1. DENY P
2. RACHMAT
3. SURYA
4. LINGGAR
5. FAWZI
6. LUTHFY
7. SUNU
8. DIMAS
9. RIWI
10.BAYU
11.YUSUF
12.IAN
MASUK
MAIN MENU
Shielded Metal Arc
Welding
Upset Welding
Capacitor Discharge
Stud W
High Frequency
Welding
Resistance Spot
Welding
Projection Welding
Electroslag &
Electrogas W
Resistance Seam
Welding
Submerged Arc
Welding
Flash Welding
Thermite Welding
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Laser
Beam W
Gambar 1.1 PROSES SMAW
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Kekurangan:
Sulit dalam pelatihan dan keterampilan
pengelasan
Ketika penggantian saat pengelasan akan
merupah hasil penmgelasan
Membersihkan berulang-ulang dengan
menggunakan kawat las jika terak yang terjai tidak
sempurna
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Datar
Vertikal
Horizontal
overhead
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Beam W
Gambar 1.2 LOGAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Busur
Terlindung
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
1.
2.
3.
Pengelasan
Pengelasan
Pengelasan
Pengelasan
Pengelasan
Pengelasan
Pengelasan
Pengelasan
Baja
Baja paduan tinggi
Baja tahan karat
Besi cor
Paduan nikel
Tembaga
1.3 PEMEGANG
Paduan tembaga Gambar
ELEKTRODA SMAW
alumunium
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Membaca elektroda:
Jenis
Kekuatan tarik
Mesin las yang digunakan
Posis pengelasan
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Jenis elektroda
Posisi pengelasan
Menentukan bentuk kampuh
Ketebalan benda kerja
Keterampilan juru las
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
D 4013
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Beam W
Gambar 1.4 DEPOSISI RATE VERSUS AMPERE Untuk berbagai
elektrodes
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Welding grafitasi
Elektroda khusus dengan lapisan berat yang
dipertahankan dalam kontak dengan benda kerja
dengan berat dari pemegang elektroda dan elektroda.
Setelah proses ini dimulai, terus secara otomatis sampai
elektroda telah dibakar untuk suatu tulisan rintisan
pendek, dimana braket dan pemegang elektroda secara
otomatis ditendang untuk memecahkan busur.
Pengelasan petasan
Merupakan metode otomatis dengan logam lasan
yang terlindung busur dibuat menggunakan elektroda
panjang dengan elektrik nonconductive coating.
Umumnya diposisikan dalam posisi datar.
Elektroda yang digunakan 1 m (39 inci) panjang dan
memiliki diameter inti dari 5 mm, 6, atau 8 (0,20,
0,24, atau 0,32 inci)
Lihat
gambar. . .
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Laser
Beam W
Gambar 1.5 PENGUMPAN GRAVITASI
Digunakan pada kapal subassemblies
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
aplikasi
SMAW
umumnya
dibatasi
untuk
menyelamatkan operasi atau pekerjaan perbaikan
bawah air.
Pengelasan bawah air dapat dibagi menjadi dua
kategori utama:
las di lingkungan basah
penyebab kualitas rendah: panas, visibilitas juru las,
dan adanya hidrogen di atmosfir busur las selama
pengelasan.
las di tempat yang kering lingkungan.
Proses SMAW sangat tidak populer untuk pengelasan
di lingkungan kering, karena jumlah besar asap dan
asap diproduksi. Udara yang bergerak yang luas,
penyaringan, dan sistem pendingin harus digunakan
ketika proses SMAW ini. , gas-tungsten dan proses
las busur busur logam las gas telah luas digunakan
dalam aplikasi pengelasan kering.
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Laser
Beam W
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Thermite W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Karbondioksida
Argon
Semprot Transfer penggunaan arus searah
dengan elektroda positif.
Arus transisi proporsional dengan diameter
elektroda.
penetrasi dapat dipengaruhi oleh medan
magnet.
