MONERA : BACTERIA

Tujuan Pembelajaran
• Melalui model pembelajaran discovery learning
yang dikombinasikan dengan project based
learning siswa dapat mengidentifikasi struktur,
cara hidup, reproduksi dan peran
bakteridalam kehidupan serta menyajikan
data tentang ciri-ciri dan peran bakteri dalam
kehidupanserta menunjukan teliti, jujur, dan
kerja sama.
 Kingdom Monera:
The Prokaryotes
Kata monera berasal dari bahasa
Yunani, moneres yang berarti
tunggal.

Kingdom Monera beranggotakan organisme prokariotik, yaitu sel

yang intinya tidak bermembran. Selnya sangat sederhana. Terdiri dari
dua devisi (ada yang memasukkan ke tumbuhan): Schizomycetes
atau BACTERIA, ada yang memasukkan ke FUNGI, dan
CYANOBACTERIA (ganggang biru).
Woese pada 1977 memberi nama Eubacteria and Archaebacteria,
dengan nama Bacteria & Archaea.
 Kingdom Monera:
The Prokaryotes

- Sel berinti tidak bermembran

- organel sel sederhana dan sedikit macamnya
- berdinding sel
- Satu sel (uniselluler) atau berkoloni
- Reproduksi vegetatif dengan cara membelah diri
BACTERIA
 DEFINISI MONERA

Katamonera berasal
dari bahasa Yunani,
moneres yang berarti
tunggal.
 Ciri-ciri Monera
• Monoselluler / uniseluller / bersel satu
• Prokarion / tidak memiliki membran inti /
karioteka
• Memiliki dinding sel
• Reproduksi vegetatif dengan cara
membelah diri
CONTOH MONERA
 BAKTERI

Bakteri berasal dari bahasa

Yunani, bacterion yang berarti
batang kecil.
 Lanjutan
• Bakteri merupakan organisme uniseluller yang
hidup bebas dan terdapat dimana-mana.
• Bakteri pada umumnya tidak memiliki
klorofil.
• Reproduksi bakteri dapat melalui amitosis,
konjugasi, transformasi dan transduksi
• Memiliki dinding sel yang tersusun dari
senyawa peptidoglikan
 Struktur dasar sel bakteri

Sitoplasma

Ribosom

Nukleoid (DNA)
Membran plasma
Peptidoglikan
Dinding sel Membran luar

Kapsul
 Bakteri gram positif
dan struktur dinding selnya

Peptidoglikan

Membran
plasma

Sitoplasma

Dinding sel
Contoh: Bacillus subtilis

Membran sel
 Bakteri gram negatif
dan struktur dinding selnya

Kapsul
Membran luar
Peptidoglikan
Membran plasma

Sitoplasma

Contoh: Escherichia coli

 Bentuk-bentuk bakteri

a. Kokus (bulat); b. Basil (batang); c. Spiral

Coccus

Basillus
 Macam-macam Bentuk
Bakteri

Coccus

coccus diplococus streptococcus staphylococcus

Bacillus
bacillus diplobacillus steptobacillus

Spirillum
spirillum spirochete
 Struktur tambahan
pada sel bakteri

Endospora yang
sedang berkembang

Flagela. Pilus Endospora

a. Monotrik
b. Lofotrik e
c. Amfitrik
d. peritrik
 Contoh-contoh bakteri

Salmonella Camphylobacter jejuni

Streptococcus lactis
(racun makanan) (penyebab diare)
(keju)

Mycoplasma Thiomargarita
Escherichia coli
(bakteri terkecil) (bakteri terbesar)

Vibrio cholerae Clostridium tetani Thiocystis sp.

 PERANAN BAKTERI
a. menguntungkan
Bagaimana cara membuat Nata deCoco?
Bagaimana cara membuat pupuk organik?

b. merugikan
Apa saja nama penyakit dan nama
bakteri penyebabnya
Pembelahan biner pada bakteri
Sel induk

Penggandaan
materi genetik
dan pelekukan
dinding sel

Pembentukan
sekat dinding sel

Terbentuk sekat dinding

(pemisahan menjadi dua sel baru)
 Rekombinasi genetik
pada bakteri

Sel bakteri DNA bebas Bakteriofage Sel bakteri pertama

Plasmid
Infeksi fage
DNA diambil
Kromosom oleh sel Sel bakteri kedua
Pelepasan fage
Kontak
antara dua
Rekombinasi Reinfeksi sel;kopi
DNA ke dalam bakteri plasmid
kromosom baru dipindahkan

Dua sel yang

Sel Sel Mengandung
rekombinan rekombinan plasmid

Transformasi Transduksi Konjugasi

 TYPES OF BACTERIA

There are 2 different ways of grouping bacteria. They can be divided into 3 types
based on their response to gaseous oxygen. AEROBIC bacteria require oxygen for
their health and existence and will die without it. ANAEROBIC bacteria can't tolerate
gaseous oxygen at all and die when exposed to it. FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
prefer oxygen, but can live without it.

