Panduan Praktikum Foraminiferapdf PDF

(gambar mofifikasi dari http://www.ucmp.berkeley.
edu/fosrec/)
Oleh
KHOIRIL ANWAR MARYUNANI

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DAFTAR ISI
1. Sampling
2. Sampel
3. Metoda Preparasi
4. Peralatan Praktikum
5. Glossary
6. Morfologi Foraminifera
7. Kunci Identifikasi Genus dan Species Plangton Umur Plistosen - Resen
8. Kunci Identifikasi Genus dan Species Plangton Umur Kenozoikum
9. Kunci Identifikasi Genus dan Species Plangton Umur Mesozoikum
10. Kisaran Umur Beberapa Marker Plangton
Plangton
11. Kunci Identifikasi Genus Bentonik
12. Diskripsi Beberapa Genus Foraminifera Plangton
13. Diskripsi Beberapa Genus Foraminifera Bentonik yang Kosmopolitan di Endapan
Neogen
14. Foraminifera Besar
15. Kisaran Umur Beberapa Marker Foraminifera
Foraminifera Besar
16. Kunci Identifikasi Genus Kelompok Fusulinid.
17 Penyajian Data
18. Interpretasi Umur
19. Interpretasi Lingkungan Pengendapan
21. Non-Foraminifera
22. Accessory Mineral
Accessory Mineral
Dirangkum oleh: Khoiril Anwar M

Lab. Mikropaleontologi, Jurusan Teknik Geologi ITB
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PANDUAN PRAKTIKUM
MIKROFOSIL FORAMINIFERA
Panduan praktikum ini merupakan penjelasan singkat tentang parameter-parameter yang

digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi/mengklasifikasi atau mendeskripsi genus atau species
foraminifera serta pedoman dalam menginterpretasi umur dan lingkungan pengendapan
berdasarkan foraminifera.
1. S ampli
ampling
ng
Sistematika pengambilan sampel untuk analisa fosil foraminifera
f oraminifera secara umum ada dua cara
yaitu :
a. spot sampling
spot sampling ;
b. sistematic sampling
sistematic sampling .
Sample bisa berasal dari permukaan (surface outcrop) atau dari hasil pemboran.
2. S ample
ample
Ada empat macam sample yang dikenal yaitu:
- Outcrop (sample lapangan)
- Dicth Cutting
- Sidewall Core
Sidewall Core (SWC)
- Core
Masalah dalam interpretasi dapat disebabkan adanya fosil yang tidak in situ bisa karena
reworked (rombakan) atau displace/contaminant
displace/contaminant . . Beberapa hal yang dapat menyebabkan
kontaminasi adalah:
a. caving: yaitu material yang berasal dari lapisan yang lebih tinggi dalam suatu sumur
pemboran, material tersebut dapat dikenali dari ciri litologi yang sama yang telah terlihat
diatasnya dalam satu sumur.
b. Recirculation: recirculation ini terjadi akibat adanya material/microfossil dari batuan yang
telah dibor yang kemudian ikut masuk kembali ke sumur bersama aliran lumpur pemboran
dan kemudian berkontaminasi
berkontaminasi dengan
dengan sampel
sampel yang ada.
c. Lost circulation material : kontaminasi berasal dari material pengisi rongga sumur pada
waktu terjadi lost circulation
d. Cement: semen untuk casing juga dapat mengandung foram yang dapat mengakibatkan
kontaminasi
e. Drilling mud
Dari empat macam sjenis sampel dicth cutting merupakan sampel yang mempunyai karakter
yang berbeda (banyak mengandung contaminat) sehingga berbeda pula dalam
interpretasinya. Sampel dari outcrop, swc atau core akan memberikan gambaran lebih baik
mengenai assosiasi
assosiasi fosil yang sebenarnya (in situ) dibanding ditch cutting.
Jenis litologi juga harus diperhatikan dalam interpretasi, misal batupasir dilihat dari
mekanisme sedimentasinya jenis batuan ini merupakan hasil tranportasi, sehingga fosil yang
berasosiasi dengan batupasir harus dilihat dengaan hati-hati.
3. Metoda Preparasi
The techniques used to prepare and concentrate samples for examination vary according
to rock type (composition and grain size), how hard or resistant the sediment or rock is,
how abundant the foraminifera are, and how they are preserved within the sediment matrix.
The discussions that follow focus on sediment types that can be disaggregated in order to
free the foraminiferal tests. This would include sands, silts and clays, and the
t he rock types

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produced when these sediments are hardened (sandstones, siltstones and shales,
respectively). For the hard limestone usually can be examination using thin section.
Foraminifera can be recovered from bulk sediment samples, although their presence or
absence in any given sample often cannot be established until after processing. The
sampling strategy is simply to collect bags of sediments/sedimentary
sediments/sedimentary rocks that can later be
broken down and processed for foraminifera. Another approach is to process sediment
contained within larger fossils that one might
m ight collect. For example, the fossil shells of marine
snails and clams are often filled with the same sediment that surrounds them. Processing
these sediment fillings may yield foraminifera. Processing samples in the laboratory will
require a source of running water, a sieve, a funnel and some filter paper, and perhaps
detergents or chemicals to help disaggregate the sediments.
Precautionary Note: Make sure that labeling is carefully and accurately transcribed at every
step. A mislabeled sample has little, if any, scientific value.
a. Pencucian (Washing)
The object of all techniques described below is to isolate microfossils, in this case
foraminifera, from the sediment grains that surround them.Unconsolidated sediment and
some soft rocks will break down after soaking
soak ing in water for a few
f ew hours, whereas harder rocks
may first require crushing and then boiling. The rule of thumb here is to utilize the simplest
and easiest technique that will provide the desired results. If simple soaking is all that is
required to disaggregate the sediment, then forego more involved techniques. Regardless
of which technique you utilize, initially breaking the sediment or rock into fragments several
mm in maximum dimension, or slightly larger, will speed the process.
Simple Soaking — If your sample is composed of unconsolidated sediment or sedimentary

rock that can be easily disaggregated, simple soaking may be all that is required. Soaking in
distilled water is most desirable, but using a dilute Calgon solution often helps to diaggregate
fine sediments (muds). Calgon can be purchased in the laundry detergent section of most
grocery stores. This can be done in a large beaker or any other clean glass container that is
available. Experiment to see how long any given sample needs to be soaked.
Once the muds have been dispersed, the sample can be washed through a sieve (a
stainless steel U. S. Standard Sieve No. 230 with mesh openings of 63 microns is
recommended). Gently agitate your water/sediment mixture, introduce it gradually onto the
sieve, and wash under a gentle stream of water. Most professionals recommend distilled
water, but tap water may be used at this stage. The muds will pass through the sieve and
be discarded. Do not do this at a standard sink that is not equipped with a sediment trap. If
you do, you will have a clogged sink line in very short order. If you do not have a sink with
a sediment trap, do this outdoors or use a large bucket to t o catch what passes through the
sieve. You can then dump contents of the bucket outside. What remains on the sieve is a
concentration of sand-sized material, including any foraminifera that are in the sample.
Rinse this material into filter paper placed within a funnel, allow the sample to drain, and
then air dry in place safe from contamination and breezes. When dry, the grains should not
adhere to one another. If they do, some mud still remains and the soaking/sieving
procedure should be repeated. When satisfactorily clean, the dried sample should be
stored in a properly labeled vial until ready for microscopic examination.
Don't get in a hurry during the sample processing phase. A bit of extra time invested in
properly cleaning your samples will save time and frustration when you examine them
under the microscope.

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Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Method — If your sample is more resistant, additional
treatments may be required to breakit down. Soaking and, if necessary, boiling in a dilute
solution of hydrogen peroxide is an effective means of breaking down such samples (kadar
peroksida yang digunakan jangan lebih dari 15 persen).
The steps in the H2O2 method are:
1) air-dry sample for several days or oven-dry sample for 24 hours at about 45°C;
2) place sample in 500-ml or 1000-ml pyrex beaker;
3) add fifteen percent hydrogen peroxide solution (volume of solution should be 2 to 3
times that of sample being processed);
4) gently agitate and let soak for 24 hours at room temperature or in oven at about 45°C
(stir occasionally and keep covered to prevent contamination);
5) heat solution containing sample for 15 to 20 minutes, stirring frequently and taking care
that the solution does not boil over;
6) wash sample over No. 230 U. S. Standard Sieve as described earlier;
7) if sample is not disaggregated, transfer it back into beaker and repeat steps 3 through 6;
8) wash sample over No. 18 U.S. Standard Sieve (1-mm openings) and No. 230 U.S.
Standard Sieve, trapping coarser material on the No. 18 sieve and the sand fraction
containing foraminifera on the No. 230 sieve (a coarse screen of the proper mesh size,
available at any hardware store, can substitute for the No. 18 sieve);
9) dry and examine any material retained on the No. 18 sieve (not likely to be forams but
may include other fossils of interest);
10) transfer sample retained on No. 230 sieve to filter paper;
11) air-dry or oven-dry sample at 45°C;
12) transfer dried material to labeled vial for storage.
Other Techniques — Literature on the foraminifera describes other methods for

disaggregating sediment samples. A product called Quaternary O, a highly active but low
sudsing detergent, was widely used for many years (e.g., Snyder et al., 1983). Although it
is no longer available, a product called Miramine is a suitable and inexpensive substitute. It
is available from the Miranol Chemical Company, 68 Culver Road, Dayton, NJ 08810. The
methodology for using surfactants such as Quaternary O or Miramine is exactly like that
desribed above for the use of hydrogen peroxide. Simply use the appropriately diluted
detergent solution in place of the H2O2 solution.
Another technique for additional cleaning involves use of a sodium pyrophosphate or a
sodium metaphosphate solution (e.g., Snyder and Waters, 1984). After an int ial soaking (in
distilled water or a dilute Calgon solution), the sand-sized residue trapped on the No. 230
sieve is placed in 0.1 M solution (five grams of chemical to one liter of distilled water) and
gently agitated for 20 to 30 minutes. This process effectively removes persistent clay-sized
particles that may partially obscure important features of the test.
Finally, some of the older literature, not cited here because the techniques may be
extremely hazardous, advocates the use of much harsher chemicals, including kerosene,
gasoline, Varsol (similar to white gas or mineral spirits), and concentrated H2O2. Use of
these methods is not recommended because they can be dangerous, both to the
preparator and the environment.
CONCENTRATING THE TESTS OF FORAMINIFERA

Foraminiferal tests may be rare compared to nonbiogenic sediment particles. If foraminifera
are reasonably abundant, the best procedure is simple microscopic examination of the
processed sample in order to find them. However, there may be instances where the time
required to examine the sample in this manner is prohibitive. Then it may be desirable to
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float the foraminifera in order to separate them from other sediment grains. The only reason
this works is because foraminifera, with their hollow chambers, have an effective density
much less than solid sediment grains of comparable size. If the foraminifera are filled with
sediment or secondary mineral material, they will not float.
Soap Float — One of the simplest ways to concentrate foraminiferal tests is to employ a
soap float. Here the detergent is not of the low sudsing variety (such as Quaternary O), but
rather a standard detergent or soap that produces a sudsy froth. The processed sample is
added in small increments to a solution of soap and distilled water. With frequent agitation,
the foraminifera become suspended in the surface froth while solid sediment particles such
as quartz grains sink to the bottom of the container. The froth can be periodically decanted
onto a No. 230 sieve and washed in a gentle stream of water to eliminate the suds. What
remains will be a concentration of foraminiferal tests, perhaps with some very fine sands of
nonbiogenic origin. This residue can be dried and examined under the microscope.
Other techniques can provide an even cleaner separation, but many involve the use of
chemicals that are extremely hazardous. For example, bromoform and carbon tetrachloride
have been widely used to concentrate foraminiferal tests by f loating. However, both are
carcinogenic and must be used under a fume hood. The fumes are toxic and the chemicals
can be absorbed through the skin. Consequently, use of these chemicals to concentrate
foram tests is not recommended. The use of another, safer chemical to accomplish the
same sort of separation is described below.
Flotation Using Sodium Polytungstate — Sodium polytungstate [also known as sodium

metatungstate: Na(H2W12O40)] is a non-toxic, high-density agent that is ecologically safe,
easy to use, and recoverable so that it may be re-used several times. It has a density of 3.1
g/ml, which can be reduced to any desired lesser density simply by adding distilled water
that is heated above 20°C. Although calcite has a density of 2.7 g/ml, air is usually trapped
within the foraminiferal tests making them more bouyant than quartz (density = 2.65 g/ml).
For best results, the sodium polytungstate solution should be diluted until a piece of
gypsum (density = 2.32 g/ml) floats and a piece of orthoclase (density = 2.57 g/ml) sinks. If
the gypsum and orthoclase sink, the liquid can be boiled off to increase the density.
Sodium polytungstate is available as a salt (in powder form) from GEOLIQUIDS, Inc., 15 E.
Palatine Rd., Suite 109, Prospect Heights, IL 60070 and can be ordered by calling 1- 800-
827-2411. The cost is about $90.00/lb.
EXAMINING AND PICKING FORAMINIFERA

Processed samples, once dried, can be stored indefinitely in l abeled vials until one desires
to examine them. The sample is then sprinkled sparsely across a picking tray and
examined under a binocular microscope. Brass picking trays with a grid of rectanglar
subdivisions, all of equal size, are typically used by professionals. The surface of the tray is
a dull black (to minimize reflection) and the grid lines may be white or gold. Sources for
these trays are very difficult to find, but less sophisticated trays serve nicely. Any shallow
plastic tray measuring a few inches per side will suffice. If it is clear or highly lustrous,
simply cut a piece of black construction paper or cardboard to fit in the bottom of the tray.
This will provide a background that will not strain your eyes, and it provides a nice contrast
to the foraminifera, which are typically white.
Any binocular microscope with reasonably good optics and the power to magnify 30 to 40
times will be adequate for the study of foraminifera. Of course, scopes with better optics
and magnifications up to 100 times are helpful.

