PRINSIP-PRINSIP

MANAJEMEN
KESUBURAN TANAH.

PRINSIP-PRINSIP
MANAJEMEN KESUBURAN TANAH
1. Tujuan Program MST.
2. Concepts of large scale, intermediate and
small scale precision farming.
3. Soil and plant sampling, testing, and
interpretation.
4. Kesuburan tanah dan Manajemen pupuk
5. Aplikasi, efisiensi dan manfaat pupuk.

SASARAN MANAJEMEN KESUBURAN

TANAH
1. Meningkatkan hasil tanaman (pangan dunia)
2. Mereduksi biaya per satuan hasil
3. Kualitas produk (not always a factor - fast
growing wood is lower quality than slowgrowing wood)
4. Mereduksi gangguan penyakit (can go the
other way by making tissues protein-rich and
juicy for bugs)
5. Mencegah pencemaran lingkungan (new
since the 60's - never used to be considered)
6. Memperbaiki kesehatan dan estetika
lingkungan
7. Memperbaiki habitat liar (hunting permits)

TUJUAN PRODUSEN
1. Cut the unit cost of production by producing
the largest possible crop.
2. Match the crop needs with available nutrient
supply.
3. Nitrates, phosphates, and pesticides the old
way
4. Typical crop uptake values (archaic units lb/acre - multiply by 1.12 to get kg/ha; also
note that P as P2O5 and K as K2O)

Aplikasi pupuk yang bijaksana dapat

melindungi lingkungan.

1. Pupuk memperbaiki pertumbuhan tanaman

2. Semakin banyak tanaman, semakin banyak
CO2 yang diserap (diambil) dari udara
atmosfir
3. Semakin banyak vegetasi penutup muka
lahan , semakin sedikit erosi dan
pencemaran perairan

SEKALA PENGELOLAAN LAHAN

Large-scale: Treating the entire field as one
management unit.
1. SEDERHANA DAN TEKNOLOGI TEPATGUNA
2. Presisi operaisonal relatif rendah.
3. Tidak memperhitungkan variabilitas lahan dan
kandungan haranya.
4. Memerlukan sedikit instrumentasi dan latihan
teknologi
5. Produksi tidak merata dan potensi
pencemartan lingkungan

SEKALA MEDIUM.
Medium-scale: Sub-dividing the field into two or
more management units requiring different
applications of fertilizer, pesticides, and
irrigation.
1. Biasanya dipraktekkan atas dasar intuitif
2. Memungkinkan penerapan standar lapangan
3. Based on soil types, drainage characteristics,
empirical observation, and ease of boundary
delineation
4. Efisiensi lebih baik dan pencemaran
lingkungan lebih sedikit

SEKALA KECIL.
Small-scale (precision): A system in which
infinitesimal land management units occur within
a single field.
1. Menggunakan GPS dan mengembangkan
basis-data elektronik untuk tanah dan tanaman
2. Memerlukan penerapan beragam teknologi dan
peralatannya
3. Lebih praktis untuk komoditi tanaman yang
nilai ekonominya tinggi

.SAMPLING TANAH.
1. No amount of care in preparation and analysis
can overcome poor or inappropriate soil
sampling
2. Soils vary continuously with space and depth;
you cannot sample all the variability
3. Know your horizons and sample accordingly
when possible
4. We often dig a quantitative pit and get horizon
depths and then sample with augers thereafter
5. Often sampling plow layer in ag soils; this will
NOT work in wildland soils.

KEDALAMAN DAN BANYAKNYA CONTOH

Over-riding guide:
Take a sample so that it represents what it is
intended to represent
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Kedalaman lapisan bajak (traditional ag)

At 30 cm (~1 ft) increments; alternate 30 cm increments
Horison tanah untuk sistem yang masih utuh
Tipe tanah
Sampel komposit terdiri atas 5-20 sub-sample untuk
setiap sampel analisis
6. Hara setiap tahun, status garam setiap tahun.

Horizontal variation: sample by landscape strata that make

sense (land use, soil series, slope, aspect, current
vegetation, etc.)

