http://www.arjournals.org/index.php/ijpm/index
Review
ISSN: 0975-0185
*Corresponding author:
Malleshappa N. Noolvi
Department of Natural Chemistry,
ASBASJSM College of Pharmacy,
Bela, Ropar, Punjab (India)140111
E-mail: mnoolvi@yahoo.co.uk
Bhanot
abhi82bhanot@gmail.com
Mo. No: +91 9417563874
+91 9878371275
Fax: +91 1881 263655.
Abstrak
Produk alami tetap menjadi sumber penting dari obat
baru, obat baru
lead dan entitas kimia baru. Pabrik penemuan obat
berdasarkan mengakibatkan terutama dalam pengembangan
agen antikanker termasuk tanaman (vincristine,
vinblastin, etoposid, paclitaxel, camptothecin,
topotecan dan irinotecan), organisme laut (citarabine,
aplidine dan dolastatin 10) dan mikro-organisme
(dactinomycin, bleomycin dan doxorubicin). Selain ini
ada banyak agen diidentifikasi dari buah-buahan dan
sayuran dapat digunakan dalam terapi antikanker. Para
agen meliputi kurkumin (kunyit), resveratrol (anggur
merah, kacang dan buah), genistein (kedelai), diallyl
sulfide (allium), S-allyl cysteine (allium), allicin
(bawang putih), likopen (tomat), capsaicin (merah
cabai), diosgenin (fenugreek), 6-gingerol (jahe), asam
ellagic (delima), asam ursolat (apel, pir, plum),
silymarin (milk thistle), anethol (adas manis, kamper,
dan adas), katekin (green teh), eugenol (cengkeh),
indole-3-carbinol (sayuran), limonene (buah jeruk), beta
karoten (wortel), dan serat makanan. Dalam ulasan ini
aktif prinsip yang berasal dari produk alami yang
menawarkan kesempatan besar untuk mengevaluasi tidak
hanya kelas yang sama sekali baru kimia agen antikanker,
tetapi juga senyawa timbal novel dan mekanisme
berpotensi tindakan yang relevan.
Kata kunci: Kanker, vincristin, vinblastin, buah,
sayuran.
Pengantar
Kanker terus menjadi salah satu penyebab utama
kematian di seluruh dunia dan hanya sedikit
kemajuan telah dibuat dalam mengurangi
morbiditas dan mortalitas penyakit ini [ 1 ] .
Kanker dapat disebabkan dalam satu dari tiga
cara, yaitu diet yang salah , predisposisi
genetik , dan melalui lingkungan . Sebanyak 95
% dari semua kanker disebabkan oleh gaya hidup
dan mungkin memakan waktu selama 2030 tahun untuk berkembang. Perkiraan arus dari
American Cancer Society dan dari International
Union Against Cancer menunjukkan bahwa
12 juta kasus kanker didiagnosis tahun lalu ,
dengan 7 juta kematian di seluruh dunia ; nomor
ini diharapkan dua kali lipat pada tahun 2030 (
27 juta kasus dengan 17 juta kematian ) [ 2 ]
.
Tanaman sebagai sumber agen anti kanker : Sejarah tanaman sebagai sumber
agen anti - kanker mulai dengan sungguhsungguh pada tahun 1950 dengan penemuan
dan pengembangan alkaloid vinca
( vinblastin dan vinkristin ) dan
isolasi podophyllotoxins sitotoksik .
