CHAPTER 8

Penilaian Persediaan:
Pendekatan Dasar Biaya

Chapter
8-1
 Tujuan Pembelajaran
1. Mengidentifikasi kualifikasi penting dari persediaan.
2. Membedakan antara sistem persediaan perpetual dan periodik.
3. Mengidentifikasi pengaruh kesalahan persediaan terhadap laporan keuangan.
4. Memahami pos-pos yang harus dimasukkan sebagai biaya persediaan.
5. Menjelaskan dan membandingkan asumsi arus biaya yang digunakan dalam
memperhitungkan persediaan.
6. Menjelaskan signifikansi dan penggunaan cadangan LIFO.
7. Memahami pengaruh likuidasi LIFO.
8. Menjelaskan apa yang dimaksud metode LIFO nilai-dolar.
9. Mengidentifikasi keunggulan dan kelemahan utama LIFO.
10. Memahami mengapa metode persediaan tertentu dipilih.
Chapter
8-2
 Penilaian Persediaan:
Pendekatan Dasar Biaya

Klasifikasi dan Barang-barang Biaya-biaya yg

fisik yg dimasukkan Asumsi Arus LIFO: Masalah Dasar
Pengendalian dimasukkan dalam Biaya Khusus Pemilihan
Persediaan dalam persediaan persediaan

Klasifikasi Barang dalam Biaya produk Identifikasi Cadangan LIFO Ikhtisar Metode
Pengendalian perjalanan Biaya periodik Khusus Likuidasi LIFO Penilaian
Barang Biaya rata-rata Persediaan
Isu dasar Diskon LIFO nilai-dolar
mengenai konsinyasi pembelian FIFO Perbandingan
penilaian Perjanjian LIFO pendekatan LIFO
persediaan penjualan
Keunggulan
khusus
LIFO
Kesalahan Kelemahan LIFO
persediaan

Chapter
8-3
 Persediaan

Klasifikasi
Inventory/Persediaan adalah:
Aktiva yg tersedia utk dijual, atau
Aktiva yg akan digunakan dlm proses produksi.

Businesses with Inventory:

atau
Dagang Manufaktur

Chapter
8-4 LO 1 Identify major classifications of inventory.
 Merchandising Company (Perusahaan Dagang)

Illustration 8-1
Classification

Hanya 1 rekening
Persediaan
Membeli barang
kemudian dijual
kembali

Chapter
8-5 LO 1 Identify major classifications of inventory.
 Manufacturing Company (Perusahaan Manufaktur)

Illustration 8-1
Klasifikasi
Tiga Rekening:
Raw materials
(Bahan Baku)
Work in process
(Barang dalam
proses)
Finished goods
(Barang Jadi)

Chapter
8-6 LO 1 Identify major classifications of inventory.
 Inventory Cost Flow
(Arus Biaya Persediaan)

Illustration 8-2

Chapter
8-7
 Inventory Cost Flow
(Arus Biaya Persediaan)

Perusahaan biasa menggunakan salah satu dari 2 sistem

pencatatan persediaan, yaitu— Sistem Perpetual atau
Chapter
Sistem Periodik.
8-8
 Inventory Cost Flow
Perpetual System

1. Pembelian persediaan di Debit ke rekening PERSEDIAAN.

2. Freight-in (Beban angkut pembelian) di Debit ke rekening Persediaan.
Purchase returns and allowances (Retur Pembelian) & purchase
discounts (Diskon pembelian) di Kredit ke rekening Persediaan.
3. Cost of goods sold (Harga Pokok Penjualan) di Debit dan Persedian di
Kredit setiap kali penjualan.
4. Buku pembantu persedian menunjukan jumlah & biaya utk masing-
masing persediaan yg dimiliki.