Variasi vertikal:
Perlu diketahui
kedalaman
horison, dan
sampling tanah
pada kedalaman
horison ini

PercentC
Depth
15cm
30cm
45cm
60cm

Ahorizon
Bhorizon
BChorizon

75cm
90cm

PercentC
Depth
15cm
30cm

Chorizon

Ahorizon
Ehorizon

45cm
60cm

Bhshorizon

75cm
90cm

Chorizon

Variasi hasil analisis tanah akibat perbedaan kedalaman sampling tanah.

Batas-batas horison tanah jelas
Variationsinsoilanalysisduetosamplingdepthclearboundaries

Depth%N
Core1Core2Core3
0.27%
0.16%0.29%
0cm 0.30%
15cm0.25%
30cm0.05%
45cm0.02%
Whichcoregavethecorrectvalueforsoil%N?Core1ismostrepresentative.Sampleby
Lokasi mana yang memberikan %N tanah yang paling tepat? Lokasi 1 paling
horizon
representatif, Sampel tanah menurut horison

Variasi hasil analisis tanah akibat perbedaan kedalaman sampling tanah.

Variationsinsoilanalysisduetosamplingdepthdiffuseboundaries
Batas-batas horison difuse (baur)

Depth%N
Core1Core2Core3
0.16%
0.08%0.23%
0cm 0.25%
15cm0.15%
30cm0.05%
45cm0.02%
Whichcoregavethecorrectvalueforsoil%N?Allthreedid.Withcore3,youwould
Lokasi mana yang memberikan %N tanah yang paling tepat?
wanttosampleatleastonemoredepth.Thepointis,youmustbeconsistentwith
Ketiga lokasi bagus. Di lokasi 3 sampling lebih dari satu
samplingdepth

kedalaman

Errorsduetovariationsinhorizonthickness
Kesalahan karena variasi ketebalan

horison tanah

Depth%N
Core1Core2Core3
0.29%
0.14%0.11%
0cm 0.30%
15cm0.15%
30cm0.07%
45cm0.02%
Whenthisoccurs,whichisfrequently,youmustlivewithit.Pickamodaldepthandtake
Kalau hal ini terjadi, maka harus dilakukan observasi lebih akurat dan detail.
lotsofsamples.Itisalwaysbesttomeasurehorizondepthateachpointandaveragethis,
Tentukan kedalaman median dan ambil banyak contoh tanah. Pada setiap
titik sampel diukur kedalaman horison , dan kalau memungkinkan dirata-rata.
butnotalwayspossible.

UJI TANAH
pH, acidity / alkalinity: Electrode in 1:1 or 1:2
soil:water ratio with 0.01M CaCl2. Some people use
distilled water this generally gives a higher pH
why? Al, H+ displacement. Also: review lime
requirement.
Garam-garam larut: Saturated paste extract 1:1 or
1:2
Nitrogen: Not reliably precise. Total N, C:N ratio,
extractable ammonium and nitrate, N mineralization,
resins.None cheap or very quantitative.

.UJI P-TANAH
Phosphorus:
The book says this:
Bray 1: 0.025 M HCl = 0.03 M NH4F (for acidic soils)
Mehlich 1: 0.05 M HCl + 0.025 M H2SO4 (for acidic soils)
Olsens bicarbonate: 0.5 M NaHCO3 at pH 8.5 (for
neutral and alkaline soils; assumes all goes to H 2CO3 in
acidic soils)
Mehlich 3: 0.2 M acetic acid + 0.25 M ammonium
nitrate + 0.015 M NH4F + 0.013 M HNO3 + + 0.001 M
EDTA

Uji K, Ca, Mg dan S

Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium:
Exchange with ammonium chloride, potassium
chloride or acetate (CEC). No one I know uses
the bicarbonate + DPTA extract mentioned. Total
digests are usually not useful except for
research purposes.
Sulfur:
SO42- is the preferred way, by water, phosphate,
LiCl.
Total S not usually useful except for research,
but with new CHNS analyzers, it is now easy to
get.