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Individual foraminiferal specimens encountered while examining samples strewn across

the picking tray can be picked and mounted for permanent reference. A recessed area in
an 18-ply cardboard slide provides a black background that can be coated with a water-
soluble glue (e.g., Tragacanth). The cardboard slides will also need glass cover slides and
18 ply aluminum holders.
Any foram specimens encountered on the picking tray can be captured using the wetted tip
of an artist's brush (buy size 000, sable hair). Simply dip the tip of the brush in water, touch
it to the specimen you desire to pick, and transfer the specimen to the glued slide. The
glue, being water soluble, will then dry and secure the foram to the slide. At any time,
wetting the specimen will release the glue so that the specimen may be turned and viewed
from different perspectives. A metal clip holds a glass cover slide over the cardboard
micropaleontology slide to protect specimens during prolonged storage. Using these slides,
you can build a reference collection of foraminifera to share with students.
You need to pick a set number of forams from the tray. In scientific studies 300 specimens
(if the number of preserved foram are avaliable) are usually picked. There is nothing magic
in this number. It is an arbitrary stopping point above which additional rare species are
encountered more and more infrequently. Make sure that you pick a representative suite of
specimens. That is, do not pick only large specimens, or only small ones, or only pretty
ones. The best way to do this is to mark your picking tray with a numbered grid. Then use a
random numbers table to select a square. Pick all the specimens from that square and then
select a second square. Continue this process until your target number is reached and the
specimens have been transferred to a gum tragacanth-coated cardboard slide.
b. Sayatan tipis
Sayatan tipis umumnya ditujukan untuk pengamatan foram besar. Sayatan tersebut dapat
berasal dari sayatan batuan ataupun individu foram besar. Untuk batuan yang sangat
kompak (indurated) biasanya juga diamati dengan membuat sayatan tipis.
Ada beberapa cara untuk membuat sayatan pada individu foram besar:
b.1 sayatan pada satu sisi

Fosil foram besar kita ambil dan kita tempelkan pada slide kaca dengan penggunakan
kanada balsam. Atur posisi fosil sesuasi dengan keinginan kita (sayatan horisontal,
vertikal atau obliq). Dengan menggunakan slide kaca yang salah satu sisi
permukaanya sudah dikasarkan, kita gosok sisi fosil tersebut pelan-pelan. Pada
waktu menggosok. amati dibawah mikroskop yang reflected light sambil sekali-seklai
kaca penggosoknya diberi air. Penggosokan (mengampelas) dilakukan sampai
terlihat/ memotong kamar embrionik.
b.2 sayatan pada 2 sisi

Lakukan tahapan pada b.1. Kemudian lepaskan fosil tersebut dari slide kaca, dan
kemudian posisinya dibalik (permukaan yang sudah digosok, kita letakkan pada slide
kaca), gunakan kanada balsam untuk menempelkanya. Kemudian gosok kembali
sambil diamati dibawah mikroskop refleted light. Hentikan menggosok bila sudah
diperoleh ketebalan yang diinginkan (sekitar 0,3 mm). Pengamatan sampel seperti ini
harus menggunakan mikroskop yang transmited light.
4. Peralatan Praktikum:
- Mikroskop (reflected dan/atau transmited lights) + lampunya. Mikroskop jenis reflected light
digunakan untuk mengamati sampel hasil pencucian, sedang yang transmited light untuk
pengamatan sampel dalam bentuk sayatan tipis.
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- Kuas kecil dan besar

- Pewarna
- Tray dengan dasar warna hitam dan bergaris (kotak)
- Slides (bisa lubang 1, 2, 3, 4 atau yang bernomor)
- Kertas dan pinsil
- micro-spliter
Catatan
Untuk mengambil (picking) dan menempelkan pada slide jangan memakai lem, tetapi
dengan cara membasahi kuas dengan ludah (dengan cara ujung kuas dikulum dalam mulut).
Kalau menggunakan lem akan susah untuk membolak-balik fosil bila sudah kering (fosil akan
pecah dan lubang2 akan tertutup, sedangkan air tidak akan menempelkan fosil dengan kuat
(mudah lepas)). Penggunaan jarum akan membuat fosil pecah atau loncat. Selama
membolak-balik fosil gunakan kuas yang sudah dibasahi supaya fosil tidak loncat dan tektur
dinding kelihatan. Pewarna digunakan untuk melihat tektur dinding atau lubang apertur.

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5. GLOSSARY
Aff. (affinis): bentuk species ini dekat/mirip dengan species tertentu

Aperture (apertur): lobang bukaan atau bukaan-bukaan dari kamar dalam test sampai
bagian luar
- jenis:
a. primary(utama): lobang bukaan utama, biasanya terletak dibagian luar dari
kamar akhir dari test.
b. seconder(kedua): bukaan tambahan pada kamar utama, posisi bisa areal,
sutural atau peripheral
c. accesory(tambahan): bukaan yang tidak berhubungan langsung dengan kamar
utama, tetapi kemenerusan dari bawah atau melalui struktur
accesory misal: tegila, bullae
- posisi :
a. equatorial : simetri, tepat diatas tepi peripheral dari putaran awal test planispiral
atau hampir planispiral.
b. interomarginal: bukaan pada bagian dasar test pada tepi kamar akhir,
sepanjang sutura akhir; pada cangkang yang terputar posisinya bisa
umbilical, extraumbilical atau equatorial
c. marginal: bukaan yang letaknya dibagian ujung atau tepi
d. umbilical: pada bagian umbilical
e. extraumbilical: bukaan pada kamar akhir suatu test yang tidak berhubungan
dengan umbilicus, umumnya disepanjang sutura antara umbilicus
dan peripheri.
f. sutural: bukan pada sepanjang sutura
g. terminal: dibagian akhir suatu test
h. areal: tersebar pada kamar akhir
i. basal: pada bagian dasar kamar
Alar prolongation: winglike extension of umbilico-lateral portions of involute chambers on
lateral surfaces of previous whorls in lenticular tests. May be meandering
Bladed : struktur yang tercompres/tertekan secara lateral
Bilamellar wall: in perforate foraminifera a chamber wall formed primarily of two mineralized
layers (outer and inner lamellae) on both sides of a primary organic sheet. See also
lamellar wall; outer lamella; inner lamella; median layer; primary organic membrane
or sheet
Biserial : mempunyai kamar-kamar yang tersusun dalam dua baris
Biform : tersusun oleh dua macan susunan kamar = dari uniserial menjadi biserial; triserial
kemudian uniserial dll.
Bulla : dari bahasa latin untuk buble atau blister; merupakan material tambahan pada
kamar-kamar yang terputar normal. bisa berada pada umbilical, sutural atau areal.
Carina : keel atau flange : suatu dinding kamar yang perforate dan menebal seperti
punggungan, hadir pada peripheri dari test/cangkang
Cancellate: mempunyai permukaan seperti sarang lebah
cf. (confer): tidak pasti apakah bentuk2 ini termasuk dalam species tertentu tetapi dapat
disamakan dengan species tersebut
Clavate : bentuk yang memanjang, kadang inflated (menggelembung) di bagian ujung,
punya suatu bentuk gada
Cortex : sebuah lapisan dari ectosome yang terkeraskkan oleh cangkang yang beda,
berasal dari bahan organik atau mineral atau keduanya
Evolute : kamar-kamarnya tidak saling memeluk (kamar-kamar pada putaran berikutnya
menempel diatas putaran sebelumnya)
Enrolled biserial: suatu putaran planispiral yang tersusun oleh kamar-kamar yang biserial.
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Flange : platelike marginal extention along chambers (misal pada Sphaeroidinella) atau
batas apertur yang tinggi karena pembentukan apertural lip (misal pada
Hantkenina)
Flap : suatu dinding kamar yang tak berpori yang merupakan perpanjangan atau
tambahan kamar, terletak diluar dari struktur yang ada dan berada diatas atau
sepanjang apertur utama
Flush : bercampur, bentuk suatu permukaan yang menerus
Globular: bentuk yang membundar
Hemispherical: inflated pada satu sisi, sisi yang berlawanan datar
Hispid : ditutupi oleh spine (duri) yang halus, pendek seperti rambut
Infralaminal : bukaan sepanjang tepi dari struktur accesory (misal: bulla)
Involute : overlap yang sangat kuat, putaran kamar berikutnya seluruhnya melingkkupi
putaran sebelumnya)
Keel : bagian dari peripheri dinding kamar yang menebal seperti punggungan dan tidak
berpori
Lamellar wall: test-wall built of layers of calcite or aragonite formed at consecutive instars
and covering exposed surfaces of previously formed test. Wall generally
possessing true pores. Most lamellar genera are bilamellar and some primarily
multilamellar
Limbate : menunjuk pada batas atau tepi kamar yang menebal, umumnya pada suture,
bisa juga suatu tinggian
Lip : batas yang tinggi/menebal dari apertur, bisa hanya pada satu sisi apertur ataupun
mengelilinginya
Lobate : suatu bentuk yang arcuate
Ovate : bentuk seperti telur bila dipotong secara vertical
Planispiral: terputar pada satu bidang datar
Pustule : tonjolan-tonjolan kecil, mempunyai pusat cekungan akibat duri-duri yang
menyatu
Pseudocarina (pseudo keel): bagian perpheri dari dinding kamar yang berlobang-lobang,
menebal seperti punggunagan
Reticulate: seperti jaring, menunjuk pada ornamen berupa punggungan ( ridge) pada suatu
permukaan cangkang
Robus : kokoh, kuat
Rugose : ornamentasi kasar yang tak beraturan, bisa berupa punggungan
Sensu lato: dalam arti luas, menunjuk pada nama taxon dalam arti luas.
Sensu stricto: dalam arti sempit
Spinose : permukaan cangkanya mempunyai duri-duri halus yang memanjang
Spiral side (dorsal): bagian sisi evolute dari suatu test yang terputar trochospiral
Stellate : berbentuk seperti bintang
Streptospiral: suatu perubahan dari putaran trochospiral dimana bidang coiling selalu
berganti. (terputar seperti putaran benang bola)
Sutura : garis yang menghubungkan dua kamar atau antara dua putaran
Test : shell (cangkang) atau tulang penutup, bisa berupa sisa-sia buangan, gelatin,
chitinous, dinding yang padat, gampingan, aglutinant, silicieoous, atau kombinasi
dua atau lebih dari bahan diatas
Taxa : bentuk jamak dari taxon
Tegillum: suatu penutup bidang umbilcal pada cangkang planktonik foraminifera (seperti
pada Globotruncana), teridiri dari suatu pemanjangan kamar (seperti suatu lip yang
memanjang/menerussampai umbilicus) yang menutupi seluruh apertur utama,
sepanjang tepinya bisa jadi mempunyai lobang bukaan yang kecil-kecil.
Triform : tersusun oleh tiga macan susunan kamar = awal triserial kemudian biserial
selanjutnya menjadi uniserial, dll.
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Triserial : kamar-kamarnya tersusun dalam tiga baris

Tumid : lebarnya lebih dari setengah diameter
Umbilical side (ventral): bagian sisi involute dari suatu test yang terputar trochospiral,
punya umbilicus
Umbilicus: ruang yang dibentuk oleh tepi bagian dalam dinding umbilical daari kamar-kamar
dalam satu putaran yang sama
Uniform : satu jenis susunan kamar = biserial atau uniserial atau yang lain
Uniserial : kamar-kamarnya tersusun dalam satu baris,
6. Morfologi Foraminifera
Test (Shell)/Cangkang Foraminifera
Test atau cangkang foraminifera bisa terdiri dari sebuah kamar atau beberapa kamar yang
berukuran umumnya kurang dari 1 mm (kecuali foraminifera dari beberapa kelompok
Rotaliina dan Fusuliina) dan masing-masing kamar terhubungkan oleh sebuah bukaan
(foramen) atau beberapa bukaan (foramina). Batas antar kamar disebut sutura dan
mempunyai satu atau lebih lobang bukaan yang di sebut apertur. Foramina sering kali
termodifikasi dan berbeda dengan apertur
Berikut ini beberapa hal penting mengenai morfology test foraminifera. istilah-istilah bisa
dilihat di glossary.
1. The basic building block of foraminifera tests consists of a cavity with a surrounding wall
called a chamber .
2. Although a few species consist of only a single chamber, most species are multi-
chambered.
3. The simplest multi-chambered arrangement is a single linear series forming a uniserial
test. Internally the chambers are separated by walls called septa.
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4. Externally a line or junction forms where the septa meet the chamber walls. This
external line formed between two chambers is called a suture.
5. In addition to a uniserial arrangement, biserial and triserial chamber arrangements are
common.
6. Instead of forming a straight series of chambers, some foraminifera coil. Each volution
in a coil (through 360 degrees) is called a whorl.
7. If the test coils in a single plane (that is, the chambers are centered on the plane), the
coil is called planispiral. Because of the bilateral symmetry, both sides of the test will
appear identical.
8. If the test coils in a spire, like a snail, the coil is called trochospiral. A raised area in the
center of a coil is called an umbo and a depression, an umbilicus. A test in which
earlier chambers become enveloped by later ones is called involute. One in which
chambers from a previous whorl are visible is called evolute. In many trochospiral
forms the spiral side is evolute and the umbilical side is involute. Some foraminifera add
their chambers in several planes.
9. A common arrangement in which five chambers are visible is called quinqueloculine.
10. Some Major evolutionary trends in coiling include Triserial to biserial to uniserial.
However, some lineages have reversable trends (e.g. Unilocular to multichambered to
unilocular)
6.1 Struktur dan komposisi:

Penyususun cangkang mempunyai beberapa macam struktur dan komposisi, secara umum
sebagai berikut (Gambar 1):
A. Organic (dimiliki oleh Suborder Allogromiina): umumnya merupakan dinding yang tidak
rigid yang terbuat dari bahan-bahan protein atau pseudochitin yang umumnya disebut
tectin.
Dinding berkomposisi organic ini umumnya mudah hancur dan jarang menjadi fosil.
Foraminifera dengan cangkang berkomposisi organik banyak ditemukan pada lingkungan
air tawar (fresh water foraminifera).
Contoh: Allogromia, Neogullmia
B. Gampingan (Calcareous):
Dinding gampingan ini umumnnya terdiri dari kristal-kristal kalsit dan aragonit, mempunyai
berbagai susunan/struktur yang berbeda satu sama lain, antara lain:
- porcelin ( dimiliki oleh Suboder Miliolina):
di mikroskop yang reflected: milky while (seperti porselen Cina)
di mikroskop yang transmited: amber colour (light brown)
Contoh: Quinqueloculina, Spiroloculina, Pyrgo.
- hyaline (dimiliki oleh i.e. Suboder Rotaliina):

di mikroskop yang reflected: glassy
di mikroskop yang transmited: grey to clear (tergantung jenis hyaline yang mana)
ada beberapa jenis dinding hyalin:
1. hyaline radial; -contoh: plangtonik (Globigerinida); Nodosariida
2. hyaline obliqe
3. hyaline intermediate; - contoh: Cibicides refulgens
4. hyaline compound; - contoh: Cibicides lobatulus, Heterolepa floridanus,
Lepidocyclina, Miogypsina
Dinding yang terdiri dari kristal-kristal aragonit misalnya Hoeglundina
- microgranular(dimiliki oleh i.e.Suboder Fusulinina):
di mikroskop yang reflected: opak (brown to grey)
di mikroskop yang transmited: dark
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Contoh: Fusulinid, Ammonia, Pseudorotalia, Paleotextularia
C. Agglutinan/Arenaceous(dimiliki oleh Suborder Texulariina) :

penampakan luarnya (tektur) terlihat seperti batupasir, dinding tersebut merupakan
kumpulan bahan-bahan organic dan mineral yang tersemenkan oleh semen organic,
kalsit atau ferric oxide.
Contoh: Ammobaculites, Textularia, Bathysiphon, Haplophragmoides, Trochammina
Gambar 1 Jenis-jenis dinding foraminifera (Brasier, 1980)
6.2 Perkembangan kamar dan test