Vinca alkaloid bertanggung jawab untuk
peningkatan tingkat kesembuhan untuk
penyakit Hodgkin dan beberapa bentuk
leukemia [ 12 ] . Vincristine menghambat
mikrotubulus perakitan , mendorong
asosiasi tubulin diri ke melingkar
spiral agregat [ 13 ] . Etoposid adalah
epipodophyllotoxin , berasal dari
tanaman mandrake podofilum peltatum dan
Status
Phase
III/IV
Phase
III/IV
Phase
III/IV
Phase III
Phase
II/III
Phase
II/III
10
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
Plant Species
Salvia officinalis
Viscum album
Combretum caffrum
Melaleuca alternifolia
Lavandula angustifolia
Aglaia foveolata
Maytenus serrata
Tabebuia impetiginosa
Tabebuia rosea
Tabebuia serratifolia
Dipteryx odorata
Thapsia garganica
Indigofera tinctoria
Matricaria chamomilla
Erythroxylum pervillei
Broussonetia papyrifera
Cyclopia intermedia
Scutellariae radix, Scutellariae indica
Physalis philadelphica
Dysoxylum binectariferum
Aristotelia chilensis
Cyathostemma argentium
Epimedium hunanense
Croton urucurama
Epilobium hirsutum
Pleione bulbocodioides
Cassia quinquangulata
Begonia glabra
Celastrus orbiculatus
Croton draco
Smilax sieboldii
Ximenia Americana
Family
Labiatae
Loranthaceae
Combretaceae
Myrtaceae
Labiatae
Meliaceae
Celastraceae
Bignoniaceae
Bignoniaceae
Bignoniaceae
Fabaceae
Apiaceae
Leguminosae
Asteraceae
Erythroxylaceae
Urticaceae
Fabaceae
Labiatae
Solanaceae
Meliaceae
Elaeocarpaceae
Annonaceae
Berberidaceae
Euphorbiacaeae
Onagraceae
Orchidaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Begoniaceae
Celastraceae
Euphorbiacaeae
Liliaceae
Olacaceae
Plant Part
Leaves
Leaves
Bark
Leaves
Leaves
Fruit
Seed
Stem bark and trunk wood
Stem bark and trunk wood
Stem bark and trunk wood
Seed
Fruit
Aerial part
Flower
Root
Entire
Leaves
Root
Seed
Stem bark
Leaf and Stem
Root
Aerial parts
Bark
Entire
Tuber
Root
Entire
Entire
Aerial parts
Entire
Root
References
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38,39]
[38,39]
[38,39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
[49]
[50]
[51]
[52]
[53]
[54]
[55]
[56]
[57]
[57]
[57]
[58]
[58]
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49
50.
51.
52.
53.
54
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
Maytenus emarginata
Sarcandra glabra
Salvia plebeian
Scutellaria barbata
Ocotea caparrapi
Caragana cuneata
Croton flavens
Euphorbia heterophylla
Echites vucatanensis
Thevetia ahouia
Thevetia gaumeri
Thevetia peruciana
Euphorbia ebracteolata
Dioscorea collettii
Juglans mandshurica
Maackia tenuifolia
Juncus acutus
Hedyotis chrysotricha
Arisaema erubescens
Leptadenia hastate
Viscum calcaratum
Aphanamixis polystachya
Pratia nummularia
Aeonium arboretum
Ocotea foetens
Maytenus canariensis
Sedum alboroseum
Euphorbia micractina
Euphorbia prolifera
Scirpus holoschoenus
Dillenia suffruticosa
Hypoxis rooperii
Inula linariaefolia
Ziziphus mauritiana
Adiantum macrophyllum
Thalictrum fabri
Scutellaria indica
Hypericum japonicum
Cyathea fauriei
Fissistigma oldhamii
Monnina obtusifolia
Coriolus versicolor
Melastoma malabathricum
Carapa guianensis
Swietenia humilis
Ficus pretoiae
Celastraceae
Choranthaceae
Labiatae
Labiatae
Lauraceae
Leguminosae
Euphorbiacaeae
Euphorbiacaeae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Euphorbiacaeae
Dioscoreaceae
Juglandaceae
Leguminosae
Juncaceae
Rubiaceae
Araceae
Asclepiadaceae
Loranthaceae
Meliaceae
Campanulaceae
Crassulaceae
Lauraceae
Celastraceae
Crassulaceae
Euphorbiacaeae
Euphorbiacaeae
Cyperaceae
Dilleniaceae
Hypoxiaceae
Compositae
Rhamnaceae
Pteridaceae
Ranunculaceae
Labiatae
Guttiferae
Cyatheaceae
Annonaceae
Polygalaceae
Polyporaceae
Melatomataceae
Meliaceae
Meliaceae
Moraceae
Entire
Entire
Aerial
Entire
Essential oil
Leaf
Leaf
Stem
Latex
Leaf and Stem