Stud Arc W
Resistance
Spot W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Projection
W
Thermite W
Gambar 2.2 CARA TRANSFER PROSES GMAW
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Gambar 2.4 bagian-bagian GUN GMAW berpendingin udara
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Gambar. 6 tipe spool-on-gun dengan penutup torch untuk menunjukkan
terdapat pull-jenis unit sistem
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Pertimbangan Keamanan
Proses GMAW, seperti semua proses las busur
terbuka, memiliki sejumlah potensi bahaya :
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Laser
Beam W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Pada
las
elektroda
terumpan,akan
mengeluarkan gas yang melindungi logam yang
di las dari pengaruh udara luar
Karena
menggabungkan
produktivitas
pengelasan kontinyu dengan fluks, Proses ini
memiliki beberapa keunggulan dibandingkan
dengan proses las lainnya,yaitu:
Tingkat deposisi yang tinggi, TERUTAMA
UNTUK OUT-OF-POSISI LAS
tidak membutuhkan tenaga las ahli
lebih mudah digunakan dari pada las lainya
penetrasi lebih dalam
Lebih tahan karat
Namun
juga
mempunyai
beberapa
kekurangan,yaitu:
ada terak
gas dan asap yang di timbulkan banyak
komponenya lebih banyak dan rumit
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Gambar 3.2 las mig semi otomatis
baja yang ringan, SEPERTI UNTUK AISI 1010 1030, ASTM A 36, A
285, A 515, DAN 516
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Beam W
Gambar 3.3 flux-cored electrode manufacturing
Bahan
process selubung datar pertama kali dibentukmenjadi
bentuk "U". Bahan inti dituangkan ke dalam ini "U" pada
tingkat yang diinginkan. Selubung tersebut kemudian
ditutup sekitar
bahan inti untuk membentuk tabung bulat. Diameter
tabung ini kemudian dikurangi, biasanya dengan rolling,
bahan inti elektroda kemudian disesuaikan dengan
ukuran yang dapat digunakan untuk pengelasan
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Pengantar
GAS-TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING (GTAW), juga dikenal
sebagai HeliArc, tungsten gas inert (TIG), dan busur
tungsten pengelasan, dikembangkan pada akhir 1930-an
ketika kebutuhan untuk mengelas magnesium meningkat.
Russell Meredith mengembangkan proses pengelasan
menggunakan gas helium inert dan elektroda tungsten
untuk sekering magnesium. Metode ini digunakan untu
membangun pesawat dengan komponen aluminium dan
magnesium. Pengelasan HeliArc semakin hari telah
mengalami banyak perbaikan dan perubahan nama,
tetapi dengan tidak ada perubahan yang fundamental
yang ditunjukkan oleh Meredith
Suhu leleh yang diperlukan untuk las bahan dalam
proses GTAW diperoleh dengan mempertahankan busur
antara tungsten paduan elektroda dan benda kerja . Suhu
leleh bisa mendekati 2500 C (4530 F). sebuah lembam
gas menopang busur dan melindungi logam cair dari
kontaminasi udara luar. Para gas inert argon biasanya,
helium, atau campuran helium dan argon.
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Flash W
Upset W
Keuntungan
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
penetrasi rendah
memerlukan ketelitian tinggi dari tukang las
kurang ekonomis
berbahaya bagi lingkungan
kontaminasi bias timbul dari kebocoran
pendingin
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
DI
LOGAM
DASAR
kampuh
pengelasan
digunakan untuk menghasilkan underbead yang
halus.
biasanya bagian yang terpisah dari
materi,. Underbead halus dapat diproduksi
dalam suatu sistem mekanis atau secara
manual proses ini membutuhkan tukang las
yang sangat terampil . kampuh dapat diperoleh
dari konfigurasi yang berbeda Tujuan adalah
untuk memasukkan logam pengisi preplace
pada akar sendi. Sisipan dengan komposisi yang
berbeda dari yang logam dasar dapat
digunakan untuk meningkatkankekuatan las
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Thermite W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
PORSES PAW
Proses PAW dapat digunakan dalam dua mode
operasi yang berbeda, sering digambarkan sebagai
modus meleleh-in dan lubang kunci modus.
