a.

Nodule
Nodule juga disebut konkresi, biasanya terbentuk dalam sedimen setelah
pengendapan. Mineral-mineral yang sering terdapat pada nodul adalah
kalsit, dolomit, siderit, pirit, colophane dan kuarsa. Nodul kalsit, pirit dan
siderit diameternya bisa beberapa milimeter sampai beberapa sentimeter,
biasanya terdapat dalam batuan lumpur. Nodul chert biasanya terdapat
dalam batugamping, nodul kalsit dan dolomit kadang-kadang terdapat
dalam batupasir. Bentuk nodule bervariasi, bisa bulat, pipih, memanjang
dan bisa juga tidak teratur.

Gambar 16. Struktur setelah pengendapan berupa : Nodule (Concretion)

2.

Struktur sedimen asal jasad (Biogenic sedimentary structures)

Fosil

jejak

dapat

diinterpretasikan

aktifitas

binatangnya

yang

menyebabkan timbulnya struktur ini, tetapi sifat alami binatangnya sendiri sulit
untuk ditentukan karena organisme yang berbeda sering mempunyai cara hidup
yang sama. Suatu binatang dapat menghasilkan struktur yang berbeda tergantung
pada tingkah lakunya dan sifat sedimen seperti ukuran butir, kandungan air dan
sebagainya. Struktur buluh (burrow) biasanya dibuat oleh crustacea, anellid,
bivalve dan echinoid, sedangkan permukaan track dan trail dibuat oleh crustacea,
trilobite, annelid, gastropod dan vertebrata. Struktur yang agak mirip buluh
(burrow) dapat dihasilkan oleh akar tumbuhan, walapun yang terakhir sering
mengandung karbonat.

a.

Bioturbation
Bioturbation menunjukkan gangguan sedimen oleh organisme.

Gambar 17 & 18. Berupa : Struktur Bioturbasi (Bioturbation)

b.

Trace fossil (fosil jejak)

Fosil jejak adalah struktur sedimen yang dihasilkan pada sedimen

yang tidak terkonsolidasi oleh kegiatan organisme. Kelompok utama yang
terdapat pada permukaan lapisan dan permukaan bawah lapisan adalah
crawling, grazing (Jejak makan) dan resting (Jejak istirahat), sedangkan
yang terdapat dalam lapisan adalah struktur feeding (Jejak sedang mencari
makan) dan dwelling (Jejak menguni). Jejak merayap biasanya dihasilkan
oleh crustacea, trilobita dan annelid/Vertebrata seperti dinosaurus
meninggalkan cetakan kaki sebagai fosil jejak. Struktur biogenik ini
mempunyai pola terputar, meandering dan radial. Struktur menghuni
(Dwelling structure) adalah macam-macam buluh (burrow) dari bentuk
tebing tegak sampai hurup U, orientasinya bia tegak, mendatar atau miring
dengan perlapisan.

Gambar 19 & 20. Berupa : Burrow dan Grazing Trail

Inorganic Structure
Mechanical (primary)
Chemical
A. Bedding, geometry
1. Laminations
2. Wavy bedding

(secondary)
A. Solution structures

Organic Stucture
A. Petrifactions

1. Stylolites
2. Corrosion zones
3. Vugs, oolicasts,

B. Bedding internal
structures.
1. Cross bedding
2. Ripple bedding
3. Graded bedding
4. Growth bedding

and so on
B. Accretionary

B. Bedding (Weedia

structures.

and

1. Nodules

stromatolites)

2. Concretions

other

3. Crystal
aggregates
(spherulites and
rosettes)
4. Veinlets
5. Color banding
C. Composites

C. Bedding-plane
markings (on sole)
1. Scour or current
mark (flutes)
2. Tool
marks
(grooves

and so

on)