Chapter Sistem persediaan Perpetual menyediakan catatan yang

8-9
berkelanjutan dari Persediaan dan Harga Pokok Penjualan.
 Inventory Cost Flow
Sistem Periodik
1. Pembelian Barang Dagang di Debit ke rekening
Pembelian.
2. Persediaan akhir ditentukan dgn stock opname
(physical count).
3. Penghitungan HPP (Cost of Goods Sold):
Persediaan (Awal) $ 100,000
Pembelian (Bersih) 800,000
Brg tersedia utk dijual 900,000
Persediaan (Akhir) 125,000
HPP (Cost of goods sold) $ 775,000

Chapter
8-10 LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
 Inventory Cost Flow

Illustration: Fesmire Co. memiliki transaksi sbb selama

tahun berjalan:

Catatlah transaksi tsb dlm sistem Perpetual & Periodik!

Chapter
8-11 LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
 Inventory Cost Flow
Illustration: Illustration 8-4

Chapter Solution on
8-12 notes page LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
 Inventory Cost Flow

Illustration: Asumsikan pd akhir periode pelaporan,

berdasarkan catatan sistem perpetual, saldo persediaan
sebesar $4,000. sedangkan berdasarkan stock opname,
persediaan yg ada ditangan adalah $3,800. Ayat jurnal
pencatatan penurunan nilai persediaan adalah sbb:.

Inventory Over and Short 200

Inventory 200

Note: Inventory Over and Short adjusts Cost of Goods Sold. In practice,
companies sometimes report Inventory Over and Short in the “Other revenues
and gains” or “Other expenses and losses” section of the income statement.

Chapter
8-13 LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
 Inventory Issues

Inventory Control
• Semua perusahaan perlu melakukan verifikasi secara
periodik terhadap catatan persediaan dengan jumlah, berat,
ataupun pengukuran yang sebenarnya.
• Jumlah hasil perhitungan harus dibandingkan dengan catatan
persediaan yang rinci.
• Perusahaan harus menghitung persediaan fisik menjelang
akhir tahun fiskal mereka, untuk melaporkan jumlah
persediaan yang tepat dalam laporan akuntansi tahunan
mereka.
Chapter
8-14 LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
 Basic Issues in Inventory Valuation

Penilaian
Perusahaan harus dapat mengalokasikan biaya semua
persediaan barang yg tersedia utk dijual atau digunakan
diantara barang yg telah terjual/digunakan dgn barang
yang masih ada di tangan. Illustration 8-5

Chapter
8-15 LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
 Basic Issues in Inventory Valuation

Penilaian Persediaan memerlukan penentuan atas:

Barang Fisik yang harus dimasukkan dalam

persediaan (siapa yang memiliki barang? – barang
dalam perjalanan, barang konsinyasi, perjanjian
penjualan khusus)
Biaya-biaya yang harus diperhitungkan dalam
persediaan (biaya produk vs. Biaya periodik).
Asumsi arus biaya yang harus digunakan (FIFO,
LIFO, Average cost, Specific Identification, Retail,
etc.).

Chapter
8-16 LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
 Physical Goods Included in Inventory

Pembelian harus dicatat ketika hak legal atas barang

berpindah ke pembeli
Illustration 8-6

Chapter
8-17 LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
 Pengaruh Kesalahan Persediaan

Salah Saji – Persediaan Akhir

Illustration 8-7

The effect of an error on net income in one year (2009) will be

counterbalanced in the next (2010), however the income statement
will be misstated for both years.

Chapter
8-18 LO 3 Identify the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.
 Effect of Inventory Errors
Illustration: Jay Weiseman Corp. understates its ending inventory
by $10,000 in 2009; all other items are correctly stated.
Illustration 8-8

Chapter
8-19 LO 3
 Effect of Inventory Errors

Purchases and Inventory Misstated

Illustration 8-9

The understatement does not affect cost of goods sold and net
income because the errors offset one another.