Mencair-dalam-modus mengacu pada materikan
renang yang mirip dengan yang biasanya terbentuk di
las busur gas tungsten (GTAW)proses, di mana sebagian
berbentuk mangkuk dari bahan benda kerja yangberada
di bawah busur meleleh.
Dalam modus lubang kunci, busur sepenuhnya
menembus material benda kerja, membentuk sebuah
lubang nominal konsentris, atau lubang kunci, melalui
ketebalan.
Proses PAW menggunakan tiga mode saat ini:
1. Microplasma (mencair-dalam mode),
2. Mediumcurent plasma (mencair-dalam mode),
3. Lubang kunci plasma (modus lubang kunci).
Kategorisasi ini terutama didasarkan pada tingkat
las saat ini.
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Gambar 5.1
Plasma arc
welding
process,
showing
constriction of
the arc by a
copper nozzle
and a
Keyhole
through the
plate
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Laser
Beam W
Gambar 5.2 tipikal untuk peralatan las plasma arc
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
BAHAN
MILD STEEL
PLASMA
GAS
shielding gas
ARGON
ARGON
ARGON-2-5% H2
PADUAN RENDAH
ARGON
ARGON baja
Austenitik
STAINLESS STEEL
ARGON
ARGON-2-5% H2
HELIUM
PADUAN NIKEL
NIKEL
ARGON
TITANIUM
ARGON
ARGON ARGON
75HE-25AR (A)
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
ALUMINIUM dan
ARGON paduan
aluminium
ARGON
ARGON
HELIUM
Plasma MIG
W
Tembaga dan
paduan tembaga
ARGON
ARGON ARGON
75HE-25AR (A)
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Resistance
Spot W
ARGON
ARGON-2-5% H2
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Gambar 5.3 konfigurasi untuk LEMBAR LAS PLASMA DAN KOMPONEN Tubular
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Gambar 5.4 lubang kunci KONDISI LAS PLASMA UNTUK Prefabrikasi PIPA
JENIS DI 304L/316L STAINLESS STEEL
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Gambar 5.5 lereng tipikal
untuk kontrol pola arus
pengelasan gas lancar dan
kapan memulai plasma
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Pengantar
Memanfaatkan apa yang dianggap sebagai
elektroda nonconsumable, terbuat dari karbon atau
grafit, untuk membentuk busur antara dirinya dan
baik benda kerja atau yang lain elektroda karbon.
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
RECOMMENDED
CURRENT
RANGES FOR
CARBON AND
GRAPHITE
ELECTRODES
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Gambar 6.1 tipikal untuk pengaturan dan satu-elektroda las elektroda twinkarbon arc
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Jika baja cocok untuk pengelasan dengan gaslogam las busur, fluks-buang biji las busur, las
busur logam terlindung, atau gastungsten las
busur, prosedur dapat dikembangkan untuk
mengelas baja dengan SAW (Ref 6). Keterbatasan
utama adalah SAW ketebalan plat dan posisi.
Karena SAW adalah masukan panas tinggi dan
proses deposisi tingkat tinggi, umumnya digunakan
untuk
las tebal-bagian baja. Meskipun pengelasan 1,6
mm (1,16 masuk) baja tebal adalah mungkin, SAW
kebanyakan dilakukan di atas piring lebih dari 6,4
mm (1,4 masuk) di ketebalan.
