UAS MS 2130 Material Teknik

Dilaksanakan
• pada hari Selasa, 11 Desember 2012
• Mulai pukul 07:00
• Ruang: 9126, 9126
Sistem Baja– Karbon
 Eutectic, Eutectoid, & Peritectic
• Eutectic - liquid transforms to two solid phases
L cool  +  (For Pb-Sn, 183C, 61.9 wt% Sn)
heat

• Eutectoid – one solid phase transforms to two other solid phases

Solid1 ↔ Solid2 + Solid3
 cool  + Fe3C (For Fe-C, 727C, 0.76 wt% C)
heat

• Peritectic - liquid and one solid phase transform to a 2nd solid phase
Solid1 + Liquid ↔ Solid2
cool
 +L heat ε (For Cu-Zn, 598°C, 78.6 wt% Zn)
 Iron-Carbon System
• Besi murni ketika dipanaskan akan
mengalami 2 perubahan struktur kristal
sebelum meleleh.
• Pada temperatur ruangan dalam kondisi
stabil, ferrite (besi ) akan mempunyai
struktur kristal BCC.
• Ferrite mengalami transformasi
polymorfik menjadi FCC austenite (besi )
pada 912 ˚C (1674 ˚F).
• Pada 1394˚C (2541˚F) austenite kembali
menjadi BCC  ferrite and meleleh pada
1538 ˚C (2800 ˚F).
• Karbida besi (cementite or Fe3C)
terbentuk pada 6.7% C.
• Secara umum, semua baja dan besi cor
mempunyai kandungan karbon kurang
dari 6.7% C. (Baja/Steel < 2 % C, Besi
cor/cast iron: 2% - 6.7% C)
• Karbon merupakan pengotor (impurity)
secara interstisi dalam besi dan
membentuk larutan padat dengan fasa ,
, .
Sistem Iron-Carbon
Meskipun karbon hanya berkadar rendah, tapi cukup
mempengaruhi sifat-sifat mekanik dari: (a) α ferrite, (b) austenite.
 Phases and Compounds
• α (ferrite) : • Fe3C (cementite) :
– Pure iron, when C = 0 – Compound
– BCC – Occurred at 6.70% C
– Magnetic
– Stable up to 912 oC • Peritectic reaction :
– Max solubility of C = 0.022% – At T = 1493 oC
• γ (austenite) : – δ+L→γ
– FCC
– Non-magnetic • Eutectic reaction
– Max solubility of C = 2.14% – At T = 1147 oC
– L → γ + Fe3C
• δ (delta) :
• Eutectoid reaction
– BCC
– At T = 723 oC
– Magnetic
– γ →  + Fe3C (Pearlite)
– Stable at high temperature
 Karbida Besi (Sementit, Fe3C)
• Terbentuk saat solubility limit dari karbon dalam
 (ferrite, ferit) terlampaui pada temperatur di
bawah 727 ˚C.
• Secara mekanik, sementit sangat keras dan
getas.
• Untuk paduan besi terdapat 3 jenis dasar,
tergantung pada kandungan karbon:
 Besi/Iron (fasa ferit): <0.008% C room temp
 Baja/Steel (fasa  + Fe3C ): 0.008 - 2.14% C
 Besi cor/Cast iron: 2.14 - 6.70% C
 Iron-Carbon (Fe-C) Phase Diagram
T(°C)
• 2 titik penting 1600

- Eutectic (A): 1400 L
L ↔ + Fe3C  +L
1200
 A
- Eutectoid (B): 1148°C L+Fe3C
(austenite)

Fe3C (cementite)
 ↔ + Fe3C 1000  
   +Fe3C
800
 B 727°C = T eutectoid

600
+Fe3C
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe) 0.76 4.30 C, wt% C
120 mm
Result: Pearlite = Fe3C (cementite-hard)
alternating layers of
 and Fe3C phases,  (ferrite-soft)
not a separate phase.
 Pearlite (Perlit)
Eutectoid reaction:
 ↔  + Fe3C

Redistribution of carbon by diffusion

Austenite – 0.76 wt% C
Ferrite - 0.022 wt% C
Cementite - 6.70 wt% C
 Contoh Soal
Untuk baja 99.6% Fe -
0.40% C pada
temperatur sedikit di
bawah temperatur
eutectoid, tentukan:
a) Komposisi dari Fe3C
(cementite) dan ferrite
().
b) Jumlah cementite
(dalam gram) bila
terbentuk dalam 100 g
baja.
 Solusi
a) Untuk temperatur sedikit di bawah temperatur eutectoid:
C = 0.02 wt% C
CFe3C = 6.70 wt% C
b) Jumlah cementite:
1600

1400 L
R C  C
WFe 3C   0 T(°C)
  +L
R  S CFe 3C  C 1200 1148°C L+Fe3C

Fe3C (cementite)
(austenite)
0.40  0.022 1000
  0.057  + Fe3C
6.70  0.022
800 727°C
R S
Jumlah Fe3C dalam 100 g baja: 600
 + Fe3C
= (100 g)WFe3C
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
= (100 g)(0.057) = 5.7 g C C0 C , wt% C CFe C
3

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 Hypoeutectoid Steel
T(°C)
1600

1400 L

   +L
  1200 1148°C L+Fe3C
(austenite)
 

Fe3C (cementite)
1000
C - C0  + Fe3C
W =
C - C 800 727°C
W =(1 - W) 
600
  + Fe3C
pearlite 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe) C0 C, wt% C
0.76

pearlite =  + Fe3C
CFe3C - C0
W’ =
CFe3C - CMicrostructures for iron-iron carbide alloys that are below
W pearlite = (1 – W’) the eutectoid with compositions between 0.022 and 0.76
wt% Carbon are hypoeutectoid.
 Hypoeutectoid Steel
T(°C)
1600

1400 L
    +L
  1200 1148°C L+Fe3C
(austenite)

Fe3C (cementite)
  1000
   + Fe3C

  800 727°C
  
600
 + Fe3C
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
 (Fe) C0 C, wt% C
0.76

pearlite

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 Proeutectoid
• Formed before the eutectoid
• Ferrite that is present in the pearlite is called eutectoid ferrite.
• The ferrite that is formed above the Teutectoid (727°C) is proeutectoid.

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17
 Hypereutectoid Steel
T(°C)
1600

1400 L
Fe3C   +L
1200
  (austenite)
1148°C L+Fe3C

Fe3C (cementite)
  1000
 +Fe3C
W =x/(v + x)
800 v x
WFe3C =(1-W)

V X
600
 +Fe3C
pearlite
400
0 1 C0 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
0.76

(Fe) C, wt%C
Wpearlite = W
W = X/(V + X)
Microstructures for iron-iron carbide alloys that have
W Fe C’=(1 - W)
3 compositions between 0.76 and 2.14 wt% carbon are
hypereutectoid (more than eutectoid).
 Hypereutectoid Steel
T(°C)
1600

1400 L
    +L
 
1200
(austenite)
1148°C L+Fe3C

Fe3C (cementite)
  1000
   +Fe3C
Fe3C
  800
  
600
 +Fe3C
400
0 1 C0 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
0.76

(Fe) C, wt%C
pearlite

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Hypereutectoid Steel (1.2 wt% C)

pearlite

Proeutectoid: formed above the Teutectoid (727°C)

Alloying steel with other elements changes the
Eutectoid Temperature, Position of phase boundaries
and relative Amounts of each phase

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