Test bisa terdiri dari Unilocular (Gambar 2): terdiri dari satu kamar dan Multilocular : terdiri
dari dua atau lebih kamar. Pada susunan kamar yang multilocular, kamar-kamar bisa
tersusun secara uniserial, biserial dan triserial atau gabungan dari dari susunan diatas, i.e:
uniform (misal. keseluruhan test tersusun dari kamr yang biserial), biform (misal: dari
uniserial menjadi biserial), triform (misal: bagian bawah triserial kemudian menjadi biserial
dan yang terakhir uniserial).
Dinding dari jenis hyaline dapat terdiri dari satu atau beberapa lapis, macamnya (Gambar
3):
non-laminar (= non-lamellar, meskipun sebenarnya istilah ini kurang tepat) : bila kamar
berikutnya (kamar baru) langsung nempel diatas kamar sebelumnya (tidak ada dinding
kamar yang dilingkupi dengan dinding kamar sebelumnya)
multilaminar bila dinding masing-masing kamar mempunyai beberapa lapisan, bisa berupa:
monolamelar: masing-masing kamar terdiri dari satu lapisan

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bilamelar: masing-masing dinding kamar mempunyai konstruksi dasar yang terdiri dari
dua lapisan
Penting untuk diperhatikan adalah jumlah kamar, terutama jumlah kamar pada putaran
terakhir, bila kamar-kamarnya terputar.
6.3 Arsitektur dan bentuk kamar

Susunan dan/atau putaran kamar-kamar pada foraminifera sangat bervasiasi dapat berupa:
Untuk test yang unilocular: globular, tubular/branching, globular/tubular, planispiral, zigzag,
irregular, sac-shape, radiate, glomospirral
Untuk test yang multilocular: rectilinear, arcuate, uniserial, biserial, triserial, planispiral
(evolute, involute), trochospiral streptospiral, putaran milioline (quinqueloculine: 144 o,
biloculine: 180o , triloculine: 120o), polymorphine, anular discoidal, anular complex. (Gambar
4)
(Brasier, 1980)
(Brasier, 1980)

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gross shape (profil):

Profil test foraminifera bisa dideskripsi secara umum, atau dilihat dari salah satu sisi, misal
dari periheral (samping), dorsal (sisi spiral) atau ventral (sisi umbilicus). Bentuk profil test
(cangkang) tersebut antara lain (Gambar 5, 6): planoconvex (spiroconvex dan
umbilicoconvex), biconvex/lenticular, globular, spherical, stellate, discoidal, fusiform,
trihedral, palmate (i.e. Frondicularia), sagitate (ie. Bolivina) , flabiliform (i.e. Pavonina), dll.
shapes of chamber (bentuk kamar):

globular, ovoid, crescentic, clavate, digitata, apiculate, wedge-shape conical
Gambar 4 perkembangan test yang multilocular (Brasier, 1980)

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Gambar 5 Susunan kamar-kamar pada foraminifera (Loeblich & Tappan, 1964)

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Gambar 6 Bentuk-bentuk test foraminifera(Loeblich & Tappan, 1964)

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6.4 Apertur:
Apertur merupakan suatu lubang bukaan pada cangkang foraminifera, bukaan ini
merupakan tempat dimana tubuh protoplasm berhubungan/mempunyai akses kebagian
exterior (Gambar 7,8,9,10 &11).
jenis: primer, sekunder, aksesori dan modifikasinya
jumlah: single , multiple
posisi: interomarginal, marginal, umbilical, extraumbilical, sutural, terminal, areal, basal,
peripheral.
bentuk: slit atau loop-like, low arch, hig arch, irregular, straight, phialine (bentuk leher
botol), radiate, denritik, rounded, dll
modifikasi: apertual lip, flap, portici, tegilla, apertural teeth (valvular tooth, simple toth,
bifid tooth, flattened tooth) , bulla, umbilical bos

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Gambar 7 Apertur utama (primary aperture) foraminifera (Loeblich & Tappan, 1964)
1a 1b 1c 1d

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Gambar 8 Macam-macam apertur tambahan (1-6) dan apertur aksesori (7-11) (Loeblich &
Tappan, 1964)

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Gambar 9 Bentuk dan macam modifikasi apertur pada foraminifera (flap, tooth, flang, lip,
bulla, tegilla) (Loeblich & Tappan, 1964)

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(Loeblich & Tappan, 1964)

Gambar 10 Modifikasi internal apertur pada test foraminifera
Gambar 11 Bentuk modifikasi aperture (Stainforth, 1972)
6.5 Sutura:
Sutura merupakan pertemuan antar kamar atau antar putaran, dapat dibedakan dari
bentuknya, apakah : lurus (straight), arcuate (lengkung), sinusous (bergelombang) dan
karakternya: flush, depresed, incised, beaded. Seringkali sutura foraminifera menebal dan
biasa disebut sebagai limbate.
6.6 Ornamentasi (sculpture):

Oramen merupakan hiasan yang ada pada test foraminifera. Seringkali ornamen tersebut
melibatkan bagian dari test misalnya pada permukaan kamar, sutura, peripheri, sutura spiral
dan bisa juga pada aperture. Bentuk dari oramen ini bermacam-macam bisa berbentuk
permukaan dinding kamar yang smooth, berduri-duri, hispid, cancellated, keel (carinate),
rim, rugose (rugae), costate, sriate, granulate, reticulate, fissure, acicular spine, pitted,
chamber flange, ribbed, raised bosses peripheral keel, papillate (Gambar 12).
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Gambar 12. Macam-macam ornamen pada foraminifera (Loeblich & Tappan, 1964)
(Catatan: Hati-hati dalam penggunaan parameter identifikasi terkait variasi pada tahap
ontogeni dan juga pengaruh oleh lingkungan)
6.7 Umbilicus
Parameter lain yang sering digunakan untuk deskripsi adalah umbilicus yaitu axial area
yang mana dari sisi ini kamar2 tampak memencar (radiate). Umbilicus bisa tertutup (closed
: terlihat hanya sebagai titik dimana sutura bertemu) atau narrowly deep ( bentuk seperti
pinhole: lubang kecil dan panjang) bentuk2 tersebut umumnya dimiliki oleh yang mempunyai
putaran ketat; bentuk lain dari umbilicus adalah terbuka.
6.8 Permukaan cangkang (test surface)

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Ada juga peneliti yang memakai parameter ini untuk identifikasi misal, Saito dkk. 1981. Pada
permukaan test dilihat apakah non spinose atau spinose, misal: spines, spine bases,
granules, pustules
6. 9 Ukuran:
Termasuk ukuran diameter dan panjang atau tinggi. Jika mungkin ukuran dari proloculus
dan kecepatan peningkatan ukuran dan diameter kamar serta putaranya.
Catatan:
Berikut ini adalah urutan parameter yang digunakan untuk kriteria klasifikasi dalam
urutan hirarkinya:
1. wall composition and microstructure

2. chamber arrangement and septal addition
3. apertural characters and modifications
4. chamber form and ornament
5. life habits and habitats
6. protoplasmic features
7. ontogenetic changes
8. genetics
Sejauh ini paramenter 1 s/d 4 adalah yang paling penting didalam taxonomi
foraminifera (dalam panduan ini, parameter 6.1 s/d 6.9). Parameter/unsur-unsur
tersebut harus diperhatikan dalam mengamati atau mendiskripsi fosil foraminifera,
terutama pada foraminifera kecil. Pengamatan pada foraminifera besar lebih komplek
meskipun pada dasarnya parameternya hampir sama.
Berikut adalah cara determinasi / identifikasi foraminifera:

1.
Untuk melakukan identifikasi terhadap suatu fosil, secara praktis adalah sebagai
berikut:
- pertama diamati dulu semua parameter diatas
- tentukan apakah fosil foraminifera tersebut termasuk plangtonik atau bentonik
(kalo bentonik, lihat apakah foram besar atau kecil)
- lihat kunci untuk mengenali genus maupun species dan ikuti langkah-langkah
pada kunci tersebut.
- untuk mengechek apakah identifikasi tersebut benar, coba bandingkan dengan
ilustrasi atau gambar/foto dan lihat diskripsi dari holotype genus atau species
yang dimaksud yang dibuat oleh yang menamakanya (author).
Dalam mendiskripsi suatu fosil hendaknya mengikuti aturan tertentu (lihat contoh
diskripsi) dan usahakan sejelas mungkin.
Contoh diskripsi plangtonik

Globoquadrina altispira altispira (CUSHMAN & JARVIS), 1936
Cangkang besar, trochospiral dimana tinggi dan diameternya hampir sama. Putaran terakhir
umumnya terdiri dari 4 kamar tetapi kadang bisa 6 kamar. Kamar-kamar tersusun secara
kompak (tight), awalnya globular dan membesar dengan cepat, selanjutnya agak tertekan
(depressed) dan memanjang kearah umbilicus. Profil spiral subcircular, agak menggantung
pada sutura; pada pandangan samping ovate sampai agak subtriangular. Sutura jelas,
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tertekan (depressed). Apertur umbilical, ditutupi oleh triangular f lap (gigi) dari material yang
tak berpori. Umbilicus terbuka dan dalam, dengan apertural teeth dari kamar sebelumnya
kelihatan didalamnya. Dindingnya cancelate halus. Diameter dan tingginya 0.45 sampai 0.75
mm.

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7. Kunci untuk identifikasi genus dan species umur Pli stosen- Resen
(Saito et. all. 1981)
I. Test surface rough under light microscope (spine, spine bases, granules, pustuloses):
A. Spine visible on living or well-preserved specimens; spine-bases on most specimens,
located interporate area [Hastigerinnidae; Globigerinidae]
1. Spines or spine bases restricted to distal end of chambers [Hastigerinidae]
a. globular to subglobular chamberss, planispiral coiling [Hastigerina], species:H.
pelagica, parapelagica
b. clavate chambers, streptospiral coiling [Hastigerinopsis], species: H.
digitiformans
2. Spines or spine baseson all portion of test wall [Globigerinidae]
a. primary aperture only
a.1 radially elongate chambers
low trochospire: [Globigerinella], species: G. adamsi, aequilateralis, calida
mediumtrochospire or streptosspire [Bella], species: B. digitata
a.2 globular or sperical chambers [Globigerina], species: G. antartica,
bernudezi, bulloides, decoraperta, falconensis, quinquiloba, umbilicata
b. suplementary aperture present
b.1 sperical to subbglobular chambers
singgle spherical chambers [Orbulina], species O universa, suturalis
subglobular chambers [Sphaeroidinella], sspecies: S. dehiscens,
excavata
subglobular - spherical chambers [Globigerinoides], species:
conglobatus, elongatus, fistulosus, obliquus, pyramidalis, ruber, sacculifer
B. Pustules or granules visible under light microscope on test surface, no spines or
spine bases [ globorotalidae]
1. Surface granular, coarsely pitted
a. pustules present only near aperture
Apertural tooth present [Globoquadrina], species: G. conglomerata,
pseudofoiliata
No apertural tooth [Globorotaloides], species: G.hexagona
b. pustules not prominent (generally with apertural tooth) [Neogloboquadrina]
low to medium trochospire; species N. asonoi, blowi, eggeri, humerosa,
pachyderma, pseudohumerosa, himiensis
medium to high trochospire, species: dutertrei
2. Surface pustulate
a. peripheral keel absent
Singular pustules [Globorotalia], species: hirsuta, inflata, oceanica, scitula,
tosaensis, hessi, ronda;
Multiple pustules[Neocarinina], species: N. blowi
b. peripheral keel present [Globorotalia (keeled)], species: frimbiata, flexuosa,
menardii, tumida, pertenuis, theyeri, truncatulinoides, cultrata ungulata, viola
II. Test surface smooth to shiny under light microscope (microgranular)

A. Surface visible perforate [Globorotalidae]
1. Trochospiral coiling, non keeled [Globorotalia], sppecies: bernudezi, crassaformis,
inflata, planispira
2. Streptospiral coiling [Pulleniatina], species: finalis, obliqueloculata, primalis,
praecursor
3. Chambers flanges [Sphaeroidinella], species: dehiscens, excavata
B. Surface looking imperforate (Candeinidae, Heterohelicidae)
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1. trochospiral coiling
a. primary aperture with bulla
strongly inflated chambers [Globigerinita], species: glutinata, iota, uvula,minuta
weakly inflated subglobular or radial elongated chambers [Turborotalita],
species: humilis
b. primary aperture extraumbilical [Berggrenia], species: praepumilio, pumilio,
riedeli
c. sutural aperture [Candeina], species: nitida
2. biserial coiling [Streptochilus], species: tokelauae

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8. Kunci untuk identifikasi genus plangtonik umur Kenozoik

(Postuma, 1971)
1. Test seluruhnya planispiral:

1.1 Equatorial aperture:
1.1.1 kamar-kamar globular sampai subglobular = Hastigerina
1.1.2 pada putaran awal kamar globular, pada putaran terakhir memanjang atau
clavate = Clavigerinella
1.1.3 pada putaran awal kamar globular, pada putaran terakhir pointed = Bolliella
1.1.4 kamar subglobular atau radial memanjang dengan tubulos-spine =
Hantkenina
1.2 Apertur utama equatorial dengan accesory aperture berupa aerial aperture:
1.2.1 kamar sublobular dengan tubulos-spine = Cribrohantkenina
2. Test planispiral pada awalnya, kemudian menjadi enrolled biserial

2.1 apertur extraumbilical
2.1.1 kamar globular sampai subglobular = Cassigerinella
3. Test seluruhnya trochospiral:

3.1 Umbilical aperture:
3.1.1 tanpa bulla
3.1.1.1 apertur dengan atau tanpa lip tipis, tak ada apertur tambahan =
Globigerina
3.1.1.2 apertur dengan atau tanpa lip tipis, dengan aperture suture tampahan
= Globigerinoides
3.1.1.3 aperture ditutupi oleh suatu struktur gigi umbilical, tak ada aperture
tambahan = Globoquadrina
3.1.1.4 apertur pada putaran akhir berupa suture aperture dengan jumlah
banyak = Candeina
3.1.2 dengan bulla:
3.1.2.1 bulla berada di umbilicus, kadang sedikit memanjang ke arah satu
atau dua sutura; apertur berada disekitar bulla pada suture dengan
jumlah bervariasi 1-5 = Catapsydrax (=Globigerinita of Blow, 1979)
3.1.2.2 bulla (bentuk seperti bulla) yang merupakan perpanjangan kamar
akhir yang menutupi umbilical aperture dan mempunyai lokasi bukaan
terbatas sepanjang suture = Globigerinita
3.1.2.3 bulla menutupi umbilicus dan menerus dengan bentuk sinuous
sepanjang suture pada sisi umbilical; punya banyak apertur tambahan
sepanjang tepi-tepi bulla = Tinophodella
3.2 Aperture extraumbilical-umbilical tanpa bulla:

