Rekayasa Perkerasan Jalan

Overview

Bahan perkerasan jalan

Perkerasan jalan adalah segala jenis material konstruksi yang dihampar dan dipadatkan di atas lapisan tanah dasar Konstruksi perkerasan jalan:
Perkerasan lentur/flexible pavement
Agregat, sebagai tulangan Aspal, sebagai pengikat

Perkerasan kaku/rigid pavement

Agregat, sebagai tulangan Semen, sebagai pengikat

Uji terhadap bahan:

Jenis bahan Keadaan fisik bahan Kualitas bahan

 Konstruksi jalan:
Tanah dasar, merupakan tanah yang dipadatkan, baik dari hasil galian maupun timbunan.tanah dasar memberi bentuk jalan Lapis pondasi, terdiri dari lapisan pondasi atas dan pondasi bawah. Distribusi beban dan kekuatan struktur ditentukan pada lapisan ini Lapis permukaan, merupakan lapisan yang kontak langsung dengan beban (roda kendaraan). Sudah termasuk lapis aus. Lapisan ini harus kuat, juga stabil dan memiliki daya tahan yang cukup kuat.

Contoh konstruksi perkerasan lentur

Contoh konstruksi perkerasan lentur

Bahan Agregat

Siklus Batuan
Batuan Sedimen

Pemadatan Sementasi Kristalisasi

Sedimentasi
Pemindahan (Transport) Erosi Pelapukan

Pelapukan Sempurna

Metamorfosis

Batuan Metamorf

Batuan Beku

Tanah

Pendinginan Pemanasan Magma

Pemilihan Agregat
Agregat yang akan digunakan sebagai bahan perkerasan jalan tergantung dari : tersedianya bahan setempat mutu bahan bentuk/jenis konstruksi yang digunakan

Pemeriksaan/penelitian laboratorium
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Ukuran dan gradasi (size and grading) Kekerasan/keausan (toughness) Ketahanan terhadap pelapukan (soundness) Daya pelekatan terhadap aspal (affinity for asphalt) Bentuk butir (shape) Susunan/bentuk permukaan (surface texture) Daya absorpsi (absorption) Kebersihan (cleaness) Berat jenis (specific gravity)

Penggolongan Agregat Berdasarkan Gradasi

a. Agregat bergradasi pekat/rapat (densegraded) b. Agregat bergradasi renggang/terbuka (open graded) c. Agregat bergradasi seragam (single size/uniform graded) d. Agregat bergradasi halus (fine graded) e. Agregat bergradasi celah (gap-graded)

Contoh Grafik Gradasi

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
0,01 0,1 1 No. Saringan 10 100
% Lolos

Bentuk Agregat

i.Rounded; ii. Irregular; iii. Angular; iv. Flaky; v. Elongated; vi. Flaky and Elongated

Alat Uji Agregat

Aggregate Crushing Machine

Aggregate Impact Machine

Alat Uji Agregat

Los Angeles Abrasion Test

Alat Uji Agregat

Alat Pengukur Kepipihan Agregat

Alat Pengukur Kelonjongan Agregat

Bahan Aspal

Definisi:
Asphalt is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most crude petroleums and in some natural deposits. It is most commonly modeled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and maltenes as the continuous phase (though there is some disagreement amongst chemists regarding its structure). In U.S. terminology, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside North America, the product is called bitumen.

Wikipedia
Asphalt is a dark brown-to-black cement-like material obtained by petroleum refining and containing bitumens as the predominant component. Bitumen is a generic term for natural or manufactured black or dark-colored solid, semisolid, or viscous cementitious materials that are composed mainly of high-molecular weight hydrocarbons. The term includes tars and pitches derived from coal. Asphalt is used primarily for road construction and roofing materials due to its remarkable waterproofing and binding properties. The hard surfaces of roads, for example, depend on the ability of asphalt to cement together aggregates of stone and sand.

