpolar
tails
 Komponen Membran - Protein
 Bersifat amfifatik (hidrofil vs hidrofob)
 Berasosiasi dg membran dengan 4 cara
1. Prot. Transmembran, cth: glikoprotein pada eritrosit
2. Prot. Tertanam dlm ½ bilayer lipida atas atau bawah,
cth: sitokrom B-5 RE
3. Prot.`Kompleks, lebih dari satu protein pada satu
lokasi, cth: enzim K,NaATP-ase
 Asimetris
 Gerakan
1. difusi lateral
2. difusi rotasi tegak lurus sumbu
3. difusi rotasi sejajar sumbu
 Membrane protein functions
1. Anchoring - attach to cytoskeleton
2. Enzymes - catalyze reactions
3. Recognition (identifiers) usu. Glycoproteins
(e.g. MHC, ABO)
4. Receptors - signaling (ligand)
5. Transport
Carriers - transport things in/out
Channels – pore allowing ions in/out
 How do molecules cross the plasma
membrane?
• Passive transport

• Active transport

• Endocytosis and exocytosis

 Types of Cellular Transport
Weeee!!
• Passive Transport !
cell doesn’t use energy
1. Diffusion
high
2. Facilitated Diffusion
3. Osmosis
low
• Active Transport
cell does use energy This is
1. Protein Pumps gonna
be hard
2. Endocytosis work!!
high
3. Exocytosis

low
 Passive Transport
• cell uses no energy
• molecules move randomly
• Molecules spread out from an area of high
concentration to an area of low
concentration.
• (HighLow)
• Three types:
 3 Types of Passive Transport

1. Diffusion
2. Facilitative Diffusion – diffusion with the
help of transport proteins
3. Osmosis – diffusion of water
 Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion
Animation
1. Diffusion
1. Diffusion: random movement of
particles from an area of high
concentration to an area of low
concentration.
(High to Low)
• Diffusion continues until all
molecules are evenly spaced
(equilibrium is reached)-Note:
molecules will still move around but
stay spread out.
http://bio.winona.edu/berg/Free.htm
 Passive Transport:
2. Facilitated Diffusion
A B
2. Facilitated diffusion: diffusion
of specific particles through
transport proteins found in
the membrane
a. Transport Proteins are
specific – they “select” only Facilitated
diffusion
Diffusion
(Lipid Bilayer)
certain molecules to cross (Channel Protein)
the membrane
b.Transports larger or
charged molecules

Carrier Protein
 Passive Transport: 2. Facilitated Diffusion
Glucose
molecules
Cellular Transport From a-
High
High Concentration

Cell Membrane

Protein
Low Concentration
Low
channel

Through a 
Transport
Go to
Protein
Section:
 Passive Transport: Osmosis
3. Osmosis animation

• 3.Osmosis: diffusion of
water through a
selectively permeable
membrane
• Water moves from high to
low concentrations
• Water moves freely
through pores.
• Solute (green) to
large to move across.
• Difusi melalui dwi
lapis
Laju influk

(ektrasel)
• Difusi melalui
• Difusi melalui
“aqueous channel”
protein carrier
 Osmosis
• The direction of water movementthrough the cell membrane
depends on the relative concentration of free water
molecules in the cytoplasm and in the external environment.
• There are three possibilities for thedirection of water
movement:
1. Move out—due to higher solutes on outside
2. Moves in—due to higher solutes on inside
3. No net water movement—solutes equal
 H20

H20 H20 H20 H20

H20
H20 H20 H20
 Active Transport
• cell uses energy
• actively moves molecules to where they are
needed
• Movement from an area of low concentration
to an area of high concentration

• (Low  High)
• Three Types:
 Sodium

Types of Active Transport Potassium Pumps

(Active Transport
using proteins)

1. Protein Pumps -
transport proteins that
require energy to do
work
•Example: Sodium /
Potassium Pumps
are important in nerve Protein changes
responses. shape to move
molecules: this
requires energy!
 Types of Active Transport

• 2. Endocytosis: taking bulky

material into a cell
• Uses energy
• Cell membrane in-folds
around food particle
• “cell eating”
• forms food vacuole &
digests food
• This is how white blood
cells eat bacteria!
 Types of Active Transport

3. Exocytosis: Forces material Endocytosis &

Exocytosis
out of cell in bulk animations
• membrane surrounding the
material fuses with cell
membrane
• Cell changes shape –
requires energy
• EX: Hormones or wastes
released from cell
 Vesicular Transport
Endocytosis
• Packaging of extracellular materials in vesicles at the
cell surface
• Involves relatively large volumes of extracellular
material
• Requires energy in the form of ATP
• Three major types
1. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
3. Phagocytosis
Endocytosis : the membrane may fold inward,
trapping material from the outside
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
• A selective process
• Involves formation of vesicles at surface of
membrane
– Vesicles contain receptors on their membrane
– Vesicles contain specific target molecule in high
concentration
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
 Vesicular Transport
Pinocytosis or “Cell-Drinking”
• Taking in droplets of
ECF
– occurs in all human cells
• Not as selective as
‘receptor-mediated
endocytosis’
• Membrane caves in,
then pinches off into
the cytoplasm as
pinocytotic vesicle
 Vesicular Transport
Phagocytosis or “Cell-Eating”

Keeps tissues free of debris and infectious microorganisms.

phagocytosis
Vesicular Transport: Exocytosis
• Secreting material or replacement of plasma
membrane
exocytosis = vesicle fuses with the membrane and
expels its contents

FLUID OUTSIDE CELL

CYTOPLASM
Figure 5.19A
 Effects of Osmosis on Life
• Osmosis- diffusion of water through a
selectively permeable membrane

• Water is so small and there is so much of it

the cell can’t control it’s movement through
the cell membrane.
 • Osmosis
Animations for
Hypotonic Solution isotonic, hypertonic,
and hypotonic
solutions

Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of

solutes and a higher concentration of water than
inside the cell. (Low solute; High water)

Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the

cell): Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!
 • Osmosis
Animations for
Hypertonic Solution isotonic, hypertonic,
and hypotonic
solutions

Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration

of solutes and a lower concentration of water than
inside the cell. (High solute; Low water)

shrinks

Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the

solution: Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)!
 • Osmosis
Animations for

Isotonic Solution isotonic, hypertonic,

and hypotonic
solutions

Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution

is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell.

Result: Water moves equally in both directions and

the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)
What type of solution are these cells in?

A B C

Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

 How Organisms Deal with • Paramecium
(protist) removing
excess water video
Osmotic Pressure
• Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them from
over-expanding. In plants the pressure exerted on the cell
wall is called tugor pressure.

• A protist like paramecium has contractile vacuoles that collect

water flowing in and pump it out to prevent them from over-
expanding.

• Salt water fish pump salt out of their specialized gills so they
do not dehydrate.

• Animal cells are bathed in blood. Kidneys keep the blood

isotonic by remove excess salt and water.
Jenis larutan