Leaf and Stem
Leaf and Stem
Aerial parts
Rhizome
Root
Root
Leaf
Entire
Root
Bark
Entire
Stembark
Entire
Leaf
Branchlets
Fruit juice
Entire
Entire
Latex
Inflorescence
Fruit
Tuber
Flowers
Stem bark and Fruit
Entire
Root
Root
Entire
Shoot
Stem
Aerial parts
Fruitbody
Flower
Seed oil
Seed
Sap
[59]
[60]
[61]
[62]
[63]
[64]
[65]
[65]
[65]
[65]
[65]
[65]
[66]
[67]
[68]
[69]
[70]
[71]
[72]
[73]
[74]
[75]
[76]
[77]
[77]
[78]
[79]
[80]
[81]
[82]
[83]
[84]
[85]
[86]
[87]
[88]
[89]
[90]
[91]
[92]
[93]
[94]
[95]
[96]
[97]
[98]
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
Croton lechleri
Aster amellus
Crassocephalum bojeri
Echinops grijisii
Adenium obesum
Ipomea batata
Uncaria tomentosa
Plantago asiatica
Phymatosorus diversifolium
Rabdosia rubescens
Salvia chinensis
Ganoderma lucidum
Euphorbia kansui
Echinops latifolius
Euphorbia marginata
Ligustrum lucidum
Phytolacca esculenta
Pinus parviflora
Dysosma pleiantha
Alnus japonica
Ruellia tuberose
Acacia xanthophloea
Lannea stuhlmannii
Maytenus obscura
Plicosepalus sagittifolius
Piper latifolium
Morinda citrifolia
Knema tenuinervia
Deeringia amaranthoides
Cynanchum hancoekianum
Azadirachta indica
Virola bicuhyba
Sempervivum armenum
Sempervivum arvense
Hippophae salicifolia
Hypoxis nyasica
Astragalus membranaceus
Maytenus macrocarpa
Cephalotaxus Harrington
Euphorbiacaeae
Compositae
Compositae
Compositae
Apocynaceae
Convolvulaceae
Rubiaceae
Plantaginaceae
Polydiaceae
Labiatae
Labiatae
Ganodermataceae
Euphorbiacaeae
Compositae
Euphorbiacaeae
Oleaceae
Phytolaccaceae
Pinaceae
Berberidaceae
Betulaceae
Acanthaceae
Leguminosae
Anacardiaceae
Celastraceae
Loranthaceae
Piperaceae
Rubiaceae
Myristicaceae
Amaranthaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Meliaceae
Myristicaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Elaeagnaceae
Hypoxiaceae
Leguminosae
Celastraceae
Cephlotaxaceae
Latex
Entire
Entire
Root
Leaf
Rhizome
Bark
Leaf
Root
Leaf
Entire
Fruitbody
Root
Root
Entire
Seed
Root
Strobilus
Root
Wood
Bark
Fruit
Root
Leaf
Branches
Leaf
Root
Stembark
Fruit
Entire
Leaf
Seed
Leaf
Leaf
Fruit
Rhizome
Root
Stembark
Entire
[99]
[100]
[101]
[101]
[102]
[103]
[104]
[105]
[105]
[106]
[107]
[108]
[109]
[110]
[111]
[112]
[113]
[114]
[115]
[116]
[117]
[118]
[118]
[118]
[118]
[119]
[119]
[120]
[121]
[122]
[123]
[124]
[125]
[125]
[126]
[127]
[128]
[129]
[130]
Source
Compound
Berries
-Cryptoxanthin
Licorice root Glycyrrhizin
Reference
[135]
[136]
Hemp
Rosemary
[137]
[138]
[139]
[139]
[140]
[141]
[141]
Cannabinol
Carnosol
Genistein
Soybeans
Genistein
Apricots
Carotenoids
Tuber
Gingerol
Tomato
Lycopene, Lutein,
Kaempferol
Piper nigrum; Piper longum, Family- Piperaceae Black pepper Purpurogallin;
Piperine
Ocimum sanctum, Family-Lamiaceae
Basil
Ursolic acid
Betula alba, Family- Betulaceae
Birch tree
Betulinic acid
Crocus sativus, Family- Iridaceae
Saffron
Carotenoids
Silymarin marianum, Family- Asteraceae
Milk thistle Silymarin
Capsaicum annum; Capsaicum frutens, Family- Red chilli
Capsaicinoids,
Solanaceae
Capsaicin
Camellia sinensis, Family- Theaceae
Green and
Catechin and
black teas
theaflavins
Vitis vinifera, Family- Vitaceae
Grapes
Resveratrol
Daucus carota sativus, FamilyCarrot
-Carotene
Apiaceae/umbelliferae
Tabebuia avellanedae, Family- Bignoniaceae
Lapacha tree Lapachone
Citrus aurantium, Family- Rutaceae
Orange
Hesperidin
Prunus dulcis, Family- Rosaceae
Almond
Morin
Aloe arborescens, Family- Asphodelaceae
Aloe vera
Emodin
Opium poppy, Family- Paparveraceae
Poppy
Morphine and its
analogues
Curcurbita moschata, Family-Cucurbitaceae
Pumpkin
-Carotene
Azadirachata indica, Family- Meliaceae
Neem
Polyphenolics
[142]
[143]
[144]
[146]
[147]
[148]
[149]
[150]
[151]
[31]
[152]
[153,154]
[155]
[157]
[158]
[159]
S.No.