Encyclopedia of Earth

Klasifikasi Aspal
Berdasarkan Sumber Dan Penggunaannya
Aspal Keras atau Aspal Panas (AC, asphalt cement) Aspal Buatan (petrolueum asphalt) Asphaltic Base Crude Oli Parafin Base Crude Oli Mixed Base Crude Oli

Aspal Cair (cut back) Rapid Curing (AC+benzene) Medium Curing (AC+kerosene) Slow Curing (AC+minyak berat)
Aspal Emulsi (AC+air+asam/basa) Cathionic/Anionic Rapid Setting Cathionic/Anionic Medium Setting Cathionic/Anionic Slow Setting

ASPAL Aspal Alam (Native Asphalt) Lake Asphalt (Trinidad Lake) Rock Asphalt (Perancis, Swiss, Pulau Buton)

Klasifikasi Aspal
Menurut AASHTO
Nilai Penetrasi Berdasarkan Nilai Penetrasi
min Penetrasi (25C, 100 gr, 5 detik) Titik Nyala (Cleveland Open), C Daktilitas (25C, 5 cm per menit) Kelarutan pada trichloroethele, % Kehilangan berat, % Penetrasi setelah kehilangan berat Daktilitas setelah kehilangan berat 40 232 100 99 58 40-50 max 50 0.8 min 60 232 100 99 54 50 60-70 max 70 0.8 85-100 min 85 232 100 99 50 75 max 100 1.0 120-150 Min 120 218 100 99 46 100 max 150 1.3 200-300 min 200 177 100 99 40 100 max 300 1.5 -

Berdasarkan Nilai Viskositas

Viskositas, 60C (140F), poises

Nilai Viskositas
AC-2.5
250 50

AC-5
500100

AC-10
1000 200

AC-20
2000 400

AC-30
3000600

AC-40
4000 800

Viskositas, 135C (275F),Cs, Min Penetrasi (25C, 100 gr, 5 detik) Titik Nyala (C) Kelarutan pada trichloroethene, % Kehilangan Berat, %

125 220

175 140

250 80

300 60

350 50

400 40

163
99.0 -

177
99.0 1.0

219
99.0 0.5

232
99.0 0.5

232
99.0 0.5

232
99.0 0.5

Penyulingan Aspal Buatan

Skema Analisis
Menentukan Struktur Hidrokarbon Aspal

Pengujian-Pengujian Karakteristik Aspal

1. Pengujian Penetrasi 2. Pengujian Daktilitas 3. Pengujian Titik Lembek 4. Kepekaan Aspal terhadap Perubahan Suhu 5. Pengujian Viskositas 6. Pengujian Titik Nyala dan Titik Bakar 7. Pengujian Berat Jenis 8. Hilang dalam Pemanasan 9. Penyulingan Aspal Cair 10. Kadar Air dalam Minyak Bumi dan Bahan yang Mengandung Bitumen 11. Kelekatan Aspal dalam Batuan

Alat Pengujian Aspal

Pengujian Penetrasi

Alat Pengujian Aspal

Pengujian Titik Lembek Ring and Ball

log PEN (dmm)

log PEN = AT + K

log PEN T2 log PEN T1

T1

T2

T (oC)

Hubungan Suhu dan log Pen Aspal

log Viskositas (cSt) log (280 30) log (170 20)

Suhu pemadatan

Suhu pencampuran

Suhu (oC)

Hubungan Suhu dan Viskositas Aspal

Temperature Susceptibility
Persamaan dasar:

logP = AT + K
A = (log pen T1 log pen T2)/(T1 T2) A = (log pen T1 log 800)/(T1 SP) A 0,015 sampai 0,06 Persamaan PI:

50 A = (20 PI)/(10 + PI)

?
PI = (1952 500 log pen 20SP)/(50log pen SP 120)

Alat Pengujian Aspal

Pengujian Daktilitas Aspal

Cetakan Benda Uji dalam Pengujian Daktilitas

Alat Pengujian Aspal

Percobaan Titik Nyala dengan Alat Cleveland Open Cup

Alat Pengujian Aspal

Percobaan Hilang dalam Pemanasan dengan Alat Thin Film Oven

Alat Pengujian Aspal

Percobaan Penyulingan Aspal Cair

Jenis Aspal vs Penggunaan

Asphalt Cements Viscosity Graded -Original Type of Construction Viscosity Graded -Residue Penetration Graded Emulsified Asphalts 9 Anionic Cationic Cutback-Asphalts Medium Curing (MC) 8 Rapid Curing (RC) 8