Uji Unsur Hara Mikro

Boron: Hot water extract. Some people use cold
water and works just as well.
Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu: Many trials on this using 0.1 M
HCl, Coca-Cola (carbonic acid + sugar), chelates
like DPTA
Mo, Ni: Totals, resins, chelates
Soil tests are changing resins are coming into
play now and must be checked against older
methods. Also, total analysis may become easier
now, as for example CHNS analysis.

Uji tanah vs. Analisis Tanaman

Leibigs Law of the Minimum:
Growth is limited by the essential nutrient present
in the lowest relative amount.
Thus, the plant is the ultimate judge. However 1. In annual crops, plant analysis may be too
late (already grown)
2. In forests and range, plant analysis is not too
late (growth goes on for years)
3. Plant analysis is generally more sensitive
than soil analysis.

ANALISIS TANAMAN
1. Not generally favored by ag people because it is
"too late and doubles the analytical expense
2. Sangat disenangi oleh pakar kehutanan karena
dianggap lebih sensitif - tanaman merupakan
arbiter akhir
3. Analisis total tanaman : digunakan untuk risetriset pertanian dan kehutanan
4. Analisis daun, sering digunakan dalam
pendugaan status hara / nutrisi tanaman
5. Analisis kering oven (65oC)
6. Analisis Total - nilai-nilai ambang atau nilai
kritis.

.BATAS AMBANG HARA DALAM TGANAMAN

.
Analisis vektor untuk menduga respon
pertumbuhan (Bobot + Konsentrasi)
DRIS (diagnosis recommendation integrated
system)
Kisaran kritis hara tanaman
Gejala defisiensi visual
Mobile nutrients like N, S, P, Mg, K symptoms
appear on older tissues because of
translocation
Unsur hara Imobil seperti Cu, Mn, Ca, Fe ;
gejala defisinesinya muncul pada jaringan
muda.

UNSUR HARA TANAMAN

Unsur Hara Tanaman

Bagaimana tanaman memperoleh dan menggunakan hara?

1. Mengapa unsur hara itu penting?

2. Apa saja unsur hara esensial itu?
Sistem klasifikasi hara
3. Unsur hara dalam tanah
Ketersediaan hara
Penjerapan oleh partikel tanah
Efek pH tanah
4. Akar dan penyerapan hara
Struktur Akar
Zone penyerapan
4. Mycorrhizae
5. Nitrogen unsur hara yang biasanya membatasi tanaman

Mengapa unsur hara itu penting?

In most natural soils, the availability of mineral
nutrients limits plant growth and primary
productivity.
Nutrient limitation is an important selective
pressure and plants exhibit many special traits
related to the need to acquire and use mineral
nutrients efficiently.

Apa saja unsur hara esensial?

Hara Makro - present in relatively high
concentrations in plant tissues.
N, K, P, Ca, Mg,S, Si
Nitrogen is most commonly limiting to productivity of
natural and managed soils. Phosphorus is next most
limiting, and is most limiting in some tropical soils.
Hara mikro - present in very low concentrations in
plant tissues.

Ada 17 unsur hara esensial yang

dibutuhkan tanaman
Apa definisi unsur hara essensial?
1. In its absence the plant cannot complete a
normal life cycle
2. The element is part of an essential
molecule (macromolecule, metabolite)
inside the plant
Most elements fall into both categories
above (e.g., structural vs. enzyme cofactor)
These 17 elements are classified as
. 9 hara makro (present at > 10 mmol / kg
dry wt.)
. 8 hara mikro (< 10 mmol / kg dry wt.)

Uanru hara mikro dengan konsentrasi sangat rendah

ppm
Very low concentrations, but still essential
because of specialized roles in metabolism

I. Hara Tanaman
Hara Makro / Mikro

Hydroponics allowed us to see what was needed

The necessary nutrients are those the plant can
not grow with out
Dua Kategori:
1. Hara Makro (C, O, H, N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg)
Majority of the time used for the main
organic compounds
2. Hara Mikro (Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, Ni)
Mostly cofactors for particular enzymes (Fe
-> Cytochromes

Soils particles are generally negatively charged and so bind

positively charged nutrient ions (cations).
KTK atau CEC: Kemampuan tanah mengikat kation.