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Gambar 7.4 klasifikasi sistem untuk elektroda paduan baja rendah dan fluks
yang digunakan dalam saw aplikasi
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
F X X X -E C X X X N - X N H X :
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1.menunjukkan fluks SAW
2menunjukkan kekuatan tarik minimum logam las
dengan fluks
3.menunjuk kondisi perlakuan panas
4.menunjukkan suhu yang lebih rendah di mana
kekuatan dampak dari logam las tersebut di atas
atau melebihi meels
5. menunjukkan elektroda
6.menunjukkan bahwa elektroda elektroda
komposit
7,8,9.menunjukkan klasifikasi dari elektroda yang
digunakan dalam memproduksi logam las
10,12. N digunakan hanya ketika catatan kaki (c)
berlaku tabel 3 dan 4
11. menunjukkan komposisi kimia dari logam las
yang diperoleh dengan fluks dan elektroda
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Proses
pengelasan stud arc
welding hampir
sama dengan
proses pengelasan
SMAW hanya saja
pada proses ini
tidak digunakan
elektroda tetapi
material yang akan
disambung
ditempelkan
langsung ke
holder(stang las)
dan disinggungkan
ke benda kerja
lainnya maka akn
menimbulkan busur
dan kedua benda
akan tersambung
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Tabel 8.1 STUD-WELDING PROCESS
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Gambar 8.2 TIPE POWER TERPADU/ SISTEM PENGENDALIAN
UNTUK WELDING STUD ARC
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
W
Carbon Arc
W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
W
Carbon Arc
W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
W
Carbon Arc
W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Laser
Beam W
TABEL 8.2 GAS UNTUK ARUS LAS ALUMINIUM STUD ARC
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Beam W
TABEL 8.3 PENGATURAN STUD WELDING TIPIKAL
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Resistance
Spot W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Projection
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Dengan kancing
berdekatan, cengkeraman
kaki kadang-kadang
dimodifikasi sehingga
setelah pengelasan awal
pada pusat-meninju lokasi,
kaki dapat diletakkan pada
referensi untuk las
berikutnya atau yang
berdekatan pada jarak
yang dibutuhkan. Sebuah
portabel senapan dapat
dipasang pada slide mesin
atau tekan bor dengan
fabrikasi (Gambar 14)
dalam kasus-kasus di
mana produksi jumlah
tidak sinkron dengan biaya
peralatan otomatis.
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Gambar 8.13 Perlengkapan
las busur yangDILENGKAPI
DENGAN LAS kancing
MELALUI ATAU KE lubang
yang dibor ATAU DIBENTUK
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
W
Carbon Arc
W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Gambar 8.17
TIPIKAL KAKIEXTENSION
AKSESORI
UNTUK LAS
PANJANG
kancing
(SAMPAI 1,83
M, ATAU 6 FT).
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Laser
Beam W
Gambar. 19 pengujian torsi
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Thermite W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
Kerugian
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Laser
Beam W
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Gambar 10.1 Skema dari
peralatan Las MIG Plasma
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
KEUNTUNGAN
Keuntungan dari proses plasma-MIG adalah tingkat
deposisi dan sambungan dengan tingkat kelulusan
yang
lebih
tinggi
daripada
proses
GMAW
konvensional.
Kontrol independen dari plasma busur dan saat ini ke
filler kawat mengarah untuk mengendalikan lebih dari
deposisi logam. Kemampuan ini dapat menghasilkan
peningkatan produktivitas dan fleksibilitas yang baik
untuk mengontrol panas dan karakteristik masukan
dalam pengelasan busur baik dan permukaan
operasi. Kontrol yang baik dari pengenceran dicapai
dengan menjalankan sistem tanpa daya yang
digunakan untuk filler kawat.
Stabilitas transfer logam meningkat, dibandingkan
dengan proses GMAW konvensional. Tindakan
pembersihan dari hasil busur plasma di porositas
yang lebih rendah dalam paduan aluminium,
dibandingkan dengan konvensional GMAW proses.
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection Welding
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Resistance
Spot W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Projection
W
Thermite W
Projection Welding
PROSES KERJA LAS PROYEKSI
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection Welding
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection Welding
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Gambar 12.3 Proyeksi pengelasan pelat baja tipis (<0,50 mm, atau
0,020 inci) berbeda secara signifikan dari pengelasan proyeksi
lembar sedang. Dimana proyeksi lembar sedang dalam satu-titik
proyeksi menjadi mekanis yang stabil.
Carbon Arc
W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Submerged
Arc W
Flash W
Beam W
Gambar 12.4 Pengelasan baut. Kriteria khusus untuk desain proyeksi baut
las, serta kondisi pengolahan yang tepat, tidak mapan.
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
Gambar 13.2Posisi roda elektroda relatif tepat di bagian yang dilas pada
mesin las resistansi titk.