3.2.1 tanpa apertur tambahan pada sutura
3.2.1.1 kamar lonjong (subglobular) sampai rhomboid runcing atau conical
runcing, dengan atau tanpa hiasan tunggal = Globorotalia
NOTE (menurut Blow, 1979):
BILA KAMAR SUBGLOBULAR TANPA KEEL = Turborotalia;
BILA KAMAR PIPIH DENGAN KEEL = Globorotalia
BILA KAMAR SUBGLOBULAR-SUBANGULAR-CONICAL, DINDING
PERFORATE DENGAN SPINOSA TANPA KEEL = Acarinina
BILA KAMAR SUBANGULAR-CONICAL, DINDING PERFORATE
DENGAN SPINOSA DAN MEMPUNYAI KEEL (KEEL YANG
BERUPA KUMPULAN DURI-DURI) = Morozovella
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BILA KAMAR ROUNDED TO POINTED, LOW TROCHOSPIRAL =

Bella
3.2.1.2 kamar putaran akhir radial memanjang, clavate atau cylindrical tanpa
hiasan tepi = Clavatorella
3.2.1.3 mempunyai struktur gigi pada apertur = Neogloboquadrina
3.2.2 dengan apertur tambahan pada sutura di bagian dorsal = Truncorotaloides
4. Test pada putaran awal trochospiral, putaran akhir atau kamar akhir melingkupi
sebagian atau seluruh kamar putaran sebelumnya
4.1 tanpa bulla
4.1.1 seperti globigerina, putaran akhir atau kamar akhir melingkupi sebagian
umbilical dengan aperture tambahan pada sutura melingkupi umbilical ruang =
Globigerapsis
4.1.2 seperti globigerinoides dengan kamar akhir mempunyai aperture tambahan
pada sutura yang melingkupi umbilical ruang = Orbulinoides atau
Praeorbulina
4.1.3 seperti globigerina dengan kamar akhir seluruh atau hampir seluruhnya
melingkupi kamar pada putaran sebelumnya; aperture sepanjang sutura dan
aerial aperture pada kamar akhir = Orbulina
4.2 dengan bulla
4.2.1 seperti globigerina, putaran akhir atau kamar akhir membulat menutupi
umbilicus, mempunyai aperture tambahan pada sutura yang ditutupi oleh bulla
sempit ( tiap bulla punya lubang infralaminal) = Globigerinatheka
4.2.2 seperti globigerinatheka, sutura lebih tak teratur; aperture multiple tersebar
pada kamar akhir yang ditutupi oleh bulla; bulla appressed, bervariasi menutupi
sebagian besar test , tiap bulla mempunyai lubang infralaminal (infralaminal
aperture) sepanjang tepi-tepinya = Globigerinatella
4.3 dengan atau tanpa bulla
putaran awal seperti globigerina, putaran akhir terdiri 2 atau 3 kamar yang berpukan
erat, stuktur dinding komplek terdiri dari lebih satu lapisan kulit meterial.
aperture slit-like atau iregular
4.3.1 hanya punya satu apertuer = Sphaeroidinellopsis
4.3.2 punya dua atau lebih apertur = Sphaeroidinella
5. Test pada putaran awal trochospiral menjadi streptospiral pada putaran akhir; pada
putaran awal umbilicus terbuka, pada putaran akhir tanpa ada umbilicus =
Pulleniatina
6. Test streptospiral, kamar clavate, radial elongated, pada pertumbuhan selanjutnya

menjadi bifurcating atau trifurcating = Hastigerinella

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9. Kunci untuk identifikasi genus plangtonik umur MesozoiK

(Bollii et. all. , 1985)
1. Test trochospiral
1.1 primary aperture umbilical-extraumbilical
1.1.1-with sutural suplementary apertures at umbilical: (Rotaliporinae):
-chamber sperical, without keel : Ticinella
-with keel : Rotalipora
1.1.2-without suplementary aperture at umbilical
-without keel: (Hedbergellinae)
-with lip
-without relict aperture at spiral side: Hedbergella
-with relict aperture at spiral side: Loeblichella
-with tegilla and infralaminal ap. acc.: Globotruncanella
-with 1 or 2 keel (composed of : pustules and/or imbrication):
(Marginotruncaninae)
-radial sutura, depressed at umbilical side
- with lip or portici
- 1 keel : Praeglobotruncana
- 2 keel : Dicarinella
- with tegila and infra and intralaminal aperture
accesory:Abathomphalus
-sutura sigmoid at umbilical side, 2 keel : Marginotruncana
1.2 primary aperture umbilical

1.2.1-no distinctly keel or present fairly 2 keel, sutura radial at umbilical side
(Rugoglobigerinae)
-primary aperture nearly extraumbilical with portici : Whiteinella
-Primary aperture umbilical with tegilla:
-without costellae: Archeoglobigerina
-with costellae : Rugoglobigerina
1.2.2-with 1 or 2 keel
-sutura sigmoid at umbilical side, tegilla with infra and intralaminal aperture
accessories : Globotruncana
2. Test early portion trochospiral, later planispiral, aperture extraumbilical, tending to

become equatorial:
- chaamber elongated, with a hollow bulb-shape or spine-like extention in equatorial
plane: Schackoina
- chambers elongated, some or all chambers of the last whorl with two or ccasionally
more, hollow bulb-shape extention on each side of the equatorial plane:
Leupoldina
3. Test planispiral
-Primary aperture equatorial bordered by a lip, with relict aperture:
- with keel: Planomalina
- without keel:
-chambers globular to ovate: Globigerinelloides
-chambers radial-ellongate : Hastigerinoides

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RANGE OF SELECTED PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA MARKERS (Blow, 1979)
PLEISTO
OLIGOCENE MIOCENE PLIOCENE
CENE
EARLY MIDDLE LATE

M L
P19 P20 P21 P22 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20 N21 N22 N23
Globigerina calida calida
Globorotalia truncatulinoides
Globorotalia tosaensis
Globigerinoides obliquus obliquus

Globigerinoides obliquus extremus
Globigerinoides fistulosus
Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina
Globoquadrina altispira altispira
Globoquadrina altispira altispira
Globigerina apertura
Globigerina nepenthes
Globoquadrina dehiscens dehiscens
Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscens
Globorotalia margaritae
Globigerina venezuelana
Globorotalia merotumida
Globorotalia pleisotumida
Globigerina praebulloides praebulloides

Globorotalia lenguaensis
Globorotalia paralenguaensis
Globoquadrina baroemoenensis
Globorotalia continuosa
Globoquadrina dehiscens adveda
Globorotalia siakensis
Globorotalia druyii
Globigerinoides subquadratus
Cassigerinella chipolensis
Globorotalia mayeri
Globorotalia fohsi fohsi
Globorotalia fohsi lobata

Globorotalia fohsi robusta
Globorotalia praefohsi
Globorotalia praemenardi praemenardi
Globorotalia peripheroacuta
Globorotalia peripheroronda
Globorotalia archeomenardii
Globorotalia birnageae
Praeobrulina glomerosa circularis
Praeobrulina glomerosa glomerosa
Praeobrulina transitoria
Globigerinoides sicanus
Globigerinoide diminitus
Globigerinatella insueta
Praeobrulina glomerosa curva

Globigerinoita stainforthi stainforthi
Globigerinoides altiaperturus
Globigerinita unicava
Globigerinita dissimilis
Gloquadrina dehiscens praed ehiscens
Globigerina binaiensis
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RANGE OF SELECTED PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA MA RKERS Blow, 1979)

PLEISTO
OLIGOCENE MIOCENE PLIO CENE
CENE
EARLY MIDDLE LATE

M L
Globigerinoides primordius
erina ouachitaensis ciperoensis
Globorotalia kugleri
Globigerina angulisuturalis
Globigerina tripartita
Globigerina sellii
lobigerina gortanii
Globorotalia opima nana
talia opima opima
lobigerina galavisi
bigerina prasaepis Pulleniatina finalis
bigerina officinalis Globigerina dutertrei
pliapertura Globorotalia frimbiata

ensis Globigerina rubescens
micra Sphaeroidinella dehiscens dehiscens
cens Globorotalia ungulata
rtura Pulleniatina obliqueloculata

Globigerinoides fistulosus
Globigerinoides conglobatus
Globorotalia tumida tumida
Globorotalia humerosa
Globorotalia crassaformis s.l.
Globorotalia acostaensis
Globigerinoides elongatus
Globigerinoides ruber

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1. KEY TO SOME IMPORTANT BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL GENERA

( Chusman ?.)
1. a. Wall agglutinated ................................................................................................... 2)
b. Wall calcareous, imperforate; adult externally agglutinated ................................ 21)
c. Wall calcareous, perforate .................................................................................... 33)
2. a. Test low trochospiral ..........................................................................Trochammina
b. If not, please going to ............................................................................................ 3)
3. a. Test planispiral ....................................................................................................... 4)
b. Test not planispiral ................................................................................................. 5)
4. a. Chambers completely involute ..............................................................Cyclammina
b. Chambers evolute, test discoidal .......................................................... Ammodiscus
5. a. Chambers arrangement milioline ......................................................................... 22)
b. If not , please going to ........................................................................................... 6)
6. a. Biserial to Uniserial ............................................................................................... 7)
b. Biserial ................................................................................................................... 9)
c. Triserial or multiserial ........................................................................................... 16)
7. a. Early stage biserial, later uniserial, aperture terminal and rounded ......... Bigenerina
b. Early stage trochospiral, via triserial and biserial reduced to uniserial; test cylindrical,
aperture terminal (arcuate) slit bordered by a lip ......................................................
Martinotiella
c. Early stage triserial, at least early stage triangular in section ................................. 8)
8. a. Rounded terminal aperture with tooth .......................................................Clavulina
b. Terminal aperture without tooth ...................................................................Tritaxia
9. a. The test is biserial througt .................................................................................... 10)
b. If not, please going to .......................................................................................... 11)
10. a. Aperture basal, low arch .................................... Textularia or juvenille Bigenerina
b. Aperture terminal, rounded, on a short neck .................................... Siphotextularia
11. a. Early stage triserial, often triangular ........................................................Gaudryina
12. a. Early stage planispiral, later portion biserial ........................................................ 13)
b. Early stage trochospiral, four or more chambers in each whorls, later reduced to
biserial. 14)
13. a. Test begining with a well developed planispiral coil ...................... Spiroplectamina
b. Test begining with a very small planispiral coil of a few chambers ........ . Textularia
(microspheric)
14. a. Aperture a basal slit ....................................................................................Dorothia
b. Aperture terminal, bordered by a lip or on short neck ......................................... 15)
15. a. Terminal aperture rounded (bordered by lip, or on a short neck) ........... Karreriella
b. Aperture elongate slit, often arch-like .................................................. Martinotiella
16. a. At least the earliest part is trochospiral (4-5 chambers in each worl) .................. 17)
b. Initial part is triserial, test often triangular in section .......................................... 18)
17. a. Aperture a basal slit ...................................................................................Eggerella
b. Test cylindrical, aperture terminal elongate slit, with a bordering ....... Martinotiella
(juvenile)
18. a. Aperture with tooth .............................................................................................. 19)
b. Aperture without tooth ......................................................................................... 20)
19. a. Aperture basal, test triserial throught, later portion may have more than 3 chambers
to whorl ......
........................................................................................................................Valvulina
b. Aperture terminal ......................................................................Clavulina (juvenile)
20. a. Test triangular, sharp angles, nearly carinate, aperture a low basal arch .Verneulina
b. Aperture not a low arch, periphery less sharp .......................................... Gaudryina
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21. a. Test (externally) agglutinated .............................................................................. 22)

22. a. Chambers arrangement quinqueloculine ........................................ Quinqueloculina
b. Chambers arrangement triloculine .......................................................... Triloculina
c. Chambers arrangement sigmoiline ........................................................ Sigmoilopsis
d. Chambers arrangement quinqueloculine in the initial stage, later becoming
biloculine (evolute) ..........................................................................................Massilina
23. a. Aperture with a broad, flat tooth or flap, partially closing it ................................ 24)
24. a. Chambers arrangement quinqueloculine ................................................... Scutuloris
b. Chambers arrangement triloculine .......................................................... Miliolinella
c. Chambers arrangement biloculine ........................................................ Biloculinella
d. Chambers arrangement biloculine in the initial stage, later becoming planispiral
with 3 chambers per whorl, increasing to 5 or 6 ............... ................... Nummoloculina
25. a. Test discoidal ....................................................................................................... 26)
26. a. Test composed of a globular proloculus followed by an undivided, planispiral coiled
tubular second chamber, at least partially evolute
................................................................. Cyclogyra
b. Test composed of numerous small chambers, arranged in annular series ............ 27)
c. Test planispiral coiled, with very broad chambers ................................................ 28)
27. a. Test in a later stage composed of a single layer of annular chamber, a single row of
aperture at the periphery
........................................................................................................... Sorites
b. Test in a later stage composed of double layer of annular chambers, a double row of
aperture at the periphery ..................................................................................................
Amphisorus
28. a. Test planispirally coiled, later portion may be uncoiling. Chambers very broad,
mostly longitudinally striate. Aperture a single row of slits along the apertural face
...................... Peneroplis
b. Test planispiral, involute, later becoming evolute, aperture a double row of pores on
the apertural face
............................................................................................................... Archaias
29. a. Chambers arrangement quinqueloculine ......................................... Quinqueloculina
b. Chambers arrangement triloculine ........................................................................ 30)
c. Chambers arrangement biloculine, all chambers visible from outside .....Spiroloculina
d. Chambers arrangement biloculine,only the last two chambers visible from outside
31)
e. Chambers arrangement sigmoiline ............................................................ Sigmoilina
f. Other chambers arrangement ................................................................................ 32)
30. a. Aperture with normal (simple of bifid) tooth ............................................... Triloculina
b. Aperture with a cruciform or dentritic tooth ........................................... Cruciloculina
31. a. Aperture with normal (simple of bifid) tooth .....................................................Pyrgo
b. Aperture with an Y or X shape tooth ........................................................... Pyrgoella
32. a. Chambers arrangement quinqueloculine in early stage, later becoming evolute
biloculine .......................................................................................................................
Massilina
b. Chambers arrangement in early stage milioline, later uniserial ................... Articulina
c. Test consisting of a globular proloculus followed by evolute planispiral chamber
arrangement; chambers gradually decreasing to half a whorl in length
...........................Opthalmidium
33. a. Test consist of one chamber ................................................................................. 34)
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b. Test consist of more chambers ............................................................................. 36)