NH4+, NO3-, Cl-, PO4-2, SO4-2

pH tanah mempengaruhi ketersediaan hara dalam tanah.

AKAR
Mempunyai
permukaan yang
luas untuk
penyerapan hara
Bulu Akar = Root
hairs

Bulu
akar =
Root
hairs

Zone Penyerapan hara:

Konsentrasi hara menurun
karena diserrap akar
Zone ini di sekitar akar
tanaman

Fig. 5.7

Akar tanaman dan penyerap[an hara dari tanah

Akar-akar halus
dan bulu akar
menyerap hara
dari tanah.
Hifa mikoriza
membantu
penyerapan hara
oleh akar.

Pertukaran Kation antara bulu akar tanaman dengan partikel

liat tanah
K

K
Clay
particle

K
K

Root hair

Mikoriza VAM (Vesicular

Arbuscular Mycorrhiza)
Di dalam akar tanaman
Intercellular mycelium
Intracellular arbuscule
tree-like haustorium
Vesicle with reserves
Di luar akar
Spores (multinucleate)
Hyphae
thick runners
filamentous hyphae
Membentuk jaring-jaring hifa yang
sangat ekstensif

Bakteri fiksasi Nitrogen

Genus: Rhizobium

N2

NH4
Supply of electrons

Fig. 38.07

Penyerapan
ion hara

Penyerapan hara secara aktif

Proton pumps establish an

electrochemical gradient.
Outside
cell
(positive)

Inside cell
(negative)

Net
positive
charge

Net negative
charge

Kation memasuki bulu akar melalui saluran atau Karier

Anion memasuki bulu akar melalui ko-transporter.

Konsep Kadar Kritis Hara tanaman

Above critical

concentration, there is
no net benefit (e.g.,
yield increase) if more
nutrient is supplied

Below critical

concentration, nutrient
level limits growth!
Not shown on diagram:
all elements eventually
become toxic at very
high concentrations

Analisis jaringan tanaman menunjukkan defisiensi hara

Gejala defisiensi muncul kalau hara esensial

tidak ada (tidak cukup)
Essential because of their

metabolic functions
Characteristic deficiency
symptoms shown because of
these roles
Typical deficiency responses are

Chlorosis: yellowing; precursor to

Necrosis: tissue death

Expressed when a supply of an

essential metabolite becomes

limiting in the environment
Element concentrations are
limiting for growth when they are
below the critical concentraion

This is the concentration of

nutrient in the tissue just below the
level giving maximum growth

Kurangnya hara akan berpengaruh negatif terhadap

pertumbuhan tanaman
Plant responses to limiting nutrients usually very

visible: affects yield/growth!

Again, chlorosis and necrosis of leaves is typical
Sometimes straightforward relationship

e.g., in chlorosis (lack of green color),

N: chlorophyll component
Mg: cofactor in chlorophyll synthesis

Ctrl

-P

- Ca

-N

- Fe

REKOMENDASI PUPUK
Tujuan:
Menduga jumlah hara yang dibutuhkan untuk
pertumbuhan tanaman.
1. Berdasarkan sejarah lahan dan pertanaman
2. Berdasarkan pada produksi yang jelek atau
perhitungan estimasi serapan hara atanaman.
3. Based on plant or soil analysis; different labs
use different standards so recommendations
may differ
4. Masih belum tuntas, terutama untuk
kehutanan.

KUALITAS PUPUK
1. Grade Pupuk: Jaminan persentase minimum
hara N, P (P2O5), K (K2O)
2. Additional nutrient contents are separately
specified
3. Total weight of bag content
4. Manufacturer
5. Sometimes the filler content and salt index
are specified
6. Beberapa material dapat memebntuk asam.