Carbon Arc
W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
Carbon Arc
W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Flash Welding
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Carbon Arc
W
Projection
W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Flash Welding
Proses Penggunaan
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Flash Welding
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Flash Welding
Kontrol dan Peralatan Bantu
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Flash Welding
Sumber Daya
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Sumber yang paling umum dari tukang las listrik untuk fase
tunggal arus bolak-balik (ac), pengelasan transformator
KVA dinilai pada siklus kerja 50%.
Konversi dari AC ke DC :
Jika saat ini permintaan yang sangat besar diperlukan dan
fase tunggal yang memadai sumber ac tidak tersedia, maka
ac ke dc konversi digunakan menggunakan transformator
fase tiga / penyearah. sistem penyearah sering digunakan
adalah tiga-fasa setengah gelombang dan tiga-fasa
gelombang penuh jenis. Dalam praktek yang sebenarnya,
tidak ada perbedaan dapat dilihat dalam lasan yang
dihasilkan oleh kedua sistem penyearah.
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Upset Welding
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Gambar 15.1
Contoh upset
Welding
Upset Welding
Keuntungan
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Upset Welding
Keterbatasan
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Upset Welding
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Projection
W
Penggunaan
Flash W
Carbon Arc
W
Resistance
Seam W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Gambar 16.1 manufaktur
menggunakan las frekuensi
tinggi
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Laser
Beam W
Gambar 17.1 menunjukkan las elektron-beam
yang dilakukan pada tekanan ruang las sekitar
3 Pa (2 10-2 torr)
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Gambar 17.2 komponen utama
menunjukkan sebuah kepala las
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Ketiga mode tersebut menggunakan senapan elektronbeam / kolom, pembangkit tenaga dengan kontrol, satu
atau lebih sistem pompa vakum, dan bekerja-penanganan
peralatan. Meskipun dalam pengelasan nonvacuum benda
kerja tidak ditempatkan dalam sebuah ruang kerja yang
terevakuasi. berkas elektron gun / kolom harus di
lingkungan vakum. Electron gun di semua tiga mode
diadakan pada tekanan 13 MPa ( torr) atau kurang, jika
tidak, tegangan tinggi yang diperlukan untuk percepatan
electron tidak bisa dipertahankan.
peralatan las Elektron-beam datang dalam dua desain
dasar: (1) sistem tegangan rendah, yang menggunakan
mempercepat tegangan dalam kisaran 15 sampai 60 kV,
dan (2) sistem tegangan tinggi, dengan tegangan
mempercepat dalam kisaran 100 sampai 200 kV.kekuatan
beam hingga 100 kW yang tersedia dengan baik peralatan
tegangan tinggi dan tegangan rendah.Semakin rendah
tegangan,mesin beroperasi pada arus yang lebih tinggi.
Biasanya, 30 sampai 60 kV mesin beroperasi pada 500 mA
balok. Tegangan tinggi 150 kV dari mesin beroperasi pada
40 mA
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
(A) PERMUKAAN
DENGAN BENTUK
bola FLAT TIPIKAL
BAHAN PRM
RENDAH.
(B) KARAKTERISTIK
PERMUKAAN
DANGKAL dan
melemahkan bebas
DARI BAHAN PRM
TINGGI. ANGKA
DALAM GAMBAR
IDENTIFIKASI
DAERAH KHUSUS:
()stagnasi DAERAH
ALIRAN;
()LAPISAN
PERMUKAAN
DAERAH
PERBATASAN;
()WILAYAH
POJOK
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Peralatan pengolahan
Solid-State optik Laser. Mayoritas berdenyut dan
Nd: YAG laser solid-state yang digunakan untuk
aplikasi microwelding. Gelombang kontinyu CO2
(komersial tersedia sampai dengan 25 kW, atau 34
hp) dan Nd: YAG (komersial tersedia sampai
dengan 2,4 kW, atau 3,2 hp) versi terutama
digunakan untuk pengelasan penetrasi yang
dalam. Tabel 2 memberikan kemampuan laser
digunakan untuk pengelasan. Khas spesifikasi yang
tersedia secara komersial Nd: YAG laser fitur:
Hingga 400-600 (0,5-0,8 HP) kekuatan rata-rata
dengan kekuatan puncak mencapai 8-10 kw (810 HP)
Berdenyut lebar dari 250 MS
Tingkat berdenyut 400 pulses per second (PPS)
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Beam W
Gambar 18.4 TYPICAL
CONSTRUCTION OF A
PULSED OPTICALLY
PUMPED ND: YAG SOLIDSTATE LASER
A) Pandangan depan
B) Pandangan belakang
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Beam W
Gambar 18.6
Gambar 18.7
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Laser
Beam W
Gambar
18.8
diagram
alir
menunjukkanPERANGKATDIGUNAKANUNTUK
EKSTRAKSIPANASCOOLSebuahLASERaliran aksialCEPAT.