34. a. Aperture on elongate neck with a lip .............................................................Lagena
b. Aperture not on a neck ......................................................................................... 35)
35. a. Aperture rounded, may have radiate grooves, entosolenian tube projecting into the
test ......................................................................................................................Oolina
b. Aperture slit-like, or rounded in the centre of a slit-like cavity; entosolenian tube
projecting into the test
.................................................................................................................. Fissurina
c. Aperture slit-like or arched with overhanging hoodlike extention of chamber wall;
entosolenian tube projecting into the test
............................................................................... Parafissurina
36. a. Aperture radiate .................................................................................................... 37)
b. Aperture not radiate ............................................................................................. 47)
37. a. Chambers arrangement uniserial throughout ....................................................... 38)
b. Chambers arrangement uniserial only in the last stage ........................................ 42)
c. Chambers arrangement along a curved axis, or planispiral .................................. 45)
d. Chambers arrangement otherwise ........................................................................ 46)
38. a. Test straight, rectilinear ........................................................................................ 39)
b. Test elongate, arcuate .......................................................................................... 41)
c. Test elongate or palmate, strongly flattened, chambers are formed low and broad ...
Frondicularia
39. a. Test rounded in section ........................................................................................ 40)
b. Test compressed or ovate in section ........................................................ Vaginulina
40. a. Sutures oblique ..................................................................................................... 41)
b. Sutures perpendicular to axis of test ........................ Nodosaria or Pseudonodosaria
41. a. Asymetrical terminal aperture ....................................................................Dentalina
b. Asymetrical terminal aperture, early stage slightly coiled ..................... ... Marginulina
42. a. Initial stage biserial, changing to uniserial, sutures limbate .......... Plectofrondicularia
b. Initial stage biserial often becoming uniserial; chambers strongly overlapping,
aperture with entosolenian tube
........................................................................................ Glandulina
c. Initial stage planispiral (coiled along curved axis); sharp break between this and
uniserial part ................................................................................................................
Amphicoryna
d. Initial stage planispiral, gradually uncoilling ....................................................... 43)
43. a. Test strongly compressed, carinate margins ............................................. Planularia
b. Test triangular in section .......................................................................Saracenaria
c. Test ovate or rounded in section .......................................................................... 44)
44. a. Test roud in section, early chambers planispiral whorl ...................... Marginulinopsis
b. Test ovate and compressed in section, early chambers planispiral whorl ... ..........
Vaginulinopsis
45. a. Test strongly compressed, the low and broad chambers are added along a curved
axis. Astocolus
b. Test a true planispiral, rarely slightly trochoid, periphery angled or keeled
...................Lenticulina
46. a. Chambers biserially arrenged, twisted; sigmoiline in early stage .......... Polymorphina
b. Chambers arrengement quinqueloculine, 3 chambers visible on one side, and two
on the other ......................................................................................................................
Globulina
c. Chambers arrengement quinqueloculine, 4 chambers visible on one side, and 3 on
the other ........................................................................................................................
Guttulina
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d. Chambers arrengement biserial (often becoming uniserial in later stage) chambers

strongly overlapping, aperture with entosolenian tube ..............................................
Glandulina
47. a. Test planispiral, or very weakly trochoid ............................................................. 48)
b. Chamber biserially arrenged, the alternating chambers are planispiral coiled ..... 54)
c. Test biserial, triserial or multiserial ...................................................................... 55)
d. Test trochospiral .................................................................................................. 66)
e. Chambers arrangement otherwise ........................................................................ 96)
48. a. Test planispiral, two chambers to whorl, chambers strongly embracing previous previous ones
(only a basal segmen of penultime chambers visible), aperture a basal slit
........................hilostomella
b. Test planoconvex, chambers composed of a larger ventral portion and a smaller
dorsal portion separated by a thin plate representing a prolongation of the very wide
kell...... Laticarinina
c. If not please going to ............................................................................................ 49)
49. a. Test totally planispiral (two side equal) ............................................................... 50)
b. Test slightly trochoid, at one side the final chamber is overhanging the umbilical
region, sometimes forming a distinct flap
................................................................................ Nonionella
c. Test slightly trochoid, final chamber not overhanging the umbilicus .................. 68)
50. a. The test show a retral processes processes across the chamber chamber sutures ....................
Elphidium (see also Cribrononion, Cribroelphidium)
b. If not please going to ........................................................................................... 51)
51. a. Chambers evolute on both sides, primary aperture ovate or slit-like, basal (at the
periphery); secondary apertures elongate, slit-like, in the upper part of the chambers
(paralleling the kell) at one side of the test
................................................................................................ Almaena
52. a. Aperture a basal slit extending from the umbilicus from one side to the opposite one,
3 to 6 chambers in the final whorl
............................................................................................... Pullenia
53. a. Umbilical region covered by backward projecting non porous umbilical umbilical flap, which
partially cover the chamber sutures, and together from a stelliform pattern .
Astrononion
b. No stelliform structure in the umbilicus ........................................................ Nonion
(see also Floricus, Melonis, Protelphidium)
54. a. Test laterally compressed, completely
completely coiled ... Cassidulina (see also Islandiella,
..Globocassidulina)
b. Test somewhat uncoiling, compressed perpendicular to the plane of coiling
.........Ehrenbergina
55. a. Test multiserial (more than 3 chambers
chambers per whorl) .............................................
........................................... .. 56)
b. Test uniserial throughout ..................................................................................... 57)
c. Test basically triserial, eventually reducing to biserial or uniserial .............. ....... 58)
d. Test basically biserial, eventually reducing to uniserial ...................................... 63)
56. a. Between 3 and 4 chambers to whorls, aperture a small basal arch in the final
chamber.... Turrilina
b. Many to 4 chambers to whorl, few whorls, aperture loop-shaped .......... Buliminella
57. a. Aperture terminal, often
often at the end of a neck ....................................... Stilostomella
b. Aperture terminal, with a projecting hood, two small teeth on the opposite side.......
Pleurostomella
58. a. Aperture terminal, rounded,
rounded, at the end of a neck .................................................
........................................... ...... 59)
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b. Aperture without a neck, often loop-shaped ........................................................ 60)

59. a. Test rouded in section, triserial troughout, sometimes in a later stage becoming
biserial (see Hopkinsina) or uniserial (see Rectuvigerina)
.................................................. Uvigerina
b. Test triangular in section, triserial troughout ..................................... Trifarina
(seealso angulogerina)
60. a. Test triserial throughout ....................................................................................... 61)
b. Test triseral in early stage (at least in microspheric mi crospheric generation), later with a twisted
biserial development, aperture loop-shaped ............................................................
Stainforthia
61. a. Test triangular in section, aperture basal .................................................... Reussella
62. a. Aperture terminal, loop-shaped, often with with extending tooth plate ............... Bulimina
b. Aperture loop-shaped, chambers strongly overlapping the t he previous
ones...........Globobulimina
63. a. Test regularly biserial throughout ........................................................................ 64)
b. Test at least in early stage (strongly) twisted biserial .......................................... 65)
c. Early stage biserial, later uniserial, aperture terminal, rounded, with a short neck
....Siphogenerina
64. a. Aperture a narrow elongate loop on chamber face ...................................... Bolivina
b. Test quadrate in section (4 carinae), tendency to uniseriality; sutures arched,
limbate; aperture terminal, slit-like to ovate ................................. ............. Loxostomum
65. a. Test twisted biserial, later more typically biserial; aperture elongate, narrow,
extending upface of final chamber .................................. ..................... Fursenkoina
b. Test twisted biserial throughout, aperture loop-shaped l oop-shaped in chamber face .Stainforthia
66. a. Primary aperture peripheral, eventually extending onto the spiral and or umbilical
side... 67)
67. a. Test a low trochospiral, nearly planispiral ........................................................... 68)
b. Test trochospiral .................................................................................................. 69)
68. a. Test with a very wide keel .................................................... Laticarinina (see 48-b)
b. Aperture a peripheral arch extending somewhat to the ventral side, test discoidal,
compresssed ...................................................................................................
Planulina
c. Aperture a peripheral arch, slightly asymetrical (overhanging to the ventral side),
no apertural extensions ................................................................................ Anomalina
Anomalina
d. Aperture a peripheral arch, with low slits extending beneath small chambers flaps
on both sides of the test discoidal compressed ............................................... Hyalinea
69. a. Test planoconvex ................................................................................................. 70)
b. Test not planoconvex ........................................................................................... 71)
70. a. Dorsal side with elevated flaps on lower margin of chambers, partially or completely
overlapping chambers of previous whorl; aperture peripheral arch extending under
flaps on dorsal side . ..................................................
....................... ......................................................
.............................Hanzawaia
b. No chamber flaps on dorsal side ................................................................ Cibicides
71. a. Aperture not extending onto the dorsal side ........................... Anomalina (see 68-c)
b. Aperture extending onto the dorsal side .............................................................. 72)
72. a. Aperture a low with a narrow bordering lip, extending along spiral suture
.. Anomalinoides
Anomalinoides
b. Aperture a peripheral arch extending along spiral suture ........................... Cibicides
(see also Cibidoides, Heterolepa)

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73. a. Periphery with a fimbriate keel, aperture at the periphery, oval, on a short neck
andwith a distinct lip
...................................................................................................................... Siphonina
74. a. Imperforate field above umbilicus ....................................................................... 75)
b. No imperforate field above umbilicus ................................................................. 77)
75. a. Chamber extentions into the umbilical area ......................................................... 76)
b. No chamber extentions into the umbilical area ........................................... Baggina
76. a. Extention of last chamber (apertural lip) almost completely covering umbilical
region,large imperforate field above umbilicus
.................................................................... Cancris
b. Broad chambers flaps projecting over the umbilicus (if not broken off); flaps of
previous chambers often remain partially visible, imperforate field above umbilicus not
always distinct . Valvulineria
77. a. Umbilical surface with irregular granules along the (often excavated) sutures and
over the umbilical region; often with an umbilical plug which is broken up in adult
specimens ..........78)
b. Less irregular ventral surface ............................................................................... 79)
78. a. Three prominent spines spines radiating from the test test ....................................
......................... ........... Asterorotalia
Asterorotalia
b. Well developed secondary openings along the chamber sutures at the ventral side,
outside the umbilical region ..............................................................................................
Buccella
c. No prominent spines or distinct secondary openings ..................... Amonia or Rotalia
79. a. Test with secondary chambers, chambers, or chambers split up into segments segments .................... 80)
80. a. Test a high trochospiral with several chambers in each whorl, each chamber divided
by an infolding of the wall; one triangular secondary aperture at the dorsal side
(between the last two chambers, where internal partition meets chamber suture)
................................................................... 81)
b. Large biconvex multi chambered from (more then ten chambers to whorl) basal slit-
like aperture surrounded by a granulate area, chambers on ventral side split up into
chamberlets.. Amphistegina
c. Test with secondary chambers at the ventral side forming a stelliform pattern, less
than ten chambers to whorl
..................................................................................................... 82)
81. a. Primary aperture one elongate loop-shaped opening extending up up face of final
chamber Robertina
b. Primary aperture consisting of two t wo divergent slits,one up face of final chamber, and
one aperture of previous whorl ....................................................................................
Robertinoides
82. a. Convex ventral side, dorsal dorsal side almost flat, no umbilical plug ............ Asterigerina
b. Convex dorsal side, ventral side almost flat, no umbilical plug ......... Asterigerinata
83. a. Test with flaplike structures (imperforate) in in the umbilical region ...................... 84)
84. a. Concavo-convex form, chambers lunate, last chamber chamber at the ventral side occupies a
large part of the test, distinct flap with aprtural openings at both of it, aperture of earlier
chambers remain open
.................................................................................................................. Neoconorbia
b. If not please going to ........................................................................................... 85)
85. a. The umbilicus is open .......................................................................................... 86)
b. The umbilicus is closed by flap-like structures (if not broken off) ....... ................. 87)

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86. a. Distinct flaps in umbilicus, primary aperture a basal arch near the periphery
.Rosalina
b. Very small flaps in umbilicus, primary aperture a low slit restricted to mid -portion of
the apertural face (Gyroidina) or extending from periphery to umbilicus
....(Gyroidinoides)
87. a. Extensions of basal portions of the chambers into the umbilicus, flusing and totally
closing the umbilicus .....................................................................................Discorbis
b. Broad chambers flaps projecting over the umbilicus ............................ Valvulineria
88. a. Secondary apertures developed outside the umbilicus umbilicus region .............................. 89)
b. No secondary apertures outside the umbilicus region ......................................... 91)
89. a. Secondary aperture at the periphery, over the complete breath of the chambers .......
Hoeglundina
b. Secondary aperture only at the ventral side, along the chamber sutures, outside the
umbilical region
......................................................................................................................... Bucella
c. Primary aperture bipartitioned, or two separate openings, one part of basal split, the
other part a split extending up the apertural face
................................................................. Osangularia
d. Secondary apertures dorsal or dorsal as well as ventral ....................................... 90)
90. a. Secondary apertures at the dorsal side at the junction of spiral and chamber sutures,
at the ventral side at the mid-point of the sinuate sutures
.................................................. Oridorsalis
b. Only one secondary aperture at the dorsal of the test, triangular, at the basis of the
last chamber
................................................................................................................................. 91)
91. a. Test with a prominent plug in the umbilicus ........................................
...................................... .. Gavelinopsis
b. No umbilical plug ................................................................................................... 92)
92. a. Test distincly planoconvex, last chamber ventrally occuping occuping most of the
test......Lamarckiana
93. a. Primary aperture a vertical elongate slit up chamber face ................................................................ ...... 94)
b. Primary aperture arch-like ................................................................................... 95)
c. Primary aperture bipartitioned, or two separate openings, one part a basal split,
theother part a split extending up the apertural face
................................................................. Osangularia
d. Primary aperture a basal split extending from periphery to umbilicus .. Gyroidinoides
94. a. Aperture near and and parallel to periphery
periphery ...............................................
.............................. ................. Epistominella
b. Aperture umbilical, elongate slit, in a groove, extending up face of final chamber on
umbilical side ..................................................................................Ceratobulimina
c. Aperture a low slit restricted to the mid-portion mid -portion of the apertural face, very flaps in
umbilicus .......................................................................................................
Gyroidina
95. a. Aperture a basal split, laying in an unfolded unfolded area ....................................
................................ .... Alabamina
Alabamina
b. Aperture not in an unfolded area ................................................................ Eponides
c. If not, please going to ........................................................................................... 96)
96. a. Test subglobular, chambers hemisphaerical, hemisphaerical, strongly embracing, aperture an arch-
likeslit, near suture
................................................................................................................. Sphaeroidina
b. Test in early stage trochospiral, alter with numerous chambers forming a discoidal di scoidal
test . Planorbulina.