Chapter
8-20 LO 3 Identify the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.
 Costs Included in Inventory

Product Costs (Biaya Produk) – biaya yg secara

langsung berhubungan dgn mengirimkan barang ke
pembeli dan biaya dlm mengubah bahan baku
menjadi barang jadi
Period Costs (Biaya Periodik) – Umumnya berupa
selling, general, & administrative expenses.
Purchase Discounts – Gross vs. Net Method

Chapter
8-21 LO 4 Understand the items to include as inventory cost.
 Costs Included in Inventory

Treatment of Purchase Discounts

Illustration 8-11

**

* $4,000 x 2% = $80 Solution on

** $10,000 x 98% = $9,800 notes page
Chapter
8-22 LO 4 Understand the items to include as inventory cost.
 Which Cost Flow Assumption to Adopt?

FIFO LIFO

Cost Flow Assumption Adopted

does not need to equal
Physical Movement of Goods

Average Cost Specific Identification

Answer: Method adopted should be one

that most clearly reflects periodic income.
Chapter
8-23
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
 Cost Flow Assumptions

Example
Young & Crazy Co. melakukan pembelian sbb:
1. 1 pc pada 2/2/11 for $10
2. 1 pc pada 15/2/11 for $15
3. 1 pc pada 25/2/11 for $20
Young & Crazy Co. menjual 1 persediaan pada 28/2/11
seharga $90. Berapa Harga Pokok persediaan akhirnya?
Berapa HPP nya?, asumsikan perusahaan menerapkan
FIFO, LIFO, Average Cost, & Specific Identification?
Asumsikan tarif pajak adalah 30%.

Chapter
8-24
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
 Cost Flow Assumptions
“First-In-First-Out (FIFO)”
Inventory Young & Crazy Company
Income Statement
Balance = $ 45 For the Month of Feb. 2011

Sales $ 90
Cost of goods sold 0
Purchase on Gross profit 90
25/2/11 for $20 Expenses:
Administrative 14
Selling 12
Purchase on Interest 7
15/2/11 for $15 Total expenses 33
Income before tax 57
Taxes 17
Purchase on Net Income $ 40
2/2/11 for $10
Chapter
8-25
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
 Cost Flow Assumptions
“First-In-First-Out (FIFO)”
Inventory Young & Crazy Company
Income Statement
Balance = $ 35 For the Month of Feb. 2011

Sales $ 90
Cost of goods sold 10
Purchase on Gross profit 80
25/2/11 for $20 Expenses:
Administrative 14
Selling 12
Purchase on Interest 7
15/2/11 for $15 Total expenses 33
Income before tax 47
Taxes 14
Purchase on Net Income $ 33
2/2/11 for $10
Chapter
8-26
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
 Cost Flow Assumptions
“Last-In-First-Out (LIFO)”
Inventory Young & Crazy Company
Income Statement
Balance = $ 45 For the Month of Feb. 2011

Sales $ 90
Cost of goods sold 0
Purchase on Gross profit 90
25/2/11 for $20 Expenses:
Administrative 14
Selling 12
Purchase on Interest 7
15/2/11 for $15 Total expenses 33
Income before tax 57
Taxes 17
Purchase on Net Income $ 40
2/2/11 for $10
Chapter
8-27
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
 Cost Flow Assumptions
“Last-In-First-Out (LIFO)”
Inventory
Balance = $ 25
Young & Crazy Company
Income Statement
For the Month of Feb. 2011

Sales $ 90
Cost of goods sold 20
Purchase on Gross profit 70
25/2/11 for $20 Expenses:
Administrative 14
Selling 12
Purchase on Interest 7
15/2/11 for $15 Total expenses 33
Income before tax 37
Taxes 11
Purchase on Net Income $ 26
2/2/11 for $10
Chapter
8-28
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
 Cost Flow Assumptions
“Average Cost”
Inventory Young & Crazy Company
Income Statement
Balance = $ 45 For the Month of Feb. 2011

Sales $ 90
Cost of goods sold 0
Purchase on Gross profit 90
25/2/11 for $20 Expenses:
Administrative 14
Selling 12
Purchase on Interest 7
15/2/11 for $15 Total expenses 33
Income before tax 57
Taxes 17
Purchase on Net Income $ 40
2/2/11 for $10
Chapter
8-29
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
 Cost Flow Assumptions
“Average Cost”
Inventory Young & Crazy Company
Income Statement
Balance = $ 30 For the Month of Feb. 2011