SUMBER:REF55
yang
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Robotika.Peralatan
robotsekarang
tersediayang
dapat
diintegrasikandengan
laseruntuk menyediakan pengirimanbalok ke
benda
kerja.Selain
itu,
hampirsetiap
workstationmultiaxisatau single-sumbudapat
diintegrasikandengan
laseruntuk
mengarahkanbalokuntuk benda kerja.
Ergonomis.Penggunaan
yang
tepat
darilasersebagaialat
mesinmembutuhkan
pengetahuan
dasaroptik.Pengetahuan
tentangoptik
sifatseperti
distribusispasialbalok,kedalaman
fokus,dan
panjang
gelombangsangat
pentinguntuk
pengolahanBBLR.Buku
teks
harus
berkonsultasi untukmembuat operatorakrab
dengandasar-dasarfisika laser dan optik.
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Bahayasinar laserlasberbedasecara
substantifdari bahayayang dihadapi
dalamteknikpengelasanlainnya
Bahaya yang tidak nampak, dan
personilberpengalamandapat menderitacedera
permanensebelum adanyakondisi
berbahayadiakui.
Untukalasan ini,American National
StandardsInstituteANSIZ136.1spesifikasi ,"Aman
PenggunaanLaser"(edisiterbaru),mensyaratkan
bahwa setiapfasilitasmenggunakan
lasermenunjukindividu
sebagai"petugaskeamanan laser. Individu
iniharus akrabdengan laserkeselamatandan
ANSIZ136.1.Petugasharus memantau
penggunaanlaser untuk memastikan kepatuhan
terhadapprakteklaser yangaman
danpersyaratanANSI. karena
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Semualaser yangdigunakan
untukpengelasanmenggunakantegangantinggi
mampumenimbulkankejutan listrikyang
mematikan. Oleh karena itu,pemeliharaan
harusdilakukanoleh personel yangakrab dengan
prosedur keselamatantegangan tinggi.
Pengendaliankinerja laserbiasanya
membutuhkanswitchingkapasitor. Terisolasiswitch
yang tidakmengekspospersonil untuk
konduktorlistriklebih
disukai.Jikaberalihmembutuhkanbekerja
padabus bar,prosedur yang tercantum di
atasharus diikuti, dan
penggunaanalatberisolasiharus
dipertimbangkan.Kebocoranair pendingintidak
dapat diterima,terutama ketikalistrik dan
barispendinginanberbagipusaryang sama.
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Setiapsinar
lasermampupengelasanlogamjugadapat
menyebabkankerusakan mataserius.
Eksposurkulit
Jika kulit terkenasinarutamajelas
dapatmengakibatkanluka bakartermaldan
harusdicegah denganlengkap danpelatihan operator.
Bahaya Kimia
Pengelasan lasermenghasilkan asaplogammirip
denganproses welding lainnya,dan bahayanya
sebagian besar tergantung pada komposisilogamdilas.
Ventilasidiperlukan untukmemenuhi standar
OSHAdan Konferensi Pemerintahan dan Industri
Higienis Amerika (ACGIH).
Asapatau uap berbahayajuga dapat dihasilkanketika
laser energi disimpan dalam bahanyang tidak
diinginkan atau tidak sesuai.
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Terutamaditerapkanuntukpenggabunganbajaden
gan ketebalanlebih dari 50mm (2inci),
pengelasan
electroslag(ESW)melibatkanmasukanenergi yang
tinggidibandingkan denganproses welding
lainnya,sehinggasifat mekanikpada
umumnyarendah,ketangguhankhususlebih
rendahdari zonapanasterpengaruh(HAZ).