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12. Diskripsi beberapa genus foraminifera plangtonik:
Cassigerinella : Small involute biserial (cassiduline) coil of inflated chambers; aperture a

simple arch directed alternately to right and left on successive chambers.
Cribrohantkenina: Test as in Hantkenina with strongly inflated chambers and larger
apertural face on which arched aperture is suplemented or replaced by one or more
rows of larger apertural pore.
Globigerina: Trochospire of globose to ovate chambers, variying greatly in coiling
parameters but characterized by its aperture, which is a simple opening into the
umbilicus.
Globigerinoides: An umbilicate trochospire as in Globigerina but at least one (and generally
several) supplementary aperture on spiral side, these apertures range from small gap
where sutures intersect to conspicious lunate opening along spiral suture.
Globorotalia: Test vary variable but basicaly a reguler trochospire of closely packed,
gradually enlargering chambers, aperture a slit or arch between umbilicus and
peripheri, directed forward rather than inward, commonly with some form of rim, lip or
flange.
Globigerinita: Test a Globigeria-like trochospire but umbilical pit is covered by a bulla: shell
delicate, smooth, matte surface, few to many infralaminal opening may surround bulla.
Globoquadrina: Test as in Globigerina except that each aperture carries a flap with ranges
from a narrow flange to an elaborate trianglar tooth.
Hanktenina: Regular planispiral coil, commonly involute, suture straight, radial, and deeply
incised, chambers apiculate to triangular and bearing distinctive spine at tips; aperture
a highly arched slit that may be bordered by alips or flanges.
Hastigerina: Planispiral coil of bulbous to elongated chambers; aperture an arch or slit
embracing inner coil. Immature and primitive may have trochospiral tendency.
Orbulina: Test sperical with only final chamber or final chamber with small part of initial spire
( flush with or protuding slightly throught sperical surface) visible.
Neogloboquadrina: Test trochospiral, chamber shape ovate to subglobular, wall
calcareous, perforate, primary aperture umbilical, aperture modifications typically
present, such as teeth; no secondary aperture
Pulleniatina: Test streptospiral, chamber subglobular, wall calcareous, adult have thick
cortex, primary apertureinteriomarginal umbilical-extraumblical, no secondary aperture.
Praeorbulina: Initially low trochospiral but become globular to sperical beecouse of rapidly
increasing size and enveloping nature of adult chambers; final chamber cover 40 - 70%
of earlier test. No primary aperture in adult stage, but numeros slit or larger pore along
suture of last chamber.
Sphaeroidinella: Test trochospiral; chamber globular; wall calcareous, perforate covered
with heavy cortex; primary aperture umbilical. largerly obscure by overhanging cortex
turing outwards forming chamber flanges; secondary (s) aperture located on spiral side.
Sphaeroidinellopsis: Trochospiral, ranging from loose and umbilicate to appessed, ovoid,
with umbilical slit, characterized by thick, impervorate to vitreous cortex that overlies
primary perforate wall test. no secondary aperture

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13. Diskripsi Genus-genus foraminifera bentos yang kosmopolitan pada endapan

Neogen di Indonesia:
Ammonia : test calcareous, low trochospiral 3-4 putaran, suture slightly curved, thicknes,
depressed on umbilical side, umbilical surface with irregular granulanes along suture
and over umbilical region, umbilicus with open umbilical fissure and plug.
Anomalinella: test planispiral involute; lenticular; wall coarse perfotare with peripheral keel;
aperture low, rounded interomarginal arch, bordered by lip.
Anomallina: test low trochospiral or nearly planispiral; spiral side with umbonal bos, oppsite
site with depressed umbilicus; aperture interomarginal equatorial opening extending to
umbilical side.
Asterorotalia: test trochospiral, biconvex, with 3 prominent slender spine radiating from test,
margin carinate.
Bigenerina: early test biserial become uniserial, wall aglutinanted; aperture terminal
rounded.
Bolivina: biserial, retral processes, aperture narrow elongate loop up chamber face with
toothplate
Bulimina: triserial, aperture bentuk koma
Cancris: test trochospiral; biconvex; elongated and auriculte in shape; chamber rapidly
enlarging; may have peripheral keel and apertural lip. ( differs from Baggina in being
more elongated, evolute in spiral side, keeled and in having an open umbilicus and an
apertural lip)
Cassidulina: biserial terputar; lenticular; aperture elongated slit curve pararel to anterior
margin of chamber with narrow lip
Cellanthus: seperti elphidium tetapi mempunyai biumbilical bos
Cibicides: low trochospiral; dorsal flat; umbilical convex; peripheri angular with keel
Cyclamina: test palnispiral involute; wall aglutinant; wall and septa strongly labyrinthic;
aperture equatorial slit and numerous pore scatered over face.
Dentalina: test elongate; arcuate; uniserial; suture oblique; aperture radiate, terminal
Discorbis: test trochospiral biconvex; plano-convex; flatened on umbilical side; periphery
angled; umbilical with flap; primary aperture extraumbilical, secondary sutural opening
at opposide of chamber flap
Elpidium: test planispiral involute; chamber numerous with retral processes; wall
calcareous; surface commonly with groves or ridges pararelling periphery.
Fissurina: test rounded or ovate in outline; compressed trigonal or tetragonal in section, and
may keeled, surface smooth, costate, beaded; aperture slitlike to oval or rounded
Florilus: test planispiral bbut may be asymetrical, involute; chambers increasing rapidly in
breadth and thickness resulting in flaring test; aperture narrow equatorial opening.
Frondicularia: test elongated or palmae; flatened; chamber low broad and equitant; suture
strongly arched or angled at center of test; aperture terminal radiate may have short
neck.
Gyroidina: test trochospiral, planoconvex; periphery rounded to subtruncate; primary
aperture a low interomarginal slit restricted to mid-portion of apertural face bordered by
narrow lip.
Haplophragmoides: test planispiral involute; wall aglutinanted; aperture equatorial slit.
Heterolepa: test trochospiral, planoconve; periphery bluntly angled, may have keel; slowly
enlargering chamber; aperture interomarginal slitlike at extraumblical to peripheri on
spiral side.
Hoeglundina: test trochospiral, lenticular, perpheri angular to carinete; umbilical area
closed; suture thickened may be elevated; aperture lateromarginal opening pararelling
pheriphery on umbilical side.

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Lagena: test unilocular (monothalamus), rarely 2 or more chambers; aperture on elongated

neck which may have phyaline lip, not radiate.
Lenticulina: test planispiral; lenticular; biumbonate; aperture radial at peripheral angle
Marginulina: early portion coiled but not completly enroled as in Marginulinopsis later
rectilinear; suture oblique; aperture dorsal angled
Melonis: test early stage slitghly trochospiral, adult planispiral simetri and involute;
biumbilicate with umbilicus bordered by rim; perihery broadly rounded; apertural face,
septa and umbilical thickened rim imperforate; aperture equatorial slit extending to
umbilical in both side.
Nodosaria: test multilocular; rectilinear; rounded in section; aperture terminal,central
basically radiate may be produce on neck
Oolina: test single globular to ovate chamber; aperture rounded and may have radiating
groves surrounding aperture on exterior.
Oridorsalis: test trochospiral, lenticular; periphery carinate; suture radial in spiral side and
strongly sinusoid in umbilical side.
Planulina: test low trochospiral, discoidal; peripheri truncate with thick marginal imperforate
keel; suture strongly arched, thickened, nonperforate; aperture an equatorial arch with
narrow bordering lip.
Pseudorotalia: test trochospiral, periphery acute with imperforate keel; chambers with
imperforate umbilical lips confined to radial sector and with imperforate plate-like
extentions formed by each succeding chamber lamella covering umbilical area;
cameral aperture interiomarginal on umbilical side, apertual lip forming interomarginal
labial aperture at inner umbilical side of chambers ( it differ from Ammonia in having
sutural canals on both spiral and umbilical side and lacking umbilical labial apertures)
Pullenia: test planispiral involute, spheroidal to compresed; suture radial; wall calcarous
finelly perforate; aperture a narrow crescentric intromarginal slit extending nearly from
umbilicus on one side to that opposite.
Pyrgo: test inflated, discoidal to ovate; chambers in final stage biloculine arranged; wall
calcarous porcelenous; aperture terminal, rounded to elongated with distinc bif id tooth.
Quinqueloculina: test coiled in quinqueloculine manner, wall calcarous, porceleneous;
aperture terminal,rounded with simple or bifid tooth.
Sphaeroidina: test subglobular; wall finely perforate;
Spiroloculina: test with flattened side and lanceolate or fusiform in outline; chamber in late
stage biloculine; wall calcarous, porceleneous; aperture at open end of final chamber
with simple or bifid tooth.
Siphonina: test trochospiral, biconvex, lenticular, peripheri commonly with fimbriate keel;
aperture oval bordered by distinc lip and projecting on neck.
Textularia: test biserial; wall aglutinanted; aperture single low arch at the base of chamber
Triloculina: test early coiled in quinqueloculine, later become triloculine; wall calcarous,
porceleneous; aperture terminal with bifid tooth
Trochammina: test trochospiral; wall aglutinated; aperture interomarginal
Uvigerina: triserial; aperture rounded with nonperforate neck may have phialine lip
Vaginulina: test straight to arcuate as in Dentalina but compressed or ovate in section;
aperture dorsal angled, radiate.
Vulvulina: biformed test, early biserial later uniserial, flaring or elongates in outline, lateral
margin acutely angled; chambers rapidly increasing in size; wall aglutinated; aperture in
uniserial stage elongate, narrow terminal slit.

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6. Foram Besar
Disebut Foram besar karena ukuranya berkisar antara 600 mikron - 20 cm. Hidupnya biasa
bersimbion dengan diatom atau algae serta mempunyai struktur kamar internal yang
komplek sehingga identifikasi foram besar umumnnya hanya bisa dilakukan dengan
mengamati sayatan tipis (thin section) menggunakan mikroskop transmited light. Kadang
beberapa genus hanya bisa dibedakan hanya dengan jenis sayatan tertentu. Parameter
yang penting diperhatikan untuk pembeda adalah: bentuk dan ukuran test, putaran
test/cangkang, posisi dan susunan kamar embrionik, kamar neanik, kamar lateral, kamar
median, tebal atu tipis dinding cangkang, bentuk dinding, septa, cord, alar prolongation, pilar,
Sebagian besar foram besar masuk dalam kelompok Rotaliina dan Fusulinina serta
beberapa dari Miliolid. Berikut ini pembahasan secara garis besar identifikasi genus-genus
penting dalam stratigrafi foram besar Tersier di Indonesia. (disarikan dari Paul Baumann,
1971, gambar2 dari berbagai sumber), dan sistematika identifikasi kelompok Fusulinid
(diambil dari Sundharovat & Nogami, 1972).
6.1 Genus Operculina d'Orbimy. 1826

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Test flattened smooth or ornamented. Three to four whorls present, height or whorls
increasing rapidly as added.V involute or evolute.
Subgenera
Operculina S. str : evolute
Operculinella : involute
Operculinoides : intermediate form between Operculinella and Nummulites
These terms as no more in use.
Evolution
Operculina evolves into different other groups and is therefore an important form regarding
the phylogeny of larger Foraminifera.
Operculina - Nummulites
Operculina - Heterostegina - Cycloclypeus
Operculina - Heterostegina - Spiroclypeus
A relationship was found between factor E and time. E is increasing from Eocene to Recent.
Same E = same age. See v.d. Vlerk & Bannink, 1969.
Species determination
There is no use for the time being to distinguish different species as the stratigraphic value
of these forms is still very doubtful. The method based on the measuring of E is difficult and
very time consuming.
Remarks
Often it is difficult to make the difference between Numulites and Operculina. However
Operculina has only 3 - 4 whorls 'which increase very rapidly in height. Nummulites has
mostly more than 4 whorls, increasing very slowly.
6.2 Genus Nummulites Lamarck, 1801 (dulu namanya Camerina)

Test involute; only last whorl visible from the exterior. Generally more than,four whorls
present, with well developed, dorsal cord.
Evolution,
Ontogeny:
3 stages observable in arrangement of the spire of the B- form
- inner primitive part: spire and septa regular, spire narrow
- middle part: spire broad, often irregular
- terminal part : narrow spire
The spire of the A-form-is less differentiated than that of the B-form.
Phylogeny:
- same stages as in ontogeny : Primitive forms with regular spire (lower Ta).
- change in ornamentation : smooth forms may evolve into pillared ones. Radiate septal
structure evolves into sinuate - meandrine - semireticulate reticulate.
Species determination: (Important parameter for the determination of a species; exterior :

size, septal structure, presence and location of pillars.interior : form a spire and chambers.,
shape of pillars).
N. fichteli : B-fornO/N.intermedius (A-fom): middle to large form, flat with sharp edges, very
densely reticulated, most forms with about 7 whorls.

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N. pengaronensis: adiate ridges, about 40, extending from the center to the periphery,
forming a small umbo in the center; about 12 whorls.
N.gizehensis : Septal structure neandrine, ver-y flat form, one side flatter than the other,
pillars mostly on septal filaments. Pillar heads only on the border of the test clearly
visible. most.forms between 2 - 3 cm.
N.javanus : is considered as younger synonym. It might be a little thicker than the typical N.
gizehensis.
N variolarius one of the smallest Nummulites,, centrally arranged pillars, radiate ridges, 3 -
5 whorls.
N.semiglobulus small to middle in size., distinct central pillar, straight to slightly curved
ornamentation thick walls sharp edges.
6.3 Genus Assilina d'Orbignv, 1826

Test flattened, evolute or involute with or without pillars. No alar prolongations even in the
externally involute forms. Well developed dorsal cord.
Evolution
Ontogeny: same as in Nummulites,
Phylogeny : similar to that of Nummulites.
General trends: increase in size of A end B forms. Increase in size of macrosperic embryonic
apparatus
Species determination: Two main groups :

1. A. exponens group: large,.thin form with very small septal pillars. Spire not well visible
from the outside.
A. mamillate is megalospheric form (A-form of A. exponens).
A. granuloma is a microspheric form very similar to
A. exponens. But its megalospheric form ( A.leymeriel ) differs from the
megalospheric form of A.exponens (A.mamilleta). Its megalosphere is but 1/4
mm in diameter., while that of A.mamillata reaches 1 mm.
2. A.spira - group: pillarheads forming distinct, spirelly arranged ridge on the surface, large
form. Spiral well visible from the outside.
6.4 Genus. Heterostegina d’ Orbigny, 1826

Operculina with secondary septa, forming chamberlets. No lateral chambers are present in
the calcareous masses on both sides of the equatorial layer difference to Spiroclypeus ,
evolute or involute.
Evolution
Ontogeny: 3 stages,
-Embryonic stage (Protoconch + Deuteroconch)
-Operculina stage (chambers not subdivided)
-Heterostegina stage (chambers subdivided)
Phylogeny :
Polyphyletic, several times during the Tertiary, species of Operculina evolve into
Heterostegina by developing secondary septa. Two groups are important in Indonesia.
Heterostegina praecursor - bantamensis group: Ancestral group of cycloclypeus. Test thin,
with pillars like early Cycloclypeus spp.
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H. praecursor : with umbonal pillar

H. bantamensis .. without umbonal pillar
Heterostegina borneensis group: Ancestral group of Spiroclypeus spp.

H. ruida : ancestral form of H. borneensis, innermost chambcrs evolute.
H borneensis : innermost chambers involute, often dark sinuous pillars. Ancestral form of
Spiroclypeus pleurocentralis.
Less important forms for the stratigraphy in Indonesia

H. depressa -. umbo surrounded by flat brim on which the primary and secondary septa are
distinctly visible.
H. reticulate : most probably a younger synonym of H depressa.
Remarks - Besides these forms a lot of other Heterostegina species are known in different
regions of the world.