MS-2h, HFMS-2h

MS-1, HFMS-1

MS-2, HFMS-2

AR-16000

HFMS-2s

AR-8000

AR-4000

AR-2000

AR-1000

CMS-2h

120-150

200-300

CMS-2

CRS-2

CSS-1

85-100

AC-40

AC-20

AC-10

60-70

AC-5

RS-1

RS-2

SS-1

CSS-1h

AC-2.5

CRS-1

SS-1h

40-50

3000

Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures Asphalt Concrete and Hot Laid Plant Mix Pavement Base and Surfaces Highways Airports Parking Areas Drivewas Curbs Industrial Floors Blocks Groins Dam Facings Canal and Reservoar Linings Cold-Laid Plant Mix 10 Pavement Base and Surfaces Open-Graded Aggregate Well-Graded Aggregate Patching, Immediate Use Patching, Stockpile Mixed-in-Place (Road Mix) 10 Pavement Base and Surfaces Open-Graded Aggregate Well-Graded Aggregate Sand Sandy Soil Patching, Immediate Use Patching, Stockpile Recycling Hot-Mix Cold-Mix 10 Asphalt-Aggregate Applications Surface Treatments Single Surface Treatment Multiple Surface Treatment Aggregate Seal Sand Seal Slurry Seal Asphalt Applications Surface Treatments Fog Seal Prime Coat Tack Coat Dust Laying Mulch Membrane Canal and Reservoar Linings Embankment Envelopes Crack Fillings Asphalt Pavements Portland Cement Concrete Pavements
1 2 3 4 Mixed-in Prime Only Diluted with water Slurry mix Rubber asphalt compounds

X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

X X

X7

X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

X7

X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

X X

X7

X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X

X X

X X X X X X

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

X X X X X X

X5 X16 X X5

X2 X1 X2 X2 X2

X2 X1 X2 X2 X2

X1 X

X2 X1 X2 X2

X2 X1 X2 X2

X X

X X

X X X X

X X

X X

X3 X3 X4 X4 X4

X3 X3

5 Diluted with water by the manufacturer 6 MS-2 only 7 For use in cold climates

8 Before using MC's for spray applications (other than prime coats) check with local pollution control agency 9 Emulsifed asphalts shown are AASHTO and ASTM grades and may not include all grades produced in all geographical areas 10 Evaluation of emulsified asphalt-aggregate system required to determine the proper grade of emulsified asphalt to use

3000
X

250

800

250

800

30

70

70

Spesifikasi Bitumen (Japan Road Association)

Penetration Grade Penetration (25oC, 100g, 5 sec) Softening Point
o

60 - 80 60 80 44.0 52.0 100

80 - 100 80 100 42.0 50.0 100 0.3 80 110 0.6 50 99.5 260 1.000

100 - 120 100 120 40.0 50.0 100 0.5 75 99.5 210 (3)

120 - 150 120 150 38.0 48.0 100 0.5 70 99.5 210 -

C (1) % (2) (1)

Ductility (15oC) min. cm Loss on Heating maz. % Retained Penetration after Heating min. Penetration Ratio adfter Heating maz. %

0.3 80 110 0.6 55 99.5 260 1.000

Loss of Weight after Thin Film Oven Test maz. % Solubility in Carbon Tetrachloride min. % Flash Point (Cleaveland) min.
o

Retained Penetration after Thin Film Oven Test min. % C

Specific Gravity (25oC/25oC) min. Note : 1) 2) 3) 4)

In some cases, the test will be resulted in weight increase. Penetratio n after heating withou any stirring of the sample Penetration ratio after heating (%) = Penetratio n after heating on the sample thoroughly stirred It is desirable for asphalts having more than 47.5oC softening point, percentage of retained penetration exceeds 80. As for asphalts of penetration grade 60 80 and 80 100, it is necessary to inform the Kinematic-viscosity measurement results at the temperature of 120 oC, 140oC, 160oC and 180oC respectively. For the penetration grades 100 120, 120 150, not only the viscosity-temperature relationship the specific gravity temperature relationship is also needed.

Karakteristik Campuran

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 1

1a. Gradasi Menerus (skematis)
Proporsi

Grafik Komulatif

Grafik

Ukuran Butir

Ilustrasi Setting

Ilustrasi Gradasi

- Prinsip Interlocking - Sifat Kaku - Kebutuhan Aspal Sedang

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 2

1b. Gradasi Menerus (ilustrasi visual)

Potongan campuran

Bentuk Briket Marshall

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 3

2a. Gradasi Senjang (skematis)
Proporsi

Grafik Komulatif

Grafik

Ukuran Butir Ukuran yang hilang

Ilustrasi Setting

Ilustrasi Gradasi

- Prinsip Suspensi Mortar - Sifat Lentur - Kebutuhan Aspal Tinggi

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 4

2b. Gradasi Senjang (ilustrasi visual)