Namun, tingkatdeposisitinggi dan biayayang
relatif rendahdari proses membuatnya menarik
untukstrukturberat fabrikasi.Sifatsebagai-dilas
darilaselectrogas(EGW), biasanyaditerapkan
untukbajadi bawah 50mm(2inci),yang
umumnyaunggul daripadalaselectroslag,dan
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Adalahprosesperpaduanlasvertikaldenganmemproduksi
terak cairyang melelehkanlogampengisi dan
permukaanpekerjaan yang akandilas.
Terbatas olehsepatupendinginan,kotoran
cairterlindung olehterakcair,yang
bergeraksepanjangpenampangpenuhbersama sebagai
pengelasan berlangsung.
Terakkonduktifdipertahankandalam kondisi cair
denganketahanan melewati arus listrikantaraelektroda
danpekerjaan (Ref1).ESWdapat dianggap titik leleh
progresif danproses pengecoran dimana panas fluks cair
digunakan untuk melelehkanlogam pengisidan
tepipelatyang akan dilas.Busur listrikterjadi hanyapada
awalproses,dan setelah cair,busurdipadamkan.Selama
prosestersebut,fluksditambahkansecara berkala
atauterus menerus untukmempertahankan terakyang
memadaimencakup lebih darikolamlogam cair.Dua atau
lebih sepatu mempertahankan memeganglogam cairdi
tempatsampai telah dipadatkan.
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
KondisiAruspanas.Pengelasanelectroslagsangat
mirip dengandalam casting situ,dengan volumebesar
logamcair dankontenpanas tinggi.Bila dibandingkan
dengan proseslasbusurlainnya,
laselectroslagmemiliki siklustermalpanjang
denganlaju pendinginansangat
lambat.Laselectroslag umumnya mengkonsumsi
ratusankilo-jouleper inci,dibandingkan dengan10
sampai 40kJ/mm(250-1000kJ/ dalam.)Ditemukan
dalam las busurpaling. (Gambar1)
menunjukkansiklustermalkhas darilaselectroslag
dibandingkan denganlasbusurdaridilas.Sebagai
konsekuensidari pengalaman termal,
solidifikasilogam las sangat lambat, sehinggadalam
struktur pemadatan kasar primer.Panas yang
diserapke dalamlogam dasar juga
menciptakanHAZsangat besar(Gambar2).
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Beam W
Gambar 19.1
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Gambar 19.2
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Keseimbanganpanasdiagram
darilaselectroslagkhas (Gambar3)
menggambarkan bahwa sekitar60%panas
yangdiserap oleh workpart, dekat
dengan25%daritotalpanasdikeluarkan
dalampencairanelektroda,dan sekitar10%panas
yang digunakan untuksuperheatlogam
cair(Ref3).Jumlah panas yangdiekstraksioleh
sepatupendinginanbervariasi,tergantungpada
ketebalanpiring danpada
kondisipengelasan.Dalampengelasanpelat baja
tebal90mm,kurang dari 10%
panasdariterakcairdan kolam
renanglogamditransfer
kesepatupendinginan.Dalam pelattipis,
bagaimanapun, pendinginan
sepatumemainkanperan yang lebihsignifikan
dalamkeseimbangan panas.
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Beam W
Gambar19.3
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Beam W
Gambar
19.4distribusi
suhudihitung
dariweldmentelectroslag
yangmenunjukkan bidang suhu tiga dimensidalamterak,pool logam,dan
logam dasar.Semua suhudalamKelvin.
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Gambar
19.5Distribusi
suhu
isometrik
tiga
dimensi
dalam
weldmentelectroslag memungkinkanpeningkatan visualisasidari profil
suhu.