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6.5 Genus Cycloclypeus Carpenter, 1856

Test very flattened, with or without pillars, with or without radial ridges (radia), with or without
concentric ridges (annuli). Early chambers arranged spirally, later cyclically, subdivided into
rectangular chamberlets. No lateral chambers.
Subgenera
Cycloclypeus s. str.: smooth Radiocycloclypeus with radii
Katacycloclypeus with one., two or more annuli
Evolution
Ontogeny: 3 stages
- Embryonic stage : (Proto + Deuteroconch)
- Nepionic stage (spirally arranged chambers)
a) Operculina substage : (chambers not yet divided)
b) Heterostegina substage : (chambers divided)
- Neanic stage : cyclically arranged chambers.
Phylogeny :
Good example for the biogenetic law of Haeckel: Operculina - Heterostegina - Cycloclypeus
immediate ancestral forms.
H. bantamensis (without umbonal pillar) to C. oppenoorthi
H. praecursor (with umbonal pillar) to C. koolhoveni .
general trends :
- reduction of Heterostegina like arranged chambers
- size of proloculus increasing
- development of forms without pillars
- chamber walls become thicker, multilayered (axial section).
Three main criteria: - surface features
- number nepionic whorls
- number of nepionic septa
Species see "determination table for Cycloclypeuis”
Determination of Microspheric forms :(note that B-forms very rare)

exterior:
In primitive forms like C. koolhoveni
C. oppenoorthi and C. eidae A and B forms are of equal size.
in advanced forms like C. posteidae and more advanced species. B-forms are 3 to 5
tim--slarger than A-forms.
Interior::
B-forms shows more Operculina-substage chambers than A-form
B-form : 6 - 13; A-form :1, rarely 2
Difference between C. eidae and C. posteidae is based on the difference of the Micro-
. spheric (B-form)
C. eidae : A and B-form the same size
C. posteidae B form much larger than A-forn-
6.6 Genus Spiroclypeus Douville,1905

like Heterostegins but with lateral chambers. Surface reticulate or pustulate.
Evolution

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Most probably polyphyletic out of Heterostegina. Eocene Spiroclypeus spp. evolve from
another Heterostegina group than Oligo-Miocene forms. Latter ones seem to have evolved
from Heterostegina borneensis.
Lateral chambers : two kinds
- subdivided alat prolongations
- chambers formed by cavities in the side walls (Spiroclypeus lateral chamber)
general phylpgenetic trends

pustulate forms evolve into reticulate lateral ones, chambers becoming numerous,
regulary arranged and shorter.
S. vermicularis : characterized by lateral chambers of vermicular outline in tangential section,
pustulate.
S. pleurocentralis : very small and thin oval form. Umbo lies very strongly exentrically. Thick
lateral walls., few and long, irregular lateral chambers, pustulate Synonym S. yabei
S. tidoenganensis-: larger than S pleurocentralis, more lateral chambers, less flattened,
pustulate.
S. margaritatus: round form, lateral, chambers becoming shorter. Intermediate form to
reticulate forms.
S. leupodi : reticulate, smaller than 2 cm, round. Lateral chambers are uniform in shape and
size. Synonym : S. wolfgangi, S,. higginsi ?
S. orbitoideus: reticulate, largest Spiroclypeus, up to 4 cm. These forms bear considerable
resemblance to Lepidocyclina.
6.7 Genus Discocyclina Guembel,1870

Circular test sometimes very flattened. With or without pillars. One layer of equatorial
chambers, concentrically arranged, very delicate and rectangular in shape. Lateral
chambers delicate,
Evolution - thickness of equatorial layer
Still doubtful, microspheric forms with - presence of pillars, arrangement
initial coil, (pl. 13) general phylogenitic
trend - very small forms to larger ones.
Remarks
Genera Asterocyclina and Aktinocyclina
belong to the same family and are closely
related to the genus Discocyclina.
Aktinocyclina : radial ribs formed by lateral
chambers, only one layer of equatorial
chambers,pl-13.
Asterocyclina : radial ribs are formed by
multilayered equatorial chambers, pl-13.
Complicated as a number of different
description of the same species exist. The
following features are important to identify
a species
- macrosperic embryonic apparatus
- equatorial chambers (size arrangement)

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6.8. Genus Lepidocyclina Guembel,1870

Circular to polygonal, often even stellate, with or without pillars. Macrospheric embryonic
apparatus mostly bicellular; equatorial chambers hexagonal, arcuate, ogival etc. but never
rectangular. Distinct lateral chambers, pl.8.
Subgenera (Based on the arrangementof proto and deuteroconch):

- Lepidocyclina s.str.: Microspheric forms.
- Isolepidina : both embryonic chambers equal or subequal.
- Nephrolepidina : Deuteroconch kidney shaped around protoconch.
- Eulepidina : Protoconch completely surrounded by deuteroconch.
- Pliolepidina : (=Multilepidina) Embryonic chambers bilocular., with variable number of
relatively large, distinct periembryonic chambers.
- Trybliolepidina : Protoconch surrounded by a cupulae shaped deuteroconch.
Some authors consider this classification as unsuitable and showed that the arrangement of
protoconch and deuteroconch was not strictly constant within one species. It is however,
still customary to speak of Lepidocyclina with nephrolepidine, trybliolepidine etc. embryonic
apparatus.
Evolution
Ontogeny: very similar to Miogypsina, 3 stages:
- embryonic apparatus
- nepionic stage
- neanic stage (equatorial chambers)
Nepionic stage is not as easy to investigate as in Miogypsina. Auxiliary and adauxiliary

chambers are often lying outside the equatorial plane. A systematic based on them is
therefore rather difficult to establish, pl-14.
Neanic stage equatorial chambers are of different shapes: lozenge, arcuate ogival spatulate,,
hexagonal, depending on stolon system Pl-14. It is even possible that one species has two
different stolonsystems and therefore different kinds of equatorial chambers.
One method to get the relative age of Lepidocyclina method by van der Vlerk (1968) using
the degree of curvature, pl-14 (only for nephro lepidine forms suitable; proved in E.Java,
Madura and elsewhere.
After Adams (1970) not suitable in N. Kalimantan. Some easily recognizable species:
Nephrolepidine-forms :
L.(N.) isolepidinoides: small forms, often with small pillars. Equal to subequal embryonic
chambers. Wall between Protoconch and Deuteroconch straight to almost straight.
Polygonal arrangement of equatorial chambers.
L.(N.) parva : like L. isolepiainoides but distinctly nephro-, lepidine and larger.
L. (N) borneensis resembles L. perva but is almost twice as large. Equatorial chambers
cyclically arranged. Some larger nepionic chambers around the embryonic apparatus
are present, showing a tendency towards pliolepidine forms, pl..14.
L. (N.) tournoueri : is exactly the same f om, but does not show the larger embryonic
chambers.

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L. (N.) inflata (A-form)/L.acuta (B-fom) One large pillar in the center. Earliest forms small
and thin more evolved ones thicker and larger.
L. (N. ) angulosa : Several pillars arranged around the center. L. (N.) verrucosa is here
considered as younger synonym. The latter may shows more curved roofs of the lateral
chambers in axial sections. L. ( N.) verbeeki belongs to this group, too. However, it is
much flatter.
L. (N.) ferreroi : 3-6 eccentrically arranged pillars in the corners of the polygonal test. No
pillars in the center.
L. (N. ) crucifera : four rays with pillars, ranging from the border to the center of the test.
L.(N.) sumatrensis (A-fom)/L. dekroesi (B-form) form with subglobose central boss and small
peripheral flanges, pl. 14. There are 3 types
L.(N.) sumstrensis inornata
L.(N.) sumetrensis minor
L. (N) , sumtrensis umbilicata
L.(N.) minor is smaller than L. (N) inornata These forms show often a slight tendency to get
pillars at the surface.
L.(N.) morgani : exactly the same as the sumatrensis group but with very strong pillars all
over the surface,pl.14.
L.(N.) flexuosa :border often with flexuosa peripheral flange. Numerous thick pustules
regulary distributed over the whole surface. Large form, microspheric.
Eulepidine forms
L. (E.) dilatata : large form (3-4 cm) , with polygonal pillars and polygonal net-work on the
surface and in tangential section. Equatorial chambers cyclically arranged and
hexagonal or spatulate. A - and B
L.(E.) formosa : Synonyms: (E.) ephippioides; (E.) weberi; (E.) undosa; (E.) richthofeni; (E.)
planata : no pillars, swollen to saddle shaped central boss., often even flat, equatorial
section shows often hyperbolical shape. Wall masses dense, lateral chambers round
in a tangential section, pl-1,4.
L.(E.) papuaensis : with pillars like (E.) diletata but less thick chamber wells
Wall thickness of Deuteroconch:
papuaensis dilatata
70 u 190 u
Thickness of roofs of lateral chambers
papuaensis dilatata 1
15 u 50 - 70 u
Trybliolepidine forms
L.(T. ) rutteni : largest T., often with small pillars. very loose network of lateral chambers at
the surface,
L.(T.) radiata : like (T.) rutteni but stellate. L. (T.) rutteni stellata is here considered as a
younger synonym. L. (N.) martini seems to be the nephrolepidine ancestral form of L.
(T.) radiate. The nomenclature of eulepidine and pliolepidine stellate forms is still
doubtful.
L. (T.) orientalis : small form., occasionally pillars.Relatively large embryonic apparatus, pl.
14. L. (T.) talahabensis is here considered as younger synonym.
Pliolepidine forms :
These forms show a large embryont surrounded by a thick wall enclosing one large chamber
and from four to ten smaller peripheral chambers, the wall between which are relatively thin.
This group derives most probably from a form like L.(N.) borneensis.
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L.(P) irregularis: very irregular axial outline. L.(P.) fijiensis is a younger synonym.
L. (P. ) luxurians no pillars
L. (P.) stigteri with pillars
6.9 Genus Miogypsina Sacco.1893

Test trigonal to oval. Composed of an equatorial layer with or without lateral chambers on
each side-Embryonic apparatus bilocular, apically to subcentrally situated.
Subgenera:
Miogypsina s.str : with lateral chambers embryonic apparatus completely eccentrically
situated
Miogypsinoides Yabe.& Hanzawa : as Miogyptina but without lateral chambers
Miolepidocyclina Silvestri : embryonic apparatus not completely eccentrically situated
Evolution:
Ontogeny 3 different stages: 1. Embryonic stage (Protoconch + Deuteroconch)
2. Nepionic stage (peri-embryonic chambers)
3. Neanic stage (equatorial chambers)
Phylogeny: General trends are as follow

- Size of embryonic chambers is growing during evolution.
- Increase of the total number of equatorial chambers from the early species to the later ones.

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- Shifting of the embryonic chambers to a more central position (Miogypsina-

Miolepidocyclina)
- Reduction of number of spirally arranged chambers.
Trends of the arrangement of nepionic chambers:

1.Miogypsina arises from a simple spiralled ancestor like Rotalia rexicana Nuttall, where the
chambers following the embryonic apparatus are spirally arranged throughout the t est.
2.The chambers arranged in the "Rotalia-Spire" develop distal stolons and the formation of
equatorial chambers becomes possible. As a consequence the Rotalia-Spire comes to an
early end. (Complanata - type).
3. Acquisition of a distal stolon shifts to earlier chambers (Borneensis - type).
4. Acquisition of a distal stolon reaches third chamber : two spirals are possible
(Ecuadorensis - type).
5. Acquisition of a distal stolon reaches deuteroconch, 4 spirals are possible
2 types unequal - bifidatype
equal - indonesiensis type
6.Development of more than two stolons from the deuteroconch (Miolepidocyclina).
Remarks: Microspheric forms are very rare, they seem to follow the same evolutionary
trends, which are hardly visible, however.
Species determination In 3 steps:

1. Genera determination (Ms, M, ML)
2.Type (in equatorial section only):
in Miogypsinoides : only complanata - and borneesis-type.
in Miogypsina : borneensis - ecuadorensis bifida - and indonesiensis - type
in Miolepidocyclina : only bifida and indonesiensis - type.
Species:
complanata and borneensis-type after Another method for the determination of
number of spirally arranged chambers. Miogypsina s.str was, worked out by
For Ms. and for M. valid Drooger and consists in measuring the
Ms. complanatus 25 - 17 degree of symeetry of both protoconchal
Ms. formosensis 17 - 13 nepionic spirals.
Ms. bantamensis 13 - 10
Ms. dehaarti less than 10 Remarks :- In the borneensis-type group
M. borneensis 7-9 intermediate forms between
M. thecideaeformis Rutten about 5 Miogypsiza and Mioypsinoides
can be found. e.g. Miogypsina
ecuadorensis-type: M. bispiralis (former primitive; Miogypsinoides
M. kotoi var. bispiralis) primitive , both names can be
bifida - type : 2-3 spirals : M. kotoi found in publications
(including M. kotoi var. digitata) - Size and pillars of the forms
indonesiensis-type M. indonesiensis With depend mainly on environment.
very advanced s-)iral-s and large pillars Forms in turbulent water
:M.tuberosa develop stronger pillars.
In Miolepidocyclina two types :

bifida corresponding-type: ML.
burdigalensis
indonesiensis correponding-type:ML
excentrica
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6.10 Genus Pellatispira Boussac, 1906

Lenticular, rarely spherical, evolute, with or without pillars, very thick walls with radially
arranged coarse pores. Well developed dorsal cord. Radial and vertical canals present in
the wall. Chamber arrangement without alar prolongations (axial section).
Evolution
Deriving from Assilina by thickening of the walls
7 easily recognizable species in axial section:
,Pellatispira madaraszi Spirally arranged form might represent the end form of
pillars forming a distinct ridge. the Pellatispira evolution.
P.orbitoidea fFat, lenticular, sharp edges in P.crassicolumnata Very thick pillars, thin
axial outline radial canals. Often intemediate forms
R. rutteni Cone shaped pillars, strongly to P. rutteni and P. provalei.
developed on surface. Embryonic
apparatus often very large. 6.11 Genus Biplanispira Umbgrove,
P. inflata Very thick form, ratio 3 2 to 1 no 1937
edges, rounded axia 1 outline. Like Pellatispira, secondary chambers are
P . glabra like P. inflata but with pillars. formed in the adult stage. They are
P.irregularis Very irregular form concerning arranged. in.two layers,
internal features, and external Evolution
features, canals irregular, too. This Ontogeny: 2 stages,
-Pellatispira stage
1999
44
-Biplanispira stage
Phylogeny
out of Pellatispira
Only by using shape of axial outline, see
bellow. There are many intermediate forms.
6.12 Genus Fasciolites Parkinson, 181I (Alveolina d'Orbigny 1826 is a younger

synonym)
Round to cigar shaped. Septa are

perforated by main apertures alternating
with secondary apertures. The secondary
septa are arranged alternately. Two
canals are present (pre- and post- septal
canal) 'which run behind ar)d in front of
each main septum from pole to pole
Evolution
Ontogeny: 5 different stages
I. Proloculus
2. Nepionic chambers following
proloculus. In B-forms miliolid,. In A-for-
ms miliolid coiling less visible
3. Following nepionic chambers : tight
whorls, without thickening of wall.
4. Thickening of basal layers in equatorial
or axial direction (= flosculinization).
5. Adult stage : again tight coiling, whorls
becoming often very irregular.
Phylogeny
polyphyletic, very complicated. still doubtful. Relationship to Miliolidae, still visible in early
ontogenic stage of B-forms
General trends:
small to large
round to long
regular to'irregular
1999
44
Only in two sections possible: equatorial section and axial section (more specific characters)
Almost 100 different species are known with different stratigraphical distribution These forms
are not yet very important for the stratigraphy in Indonesia.
Two main groups

