DR. IR. ERIZAL, MAGR.

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK SIPIL DAN LINGKUNGAN

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN
IPB
Why “klasifikasi tanah” ???
Nampak secara nyata bahwa tanah di permukaan
bumi kita ini sangat beragam (warna, tekstur,
struktur dll).
Maka...
Untuk membedakan tanah-tanah tersebut
diperlukan klasifikasi tanah.
 Tujuan Klasifikasi Tanah
1. Mengorganisasi atau menata tanah
2. Mengetahui hubungan individu tanah
3. Memudahkan mengingat sifat-sifat
tanah
4. Mengelompokkan tanah untuk :
- menaksir sifat
- penelitian
- mengetahui lahan2 yg baik
 Klasifikasi Tanah ada 2:
Klasifikasi Alami Klasifikasi Teknis
Didasarkan atas sifat Didasarkan pada
tanah yg dimiliki sifat-sifat tanah
tanpa yang mempengaruhi
menghubungkan dg kemampuan tanah
tujuan penggunaan untuk penggunaan-
tanah tersebut. penggunaan tertentu.
• Selanjutnya...........
....dalam pengertian sehari-hari, Klasifikasi
Tanah Alami dikenal dengan.........

KLASIFIKASI
TANAH
 Sistem Klasifikasi Tanah yang
ideal mampu mengelompokkan tanah
dalam satu kelas yang....
1. Isogenus
Tanah yg mpy genesis sama
2. Isomorf
Tanah yg mpy kenampakan yg sama
3. Isofungsi
Tanah yg mpy fungsi sama dlm lingk.
4. Isotropik
Tanah yg mpy lokasi yg sama
Macam “Sistem Klasifikasi Tanah”

1. Pusat Penelitian Tanah Bogor

2. FAO/UNESCO (1974)
3. USDA = Soil Taxonomy (USDA, 1975;
Soil Survey Satff, 1999; 2003).
 Sistem Klasifikasi Tanah
Pusat Penelitian Tanah Bogor
Sistem Klasifikasi Tanah yang digunakan
oleh Pusat Penelitian Tanah Bogor adalah
sistem yang dikembangkan oleh Dudal-
Soepraptohardjo (1957), sistem tersebut
sebenarnya mirip dengan sistem yang
berkembang di AS oleh Baldwin, Kellogdan
Thorp (1938) : Thorn dan Smith (1949)
dengan beberapa modifikasi.
Perkembangan selanjutnya...
Sistem menurut Dudal-Soepraptohardjo
(1957), terus disempurnakan sesuai
dengan Sistem AS yg baru(Soil
Taxonomy, 1975) dan dari USDA
terutama dalam :
Definisi jenis-jenis tanah (great group)
Macam tanah (subgroup)
Sistem Dudol-Soepraptohardjo Modifikasi 1978/1982 FAO/UENESCO USDA Soil Taxonomy
(1957-1961) (PPT) (1974) (1975 – 1990)
1. Tanah Aluvial Tanah aluvial Fluvisol - Entisol
- Inceptisol
2. Andosol Andosol Andosol Andisol
3. Brown Forest Soil Kambisol Cambisol Inceptisol
4. Grumusol Grumusol Vertisol Vertisol
5. Latosol - Kambisol - Cambisol - Inceptisol
- Latosol - Nitosol - Ultisol
- Lateritik - Ferralsol - Oxisol
6. Litosol Litosol Litosol Entisol (lithic Subgrup)
7. Mediteran Mediteran Luvisol Alfisol/inceptisol
8. Organosol Organosol Histosol Histosol
9. Podsol Podsol Podsol Spodosol
10. PodsolikMerah Kuning Podsolik Acrisol Ultisol
11. Podsolik Coklat Kambisol Cambisol Inceptisol
12. Podsolik Coklat kelabu Podsolik Acrisol Ultisol
13. Regosol Regosol Regosol Entisol/Inceptisol
14. Renzina Renzina Renzina Rendoll
Sistem Klasifikasi Tanah USDA (1975, 1999, 2003)
ORDO (ORDER)