C. Miscellaneous

structures

1. Borings

1. Geodes

2. Tracks

2. Septaria
3. Cone in cone

trails
3. Cast & molds
4. Faecal pellets
and
coprolites

D. Bedding plane
markings (on
surface)
1. Wave and swash
marks
2. Pits

and

and

prints

(rain and so on)

3. Parting lineation

1. 40. Vugs: They are small to medium-sized cavities inside rock that may be
formed through a variety of processes. Most commonly cracks and
fissures opened by tectonic activity (folding and faulting) are partially filled by
quartz, calcite, and other secondary minerals. Vugs may also result when
mineral crystals or fossils inside a rock matrix are later removed through
erosion or dissolution processes, leaving behind irregular voids. Fine
crystals are often found in vugs where the open space allows the free
development of external crystal form.
2. 41. Nodules: In sedimentology and geology, a nodule is small, irregularly
rounded knot, mass, or lump of a mineral or mineral aggregate that typically
has a contrasting composition, such as a pyrite nodule in coal, a chert nodule
in limestone, or a phosphorite nodule in marine shale, from the enclosing
sediment or sedimentary rock. Minerals that typically form nodules include
calcite, chert, apatite (phosphorite), anhydrite, and pyrite.
3. 42. Concretions: A concretion is a hard, compact mass of matter formed
by the precipitation of mineral cement within the spaces between particles,
and is found in sedimentary rock or soil. Concretions are often ovoid or
spherical in shape, although irregular shapes also occur. There is an
important distinction to draw between concretions and nodules. Concretions
are formed from mineral precipitation around some kind of nucleus while a
nodule is a replacement body.
4. 43. Color Banding: They are formed in sedimentary rocks when some
variation occur in the mineral composition or due to the cementing material
present in the rock. Liesegang bands are colored bands of cement
observed in sedimentary rocks that typically cut-across bedding. These
secondary sedimentary structures exhibit bands of minerals that are arranged
in a regular repeating pattern. Frequent occurrence in sedimentary rocks,
rings composed of iron oxide can also occur in permeable igneous and
metamorphic rocks that have been chemically weathered.
5. 44. Biogenic sedimentary structures: Biogenic structures result from
bioturbation, the post-depositional disturbance of sediments by living
organisms. This can occur by the organisms moving across the surface of
sediment or burrowing into the first few centimeters.
6. 45. Tracks and trails: These features result from organisms moving across
the sediment as they walk, crawl, or drag their body parts through the
sediment.
7. 46. Molds: Reproduction of the inside or outside surface of a living thing.
Cast : Duplicate of the original organism; usually formed by replacement of
inside of living thing
8. 47. Crawling traces: trails, uncomplicated pattern linear Grazing traces:
more complicated surface trails, symmetrical or ordered pattern. Resting
traces: impression of where animal rested during life (but not a fossil mold).

9.

10.

11.

12.

Dwelling structures: simple to complex burrow systems, burrows can be

lined or small ball of mass. Feeding structures: simple to complex burrow
systems commonly with well organized and defined branching pattern
indicating systematic reworking of sediment.
48. Burrow Marks: Any organism that burrows into soft sediment can
disturb the sediment and destroy many of the structures. If burrowing is not
extensive, the holes made by such organisms can later become filled with
water that deposits new sediment in the holes. Such burrow marks can be
excellent top and bottom indicators.
49. Boring : A boring is any biogenic structure that involves erosion of an
already consolidated substrate by an organism; the process of forming a
boring by an organism is bioerosion.
50. Bioturbation: One of the agents of organic weathering, bioturbation is
the disturbance of the soil or sediment by living things. Bioturbation aids the
penetration of air and water and loosens sediment
51. Stromatolites: They are organically formed, laminated structures
composed of fine silt or clay-size sediment or, more rarely, sand-size
sediment. Most ancient stromatolites occur in limestones however, have
also been reported in siliciclastic sediments. They are organosedimentary
structures formed largely by the trapping and binding activities of blue-green
algae The laminated structure forms because fine sediment is trapped in
the very fine filaments of algal mats.