1.
Compound
Aaptamine
Organism
Sponge
Chemistry
Alkaloid
2.
3.
Cortistatin A
Aplidine
Sponge
Ascidian
Alkaloid
Depsipeptide
4.
Bastadine 6
Sponge
Alkaloid
Penghambatan angiogenesis in
vitro dan in vivo melibatkan
apoptosis
5.
6.
Fucoxanthinol
Lamellarin D
Ascidian
Mollusk
Carotenoid
Alkaloid
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Mechanism of action
Induksi p21 dan G2 / siklus sel
Mmenangkap
Induction of apoptosis
ErbB3 protein and PI3K- Akt pathway
involved in necrosis induction
Clavulone II
Soft coral
Prostanoid
G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis
Geodiamolides
Sponge
Peptide
Disorganization of actin filaments
Ircinin-1
Sponge
Sesterterpene
G1 phase inhibition and apoptosis
induction
Laxaphycins A and Bacterium
Cyclic peptides Increased polyploidy by putative
B
topoisomerase II alterations
Leptosins C and F Fungus
Alkaloid
DNA topoisomerase I and II inhibition
and apoptosis induction
Onnamide A
Sponge
Polyketide
Protein synthesis inhibition
Philinopside A
Sea cucumber Saponin
Inhibition of angiogenesis and
receptor tyrosine kinases
Variolin B
Sponge
Alkaloid
Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases
and apoptosis induction
Aplidine
Ascidian
Depsipeptide
Induction of apoptosis with
concomitant G1 arrest and G2
blockage
Ascididemin
Ascidian
Alkaloid
Direct iminoquinone reduction and
reactive oxygen species generation
Cammbrescidin
Sponge
Alkaloid
Induction of eythroid differentiation
800
and cell cycle arrest
Dideoxypetrosynol Sponge
Fatty acid
Induction of apoptosis via
A
mitochondrial signaling pathway
Dolastatin 10
Mollusc
Peptide
Binds to amino-terminal peptide of tubulin containing cysteine
Girolline
Sponge
Alkaloid
Induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest
and p53 proteasome recruitment
Halichondrin B
Sponge
Macrolide
Induction of mitotic blockage and
analogues
derivative
apoptosis
Lissoclinolide
Ascidian
Fatty acid
G2/M cell cycle arrest
Neoamphimedine
Sponge
Alkaloid
Induction of topoisomerase II mediated catenation of DNA
Psammaplin A
Sponge
Alkaloid
25.
Alkylpyridinium
Sponge
Alkaloid
26.
Aeroplysinin
Sponge
Alkaloid
27.
Bryostatin-1
Bryozoan
Macrolide
28.
Cephaiostatin
Worm
Steroid
29.
Chondropsin A
Sponge
Macrolide
30.
Dehydrothrysiferol
Alga
Triterpene
31.
Diazonamide-A
Ascidian
Peptide
32.
33.
Dictyostatin
Dolastatin 11
Sponge
Mollusc
Polyketide
Peptide
34.
Ecteinascidin- 743
Ascidian
35.
GA3
polysaccharide
Hemiasterlin
analogue
Kahalalide F
Alga
Isoquinoline
alkaloid
Polysaccharide
Sponge
Tripeptide
Mollusc
Depsipeptide
Lamellarin D
omega-3 fatty
acids
Mollusc
Fish
Alkaloid
Fatty acid
36.
37.
38.
39.
Induction of microtubule
depolymerisation
Potent cytotoxicity and induction of
necrosis
Potent inhibition of topoisomerase I
--
17
S.No.
1.
2.
Compound
Actinomycin
Bleomycin
Microorganism
Streptomyces spp.
Streptomyces verticillus
3.
4.
Daunomycin
Doxorubicin
Streptomyces coeruleorubidus
Streptomyces Pneuceticus
5.
6.
7.
Epirubicin
Idarubicin
Mitomycin C
Streptomyces pneuceticus
Streptomyces Pneuceticus
Streptomyces caespitosus
8.
9.
10.
Geldanamycin
Rapamicin
Wortamannin
Streptomyces Hygroscopicus
Streptomyces hygroscopicus
Talaromyces wortmanni
Used in Cancer
Sarcoma and germ-cell tumors
Germ-cell, cervix and head and neck
cancer
Leukemia
Lymphoma, breast, ovary, lung and
sarcomas
Breast cancer
Breast cancer and leukemia
Gastric , colorectal, anal and lung
cancer
Experimental
Experimental
Experimental
19