PERHITUNGAN PUPUK
Note that the three numbers on the bag are N, P
as P2O5, and K as K2O or sometimes KCl
Note that fertilizers do not actually contain P2O5
or K2O
This is an artifact of very old methods of
analysis where these nutrients were measured by
combustion and ended up as oxides which
needed to be weighed.
See the calculations on p. 334, 335, and 336; we
will go over these in detail in class

TEKNIK-TEKNIK APLIKASI PUPUK

Starter: with the seed, low amounts
Broadcast: spread evenly over the land (lowest
efficiency)
Tidak dekat akr tanaman, dapat memberi
makan gulma
Fiksasi P dalam tanah
Mengapa dilakukan?
1. Cara yang praktis - pastures, etc.
2. Build up stocks in low-fertility soils
3. Mudak dan murah
4. Cara terbaik menambahkan pupuk
kepada tanaman yang telah mulai
tumbuh

TEKNIK APLIKASI UPUPK.

Deep banding ; Dibenamkan ke tanah
1. Kedalaman 10-25 cm, misalnya pupuk anhydrous
ammonium
2. Penempatan pupuk pada lokasi yang dapat
dijangkau oleh akar tanaman
3. Biaya mahal.
Split Application (Aplikasi ganda, tidak sekaligus)
1. Aplikasi pupuk dua hingga tiga kali
2. Terutama pupuk N, kandungan hara tersedia
dalam tanah akan kembali seperti semula dalam
waktu 4-12 bulan
3. Menyesuaikan dnegan irama penyerpaan hara
tanaman
4. Waktunya kritis

.KAPAN APLIKASI PUPUK?

Sumbangan N-tersedia dalam tanah (dari
pupuk) sudah habis pada Juli-Agustus

NH4 + NO3
dalam tanah
Aplikasi
pupuk
sekaligus

Aplikasi pupuk
dua-kali

Sumbangan Ntersedia dalam

tanah (dari
pupuk) masih
ada hingga
Nopember

PEMUPUKAN DAN KETERSEDIAAN HARA ATANAH.

Pemupukan P, K,Mg dan hara lainnya dapat menjaga
ketersediaan hara tanah dalam jangka panjang, tetapi tidak
demikian halnya dnegan nitrogen

Hara
tersedia
dalam
tanah

N tersedia dalam
tanah mudah
hilang

Tahun

.TEKNOLOGI APLIKASI PUPUK

1. Side dressing: setelah tanaman tumbuh
2. Point Injector fertilization: using a rod to
make a hole, put fertilizer deep near plant.
3. Dollop or tree tablet principle.
4. Fertigation: pupuk ditambahkan bersama
dengan air irigasi:
1. Tidak sama dnegan aplikasi daun.
2. Obviously require irrigation equipment;
not normal for forests or range soils
3. Sangat efisien
4. Biayanya mahal

APLIKASI PUPUK DUAN

Aplikasi pupuk melalui daun (Foliar
application)
1. Bertujuan untuk penyerapan hara
lewat daun
2. Seringkali dilakukan untuk mensuplai
unsur mikro, kalau diberikan melalui
tanah akan mengalami imobilisasi
hara
3. Memerlukan bahan pembasah dan
bahan perekat
4. Respon tanaman cepat

.EFISIENSI PUPUK
1. Didefinisikan sebagai persentase pupuk yang
secara aktual digunakan oleh tanaman; atau
diukur dalam bentuk hasil tanaman dan
keuntungan
2. Generally 30-70% for N, 5-30% for P, 50-80% for
K in crops, according to the book (sounds
high)
3. Generally 5-40% for N, P, and K in trees,
counting only what is in trees at any one time
4. However, trees recycle nutrients, and forest
floor contents can be re-used
5. Tidak mudah menilai dalam persentase.

.EFISIENSI PUPUK
Mengapa efisiensi pupuk relatif rendah?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Imobilisasi oleh mikroba tanah

"Fixation P dalam tanah
Jenis hara keliru
Waktu aplikasi pupuk tidak tepat
Dosis pupuk tidak tepat
Too low feeds microbes, which are
most efficient competitors
7. Too high in the case of N causes
nitrate leaching losses