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Gambar 19.6Diagram
jarak
kawat
untuk
beberapa elektroda las
elektroslag
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
ElektrodaESW
Berbagai teknik ESW tersedia, tergantung pada
jenis elektroda dan mekanisme
pengumpanannya.Elektroda dapat menjadi kawat
padat, tabung fluks-buang biji kabel, elektroda besar
padat, dan elektroda buang besar.Pemandu atau
saluran dapat habis atau nonconsumable.Metode
konvensional menggunakan
nonconsumable panduan (juga dikenal sebagai
snorkel), yang dipertahankan sekitar 50 sampai 75
mm (2,0-3,0 in) di atas fluks cair.Dalam hal ini,
kepala makan mobile digunakan dan dibangkitkan
secara vertikal untuk mencocokkan kecepatan
perjalanan kawah las.Jika mekanisme makan
elektroda stasioner, maka nosel akan "dikonsumsi,"
menjadi bagian dari logam las saat itu dicapai
dengan kolam terak.Dengan demikian, bahan yang
digunakan dalam panduan habis kimia umumnya
cocok komposisi elektroda atau logam dasar.
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Beam W
Gambar 19.8elektroda
terpilih dan petunjuk
(nosel) digunakan di las
electroslag.(A)Tabung
fluk
single.(B)Klaster
dari
batang
ditempelkan.
(C)fluk
mencakupnozzle
wing.(D)fluk mencakup
wing
atau
webdua
tabung nozzle.
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Beam W
Gambar 19.12
skematismekanismeproyeksimenunjuk
kanpe
adatancrackingdalamweldmentelectros
lag
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Keuntungan
kecepatan las, ukuran, viskositas, dan tegangan
permukaan dari kolam pengelasan dapat dikontrol.
OFW dapat digunakan untuk bergabung dengan
lembaran logam tipis, tabung berdinding tipis, pipa
kecil
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Gas
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Thermite W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Laser
Beam W
Gambar 20.2 Penampang Pembakar
1.Kepala saluran
5 .mulut pipa semprot
2.Saluran/ruang Oksigen
6. Saluran spiral pipa semprot
3. Asetilena
7. Ruang pencampur gas
4.Nozzle Nut (pipa semprot)
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Tahap 1
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Tahap 2
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Laser
Beam W
Gambar 20.3 Macam macam
Nyala api pada las asitelin
Api asitelin
Api karburasi
Api Reduksi
Api Netral
Api Oksidasi
Api Pembagi
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
Gambar 20.5
Carbon Arc
W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Thermite W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Gambar
20.6
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Pengelasan pipa
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
W
Carbon Arc
W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
W
Carbon Arc
W
Submerged
Arc W
Stud Arc W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Pada
pekerjaan
pengelasan
memperbaiki
banyak, bagian yang harus dibangun kembali
pada kontur tertentu atau dimensi memerlukan
dukungan untuk mendukung logam las. Karbon
pasta, yang dapat dicetak, atau karbon piring,
yang dapat dengan mudah mesin, dapat
digunakan untuk dukungan personil yang sama,
peralatan, dan gas yang diperlukan untuk
operasi ini dapat digunakan untuk OFW. . Ujung
persiapan
untuk
pengelasan
perbaikan
umumnya menggunakan pemotongan V untuk
mengekspos logam yang bersih turun ke akar
sendi.
Alur
harus
cukup
besar
untuk
memungkinkan ruang untuk manipulasi dari
obor dan batang las.
Projection
W
Resistance
Seam W
Flash W
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Laser
Beam W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Thermite W
Thermite Welding
Shielded
Metal Arc W
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
W
Carbon Arc
W
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W
Gambar 21.1 carbon steel rail thermite weld. (A) macrostructure. (B)
weld material. 65. (C) fusionline area. 65. (D) heat-affected zone.
65. (E) unaffected rail area. 65
Projection
W
Gas Metal
Arc W
Resistance
Seam W
Flux Cored
Arc W
Flash W
Gas
Tungsten
Arc W Arc
Plasma
Upset W
W
Carbon Arc
W
High
Frequency
W
Electron
Beam W
Submerged
Arc W
Laser
Beam W
Stud Arc W
Electroslag
&
Electrogas
Oxifuel
Gas
W
W
Capacitor
Discharge
Stud W
Plasma MIG
W
Resistance
Spot W
Thermite W