1. AEROBIC BACTERIA are bacteria that can grow and live in the presence of
oxygen. Example : Nitrosomonas. See the process below :
2NH3 + 3O2 2HNO2 + 2H2O + energy
ammonia nitrit

2. ANAEROBIC BACTERIA are bacteria that can not live or grow in the presence
of oxygen. Example : Lactobacillus bulgaricus. See the process below :
C6H12O6 2CH3.COOH.COOH + energy
sugar yoghurt
Another example : Clostridium tetani, etc.
 TYPES OF BACTERIA
The second way of grouping them is by how they obtain their energy. Bacteria that have to
consume and break down complex organic compounds are HETERO-TROPHS. This
includes species that are found in decaying material as well as those that utilize fermentation
or respiration. Bacteria that create their own energy, fueled by light or through chemical
reactions, are AUTOTROPHS.

1. A HETEROTROPH (Greek heteron = (an)other and trophe = nutrition) is a bacteria that

requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development.
2. An AUTOTROPH (in Greek eauton = self and trophe = nutrition) is an organism that
produces its own cell mass and organic compounds from carbon dioxide as sole carbon
source, using either : light or chemical compounds as a source of energy.
a. Use LIGHT as energy
Mention as Photoautotroph because they use light to change
anorganic compounds to organic compound. Examples: Bacteria-khrophyl
(contain green pigment), Bacterio-purpurin) contain violet, red, and yellow
pigments).
b. Use CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS as energy
Examples: Nitrosomonas (breakdown of NH3 to HNO2, water, & energy),
Nitrosococcus, Nitrobacter.
 THE USE OF BACTERIA

A. PROFITABLE BACTERIA :
1. Escherichia coli : produce vitamin K, life symbiotically in the large
intestine.
2. Rhizobium & Azotobacter : bonding nitrogen free from the air to
fertilize soil.
3. Acetobacter xylinium : nata de coco processing from coconut.
4. Acetobacter : vinegar processing.
5. Lactobacillus casei : cheese processing.
6. Streptococcus griceus : producing antibiotic Streptomycin.
7. Lactobacillus bulgaricus : yoghurt processing.
8. Pseudomonas denitirificans : vitamin B-12 processing.
 THE USE OF BACTERIA

B. HARMFUL BACTERIA :
1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis : causing TBC disease.
2. Mycobacterium leprae : causing Lepra disease.
3. Treponema pallidum : causing syphilis disease.
4. Gardnerella vaginalis : causing vaginosis in human.
 STERILIZATION
STERILE means free from bacteria or other harmful substances.
Sterilization is needed to prevent bacterial infection. Expose directly to the
air can cause contamination.

A. Tools sterilization :
1. Heat in the oven 2 hours at temperature of 170-180 oC.
2. Steam 1 hour at temperature of 100 oC.
3. Sterilize in the autoclave (temperature can reach 121 oC, air pressure
15 atm/cm2, 15 minutes).

A. Food sterilization :
1. Heat in the oven 2 hours at temperature of 170-180 oC.
2. Steam 1 hour at temperature of 100 oC.
3. Sterilize in the autoclave.
4. Ozonisation by ozon (O3) : mineral water.
 FOOD PRESERVATION
Preservation is needed to prevent penetration (invasion) of bacteria into
the food. If food is being preserved by appropriate preservation method,
the bacteria inside the food can not be grown.
Food can be preserved without sterilization.

Methods in food preservation :

1. Salted : salted fish, salted egg, etc.
2. Sugared : syrup, soy sauce, etc.
3. Acided : pickles, jam, etc.
4. Dried (reduce water content) : dried fruit, instant powder milk, etc.
5. Pateurized (70 oC): pasteurized milk, etc.
6. Chilled : fresh milk, vegetables, fruit, cake, (whole food), etc.
7. Frozed : frozen meat, frozen fruit, frozen milk, frozen shrimp, etc.
8. Artificial food preserved : benzoic acid, etc. What about Formalin?
 Contoh Cyanobacteria

Gleocapsa Nostoc
Anabaena
 lipoprotein

peptidoglikan

Peptido
glikan
protoplasma
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