Potongan campuran

Bentuk Briket Marshall

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 5

3a. Gradasi Seragam (skematis)
Proporsi

Grafik Komulatif

Grafik
Dominasi Ukuran

Ukuran Butir

Ilustrasi Setting

Ilustrasi Gradasi

- Prinsip Max Tekstur Makro - Sifat Kasar - Kebutuhan Aspal Khusus

Gradasi vs Sifat Perkerasan 6

3b. Gradasi Seragam (ilustrasi visual)

Permukaan campuran

Bentuk Briket Marshall

Rongga dalam Campuran 1

Ilustrasi Umum
0
Wtotal

Rongga Aspal Agregat

Vr = Vtotal (Vy + Vx) Vy = Y/(SGaspal x air) Vtotal

Y X Berat

Vx = X/(SGagregat x air)

Volume

Rongga dalam Campuran 2

VMA, VIM, VFB/VFA
Rongga
VIM

Aspal

Kadar VMA Aspal

VFB

Absorbed

Agregat

Specific Gravity 1
Apparent & Bulk SG
0
Wtotal

Water-permeable Pores
Water-impermeable Pores Solid Aggregate

Vp Vi
Vtotal

Ws Weight

Vs Volume

SG Apparent = Ws / ((Vs + Vi) x water) SG Bulk = Ws / ((Vs + Vi + Vp) x water)

Specific Gravity 2
Apparent, Bulk & Effective SG
Apparent SG: Rongga Permeable diisi bitumen sebanyak air yang bisa mengisinya Bulk SG: Rongga Permeable tidak terisi bitumen sama sekali

Effective SG: Rongga Permeable terisi bitumen sebanyak bitumen yang bisa mengisinya

Specific Gravity 3
Effective SG
0
Wtotal

Bitumen-permeable Pores
Bitumen-impermeable Pores Solid Aggregate

Vb Vc
Vtotal

Ws Weight

Vs Volume

SG Effective = Ws / ((Vs + Vc) x water) SG Effective = (Apparent SG + Bulk SG)/2

Perhitungan Proporsi
By Weight
Proporsi Agregat
Berat Agregat Berat Campuran Selisih Berat Agregat dan Campuran Berat Aspal

By Volume
SG Agregat
Berat agregat Volume Agregat

Proporsi Agregat, Aspal dan Rongga Volume Campuran

Proporsi Aspal
Volume Aspal

SG Aspal
Berat aspal

Daur Ulang Perkerasan

Perkerasan Daur-ulang
Perbaikan terhadap struktur perkerasan lentur pada prinsipnya mencakup: pelapisan ulang (overlaying), daur-ulang (recycling) dan rekonstruksi (reconstruction). Material dari perkerasan yang rusak (deteriorated) yang dikenal sebagai Perkerasan Aspal yang Diundang Kembali atau Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), sebagian atau seluruhnya digunakan pada konstruksiDigelar baru. &
Diambil + RAP Material Segar Aspal + Agregat

dipadatkan

1: Eksisting

2: Pengambilan

3: Pencampuran

4: Penghamparan Kembali

Jenis Proses Daur-ulang

Hot in-Place Recycling (Daur-ulang Panas di Lokasi) Cold in Place Recycling (Daur-ulang Dingin di Lokasi) Hot Central Plant Recycling (Daur-ulang Panas di Kilang) Cold Central Plant Recycling (Daur-ulang Dingin di Kilang)

Hot in-Place Recycling

Daur-ulang Panas di Lokasi

Sumber: Lebuhraya Malaysia (2005)

Cold in-Place Recycling

Daur-ulang Dingin di Lokasi

Sumber: EDP Consultant, USA (2006)

Hot Central Plant Recycling

Daur-ulang Panas di Kilang
Surge Hopper Main Unit

RAP Feeding

Drum Mixer

Sumber: Fujian South Highway Machinery Co., Ltd., Japan (2006)

Cold Central Plant Recycling

Daur-ulang Dingin di Kilang

Sumber: Public Work Deparment, Malaysia (2005)

Kelebihan Perkerasan Daur-ulang

Mempersingkat gangguan yang dirasakan pengguna Konservasi kebutuhan energi Preservasi kondisi lingkungan Memperkecil biaya konstruksi Konservasi kebutuhan material dasar (agregat dan aspal) Preservasi geometri perkerasan eksisting