Sales $ 90
Cost of goods sold 15
Purchase on Gross profit 75
25/2/11 for $20 Expenses:
Administrative 14
Selling 12
Purchase on Interest 7
15/2/11 for $15 Total expenses 33
Income before tax 42
Taxes 12
Purchase on Net Income $ 30
2/2/11 for $10
Chapter
8-30
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
 Cost Flow Assumptions
“Specific Identification”
Inventory Young & Crazy Company
Income Statement
Balance = $ 45 For the Month of Feb. 2011

Sales $ 90
Cost of goods sold 0
Purchase on Gross profit 90
25/2/11 for $20 Expenses:
Administrative 14
Selling 12
Purchase on Interest 7
15/2/11 for $15 Total expenses 33
Income before tax 57
Taxes 17
Purchase on Net Income $ 40
2/2/11 for $10
Chapter
8-31
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
 Cost Flow Assumptions
“Specific Identification”
Inventory Young & Crazy Company
Income Statement
Balance = $ 45 For the Month
Depends whichof one
Feb. is
2011
sold
Sales $ 90
Cost of goods sold 0
Purchase on Gross profit 90
25/2/11 for $20 Expenses:
Administrative 14
Selling 12
Purchase on Interest 7
15/2/11 for $15 Total expenses 33
Income before tax 57
Taxes 17
Purchase on Net Income $ 40
2/2/11 for $10
Chapter
8-32
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
 Cost Flow Assumptions
Financial Statement Summary
FIFO LIFO Average
Penjualan $ 90 $ 90 $ 90
Harga Pokok Penjualan 10 20 15
Gross profit 80 70 75
Beban Operasi:
Adm. 14 14 14
Penjualan 12 12 12
Bunga 7 7 7
Total 33 33 33
Laba sebelum pajak 47 37 42
Pajak 14 11 12
Net income $ 33 $ 26 $ 30

Inventory Balance 35 25 30
Chapter
8-33
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
 Cost Flow Assumptions

Illustration: Call-Mart Inc. had the following transactions

in its first month of operations.

Calculate Goods Available for Sale

Beginning inventory (2,000 x $4) $ 8,000
Purchases:
6,000 x $4.40 26,400
2,000 x 4.75 9,500
Goods available for sale $43,900
Chapter
8-34 LO 5
 Specific Identification
Illustration: Assume that Call-Mart Inc.’s 6,000 units of inventory
consists of 1,000 units from the March 2 purchase, 3,000 from the
March 15 purchase, and 2,000 from the March 30 purchase.
Compute the amount of ending inventory and cost of goods sold.
Illustration 8-12

Solution on
Chapter
notes page
8-35
 Average Cost
Weighted-Average Illustration 8-13

Chapter Solution on
8-36 notes page
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
 Average Cost

Moving-Average
Illustration 8-14

In this method, Call-Mart computes a new average unit

cost each time it makes a purchase.

Chapter Solution on
8-37 notes page
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
 First-In, First-Out (FIFO)

Periodic Method Illustration 8-15

Determine cost of ending inventory by taking the cost of the most recent
purchase and working back until it accounts for all units in the inventory.

Chapter Solution on
8-38 notes page
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
 First-In, First-Out (FIFO)

Perpetual Method
Illustration 8-16

In all cases where FIFO is used, the inventory and cost of goods sold
would be the same at the end of the month whether a perpetual or
periodic system is used.

Chapter Solution on
8-39 notes page
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
 Last-In, First-Out (LIFO)

Periodic Method Illustration 8-17

The cost of the total quantity sold or issued during the month comes
from the most recent purchases.

Chapter Solution on
8-40 notes page
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
 Last-In, First-Out (LIFO)

Perpetual Method
Illustration 8-18

The LIFO method results in different ending inventory and cost of goods
sold amounts than the amounts calculated under the periodic method.

Chapter Solution on
8-41 notes page
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions
used to account for inventories.
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Chapter
8-42