SUBORDO (SUB-ORDER)

GRUP (GREAT GROUP)

SUB-GRUP (SUBGROUP)

FAMILY

SERI
 Akhiran Untuk
Nama Ordo Arti Asal Kata
Kategori Lain
Alfisol ALF Dari Al-Fe
Andisol AND Ando, tanah hitam
Aridisol ID Aridus, sangat kering
Entisol ENT Dari Recent
Gelisol EL Gelare, membeku
Histosol IST Histos, jaringan
Inceptisol EPT Inceptum, permulaan
Mollisol OLL Mollis, lunak
Oxisol OX Oxide, oksida
Spodosol OD Spodos, abu
Ultisol ULT Ultimus, akhir
Vertisol ERT Verto, berubah
ORDO

Ordo tanah dibedakan berdasarkan ada

tidaknya horison penciri serta jenis (sifat)
dari horison penciri tersebut.
Contoh :
Horison penciri : argilik,KB >35 % = ordo Alfisol
Horison penciri : argilik,KB <35% = ordo Ultisol
SUBORDO

Subordo tanah dibedakan perbedaan

genetik tanah, misal : ada tidaknya sifat2
tanah yg berhub.dg : air, kelembaban, bi,
vegetasi.
Khusus Histosol, sub ordo dibedakan
tk.pelapukan b.o. nya (febris, hemis,
safris)
Contoh :

Subordo : Udult
berasal dari Udus/udic = tanah yg
pernah lembab, singkatannya Ud.
Ud ditambah dg ordo Ultisol (disingkat
Ult), sehingga sub ordo = Udult
GRUP (GREAT GROUP)
Dibedakan berdasarkan perbedaan (1)jenis,
(2) tk.perkembg, (3) susunan horiz, (4) KB,
(5) kelembaban, (6) ada tidaknya lapisan2
penciri lain : plinthite, fragipan, duripan
Contoh : Grup Fragiudult
Lapisan tsbt memiliki lapisan padas
Fragipan mk disingkat fragi. Shg kata fragi
ditambah pd Sub ordo Udult , jadi...
Fragiudult.
SUBGRUP
Dibedakan berdsr : (1) sifat inti grup & diberi
nama Typic, (2) sifat2 tanah peralihan ke
grup lain, sub ordo lain atau ordo lain.
Contoh :
Subgrup : Aquic Fragiudult
tanah tsbt memiliki sifa peralihan ke sub
ordo Aquult, krn kadang2 adanya pgrh air,
shg tmsk sub grup Aquic
Family
Dibedakan berdsr sifat2 yg penting u/
pertanian atau teknik, (1) sebaran butir, (2)
mineral liat, (3) regim temperatur pd
kedlmn 50 cm.
Contoh : Aquic Fragiudult, berliat halus,
kaolonit, isohipertermik.
Penciri famili, susunan butir berliat halus &
jenis liat adl kaolinit, regim temperatur
isohipertemik (> 22° C dg perbedaan suhu
tnh musim panas & dingin <5°C)
Seri Tanah
Seri tanah menunjukkan nama lokasi tanah
tersebut pertama kali ditemukan.
Contoh :
Aquic Fragiudult, berliat halus, kaolonit,
isohipertermik,Sitiung
Sitiung : lokasi pertama kali ditemukan
tanah pada kategori seri tersebut.
 HORIZON PENCIRI
1. Epipedon
Horizon bagian permukaan (≠ horizon A),
mungkin lebih lebih tipis dari horizon A,
tetapi mungkin juga meliputi horizon B.

2. Endopedon
Horizon dibawah permukaan
ALFISOL

• The central concept of Alfisols

is that of soils that have an
argillic, a kandic, or a natric
horizon and a base saturation
of 35% or greater.
• They typically have an ochric
epipedon, but may have an
umbric epipedon. They may
also have a petrocalcic horizon,
a fragipan or a duripan.
 ANDISOLS

• The central concept of

Andisols is that of soils
dominated by short-range-
order minerals.
• They include weakly
weathered soils with much
volcanic glass as well as more
strongly weathered soils.
• Hence the content of volcanic
glass is one of the
characteristics used in defining
andic soil properties
 ARIDISOL
Aridisols is that of soils that are
too dry for mesophytic plants to
grow. They have either:
(1) an aridic moisture regime
and an ochric or anthropic
epipedon and one or more of
the following with an upper
boundry within 100 cm of the
soil surface: a calcic, cambic,
gypsic, natric, petrocalcic
petrogypsic, or a salic horizon
or a duripan or an argillic
horizon, or
(2)A salic horizon and
saturation with water within 100
cm of the soil surface for one
month or more in normal years.
 ENTISOLS
• The central concept of
Entisols is that of soils that
have little or no evidence of
development of pedogenic
horizons.
• Many Entisols have an ochric
epipedon and a few have an
anthropic epipedon. Many
are sandy or very shallow.
 GELISOLS

• The central concept of Gelisols is

that of soils that have permafrost
within 100 cm of the soil surface
and/or have gelic materials within
100 cm of the soil surface and have
permafrost within 200 cm.
• Gelic materials are mineral or
organic soil materials that have
evidence of cryoturbation (frost
churning) and/or ice segeration in
the active layer (seasonal thaw
layer) and/or the upper part of the
permafrost.
 HISTOSOLS
• The central concept of Histosols
is that of soils that are dominantly
organic. They are mostly soils
that are commonly called bogs,
moors, or peats and mucks.
• A soil is classified as Histosols if
it does not have permafrost and
is dominated by organic soil
materials.
INCEPTISOLS
• The central concept of
Inceptisols is that of soils of
humid and subhumid regions
that have altered horizons that
have lost bases or iron and
aluminum but retain some
weatherable minerals. They do
not have an illuvial horizon
enriched with either silicate clay
or with an amorphous mixture
of aluminum and organic
carbon.
• The Inceptisols may have many
kinds of diagnostic horizons, but
argillic, natric kandic, spodic
and oxic horizons are excluded.
MOLLISOLS
• The central concept of Mollisols is
that of soils that have a dark
colored surface horizon and are
base rich. Nearly all have a mollic
epipedon.
• Many also have an argillic or
natric horizon or a calcic horizon.
A few have an albic horizon.
Some also have a duripan or a
petrocalic horizon.
OXISOLS
• The central concept of Oxisols is
that of soils of the tropical and
subtropical regions. They have
gentle slopes on surfaces of
great age. They are mixtures of
quartz, kaolin, free oxides, and
organic matter.
• For the most part they are nearly
featureless soils without clearly
marked horizons. Differences in
properties with depth are so
gradual that horizon boundaries
are generally arbitrary.
SPODOSOLS
• The central concept of Spodosols
is that of soils in which amorphous
mixtures of organic matter and
aluminum, with or without iron,
have accumulated. In undisrurbed
soils there is normally an overlying
eluvial horizon, generally gray to
light gray in color, that has the color
of more or less uncoated quartz.
• Most Spodosols have little silicate
clay. The particle-size class is
mostly sandy, sandy-skeletal,
coarse-loamy, loamy, loamy-
skeletal, or coarse-silty.
ULTISOLS
• The central concept of Ultisols is
that of soils that have a horizon
that contains an appreciable
amount of translocated silicate
clay (an argillic or kandic
horizon) and few bases (base
saturation less than 35 percent).
• Base saturation in most Ultisols
decreases with depth.
VERTISOLS
• The central concept of
Vertisols is that of soils that
have a high content of
expending clay and that have
at some time of the year deep
wide cracks.
• They shrink when drying and
swell when they become
wetter.