- ovale and spherical forms without supplementary chambers at the poles.
- large, long forms with supplementary chambers at the poles
Criterions for species determination:

(1) size (very important) ; (2) shape ; (3) number of septa in one whorl; (4) shape of sutures;
5) character of flosculinization; (6) number of whorls; (7) number of chambers in one whorl
6.13 Genus Borelis MONTFORT, 1808 (Neoalveolina Silvestri, 1928 is a younger

synonym)
round to cigar shaped, only one canal is present (= preseptal canal) , external apertures are
arranged in one row, septula arranged continuously.
Evolution
Ontogeny : similar to Fasciolites
Phylogeny: not well known
Borelis pygmaeus cigar shaped
B. melo : small spherical form
B. pulchrus : cigar shaped (Pleistocene -
Recent)
6.14 Genus Flosculinella Schubert, 1910

round to cigar shaped. Only one canal is present (pre-septal canal) , external apertures
arranged in two rows. Septula are arranged alternately. Secondary chamberlets (attics)
above first chamberlets.
Evolution (F. borneensis = A. fennenzi = probably

Ontogeny : Nepionic stage with A. quoyi )
quinqueloculina coiling.
Phylogeny : Most probably out of Borelis.
During upper Tf evolution into
Alveolinella. General trends : small round
to large cigar shaped.
Species determination (based on the

ratio between length and diameter):
Flosculinella reicheli : small practically
round, less whorls than F. globulosa
F. globulosa - large round with tendency
to cigar-shape
F. bontanpensis : large, cigar shaped. F.
bontangensis evolves into Alveolinella
borneensis
6.15 Genus Alveolinella Douvill6, l906

1999
45
Cigar shaped, long. Only one canal is present (preseptal canal). External apertures are
arranged in three rows, but may increase to five near the poles. Secondary chamberlets
(attics) above the primary chambers. Septula are arranged continuously.
Evolution
Out of Flosculinella. Intermediate formwas formerly called. Alveolinella borneensis or-
Flosculinella borneensis. It might be a younger synonym of A. fennemai .
The genus may be represented by only one valid species A. quoyi, A. borneensis, A.
fennemai as mentioned early representatives of Alveolinella have never been described or
figured sufficiently.

1999
34
6.16 Genus Austrotrillina Parr,1942

Porcellaneous externalwall consisting of a
thick alveolar inner part and a thin, finely
pitted outer skin; chambers one half coil in
length, early chambers added mostly in
quinqueloculi.ne fashion, later chambers
usually arranged in triloculine manner, so
that often only three are visible externally,
Evolution
Ontogeny : first quinqueloculine later
triloculine. Microspheric forms have more
chambers.
Wall consists of two parts :
- relatively thick inner layer with alveoli
(blind ending cavities)
- a very thin, non alveolate outer skin
which is pitted externally
This skin is very delicate and therefore
often lost.
Phylogeny : Monophyletic, out of another

group of Miliolidae. General trends :
simple alveoli to complex, alveoli.
Remarks : Member of the Miliolidae are

amongst the first foraminifera to be
affected by recrystallization.

1999
54
Based on the arrangement and shape of the alveoli. In Indonesia., three different species
were found. A. striata and A. howchini which are frequent, and A. asmariensis which is rather
rare.
A. striata : simple alveolip widely spaced, 6-10 in the last chamber (equatorial section)
A.asmariensis : simple alveoli, closely spaced, 15-20 in the last chamber (equatorial section)
A. howchini : complex alveoli
Remarks : a lot of intermediate forms of these species can be found.
6.17 Genus Halkyardia Heron - Allen & Earland.1918

Calcareous, conical, perforate. Lepidocyclina like embryonic stage followed by imbricate
chambers which are radially arranged enclosing an umbilical filling with canal system.
Stolons from chamber to chamber and from each chamber to the umbilical filling. Small size,
less than I mm,
Evolution
Ontogeny: similar to Lepidocyclina, 3 stages
1. Embryonic apparatus (Protoconch and Deuteroconch)
2. Nepionic chambers
3. Neanic chambers: imbricate and radially arranged
Phylogeny: doubtful.
two different forms are known in the Indo-Pacific region
H. minima without pillars
H. bikinensis : with pillars and thick walls

1999
55
RANGE OF SELECTED LARGER FORAMINIFERA MARKERS SPECIES (berbagai sumber)

PAL PLIOCE
CRETA
EOC EOCENE OLIGOCENE MIOCENE QUATE
CEOUS NE
ENE Lower Middle Upper Lower Middle Upper Lower Middle Upper RNARY
turoni seno Lower Upper Lower Upper
Ta1 Ta2 Ta3 Tb Tc Td Tg Th
an nian Te Te Tf Tf
Baculogypsina spaerulata
Asterorotalia pulchella gr.
Calcarina spengleri
Cycloclypeous spp.
Lepidocyclina (N) spp.
Lepidocyclina (T) radiata
Lepidocyclina (N) ferreroi
Lepidocyclina (N) inflata
Lepidocyclina (N) sumatraensis
Katacycloclypeous anulatus
Austrorillina spp.
Austrorillina howchini
Borelis melo melo
Miogypsna spp.
Flosculinella spp.
Flosculinella bontangesis
Cycloclypeous eidae
Miogypsinoides spp.
Flosculinella globulosa
Spiroclypeous spp.
Lepidocyclina (E) spp.
Borelis pygmeous
Austrotrillina sriata
Austrotrillina asmariensis
Pararotalia mecatepecennsis
Heterostegina borneensiss
Numulites spp. (reticular ornamen)

Numulites spp. (sriate ornamen)
Heterostegina bantamensis
Pellatispira spp.
Biplanispira spp.
Discocyclina spp.
Asterocyclina spp.
Alveolina spp.
Assilina spp.
Praealveolina spp.
Subalveolina spp.
Ovalvulina spp.

1999
56

1999
57
10. Kunci untuk identifikasi beberpa genus fusulinid

(Sundharovat, S.& Nogami, Y., 1972)
1. Parachomata present ................................................................................... see 2

Chomata or pseudochomata present ............................................................ see 19
2. Primary transverse septula absent ............................................................... see 3
present ............................................................... see 8
3. Keriotheca absent or indistincht ................................................................... see 4
present ........................................................................................ see 5
4. Mature shell elongaed ellipsoidal to cylindrical, composed of 12 - 20 volutions, 5-8 mm
long and 2-4 mm wide. Proloculus small to medium. Spirotheca composed usually of a
dense layer, but rarely of tectum and indistinct keriotheca in outer volutions. Parchomata
hight ........... Pseudodoliolina
5. Shell medium to larger, spherical ......................................... .................. ..... see 6
small, oval to ellipsoidal ............................................... .................. ..... see 7
6. Mature shell composed of 10-20 volutions, 5-14 mm long and wide, provided with slightl
umbilical axial region. Proloculus minute, inner 2-4 volutions coiled tightly, following
expanded rapidly. Parachomata small, half-ciecular ..............Verbeeekina
7. Mature shell composed of lest than 9 volutions, 2-4 mm long. Proloculus minute to small,
inner 2 or 3 volutions umbilical in axial region. Parachomata narrow, hight ... Misellina
8. Axial septula absent or rudimentarily present ......................... ...................... see 9
disticntly present ............................................... ...................... see 10
9. Mature shell minute to small, inflated fusiform, composed of 8 - 12 volutions, 2-4 mm long
and 1-3 mm wide, Proloculus small. Primary transverse septula present only in outer
volutions. Axial septula usually absent, but rudimentarry one seen rarely in aouter
volutions. Spirotheca very thin. Parachomata narrow, hight . Cancellina
10. Secondary transverse septula absent .................................. ...................... see 11
present .................................. ...................... see 12
11. Mature shell medium, ssperical to fusiform, composed of 10-17 volutions, 4-10 mm long
and 2-6 mm wide, Proloculus minute to large. Septa and septula pointed triangular to bar-
shaped. Axial and primary transverse septula present, secondaryy traverse ones usually
absent,, but spmetime rudimentarry one seen in outer volutions. Parachomatasmall, half
circular....... Neoschwagerina
12. Septula pendant-shape ....................................................... ...................... see 13
bar-shape ................................................................ ...................... see 16
13. Shell inflated fusiform ........................................................ ...................... see 14
elongated fusiform to subcylindrical ............................. ...................... see 15
14 Mature shell small to medium, composed of 9-13 volutions, 3-5 mm long and 2-4 mm
wide, Proloculus small. Septula pendant-shaped, 1 or 2 axial septula volutions present in
inner volutions. 1 secondary traverse septulum presnt in inner volution, 1 or 2 septula in
outer volutions. Spirotheca very thin. Parachomata small,halfcircular ........ Afghanella
15. Mature shell medium, composed of 8-10 volutions, 6-10 mm long and 1.5-3 mm wide,
Proloculus medium to large. Septula pendant-shaped, 2 or 3 axial septula volutions
present in inner volutions, 3 or 4 in outer volutions, 1 or 2 sometime 3 secondary traverse
septula presnt. Spirotheca very thin. Parachomata very small .................... Sumatrina
16. Proloculus minute to small ................................................... ...................... see 17
medium to large ................................................. ...................... see 18
17. Mature shell medium to larger, subsperical to inflated fusiform, composed 15-20
volutions, 7-12 mm long and 4-9 mm wide. Spirotheca rather thin. Septula triangular to
bar-shaped, 1 or 2 axial septula present between 2 adjacent primary ones in middle ton
outer volutions. Parachomata small ...................................... ...................... Yabeina

1999
58
18. Mature shell larger, inflated fusiform to subcylindrical, composed 14-22 volutions, 9-15
mm long and 3-8 mm wide. Spirotheca very thin. Septula bar-shaped to somewhat
pendant-shape, 2 or 3 axial septula present in inner volutions, 3-5 in outer volutions, 1 or
2 secondary traverse septula present. Parachomata very small .........................
Lepidolina
19. Keriotheca present .............................................................. ...................... see 20
absent ................................................................ ...................... see 29
20. Septa fluting limited to axia 1 region .................................... ...................... see 21
more or lest intense throught volution ............. ...................... see 24
21. Shell smal to medium, fussiform ......................................... ...................... see 22
medium to large, subsphaerical ................................ ...................... see 23
22. Mature shell, composed 5-10 volutions, 3-10 mm long and 2-5 mm wide. Proloculus
small, shell expanded slowly. Septa fluted weakly in axial region. Chomata developed
strongly, but replaced by Pseudochomata sometimes in outer volution ........
Triticites
23. Mature shell highly inflated fusiform to sphaerical, composed 6-8 volutions, 8-15 mm
long and 6-14 mm wide. Proloculus small, inner 2 or 3 volutions coiled tightly, following
expanded rapidly. Septa fluted weakly in axial region. Chomata distict only in inner
volution.. .................................................................................. Pseudoschwagerina
24. Septa fluted widely and irregulary ........................................ ...................... see 25
narrowly and highly ......................................... ...................... see 26
25. Mature shell medium to large, inflated to elongated fusiform, composed 5-8 volutions, 6-
15 mm long and 3-6 mm wide. Proloculus moderate to larger, shell colied rather slowly.
Chomata indistinct, replaced by pseudochomata in outer volution ................ .......
Pseudofusulina
26. Shell small to medium, fusiform ............................................ ...................... see 27
medium to large, subcylindrical .................................. ...................... see 28
27. Mature shell more or lest inflated fusiform, composed 6-9 volutions, 5-11 mm long and
3-5 mm wide. Proloculus small, shell expanded rather slowly. Spirotheca relatively thin.
Septa fluted regulary and highly. Chomata usualy indistinct replaced by pseudochomata
in outer volution.......... ............................................................. ......... Schwagerina
28. Mature shell elongated fusiform to cylindrycal, large in size. Proloculus medium to larger,
shell expanded rather rapidly. Spirotheca thin. Septa fluted highly and regulary. Chomata
indisstinct in almost all volution ............................................. .............Parafusulina
29. Diaphanotheca absent ......................................................... ...................... see 30
present ........................................................ ...................... see 33
30. Shell rhomboidal to sperical ................................................ ...................... see 31
ellipsoidal to fusiform .................................................. ...................... see 32
31. Mature shell minute, provided with umbilicated axial region and short of coiling,
composed 4-7 volutions, 0.5-2 mm long and wide. Spirotheca composed of tectum and
tectoria. Septa unfluted. Chomata heavy, hallf-circular to ribbon-likke . ........ ..........
Pseudostaffela
32. Mature shell small, composed of 4-7 volutions. 1-3 mm long and 0.5-2 mm wide.
Proloculus minute to small, inner 1 or 2 volutions usually umbilicated. Spirotheca thin.
composed of tectum and tectoria, but diaphanotheca sometimes seen in outer volutions.
Chomata formed strongly .......................................................Profusulinella
33. Septa fluted only in axial regions ............................................................ . .... see 34
throughout volution ........................................................ . .... see 35
34 Mature shell small to medium, elipsoidal to fusiform, composed of 6-9 volutions, 1.5-4.5
mm long and 0.5-3.5 mm wide. Proloculus small to moderate. Diaphanotheca observed
clearly in outer volutions.. Septa fluted usually only in axial regions.. Chomata heavy,
gradually decreasing in development from middle to outer volutions .......Fusulinella
1999
59
35. Inner 1 or 2 volutions inflated fusiform .................................................... . .... see 36

throughout volutions ....................................................... . .... see 37
36 Mature shell small to medium, inflated fusiform to subcyilindrical, composed of 6-10
volutions, 2-6 mm long and 1-3 mm wide. Proloculus small. Diaphanotheca rather thick.
Septa fluted widely and hihgly. Chomata indistinct, replacet by speudochomata in outer
volutions .................................................................................................. Beedeina
37 Mature shell small to medium,ellipsoidal to cyilindrical, composed of 5-7 volutions,
Proloculus small to moderate, inner 1 or 2 volutions subsphaerical to ellipsoidal,
provided with less haeavy chomata,. Diaphanotheca rather thin. Septa fl uted hihgly and
narrowly. Pseudochomata present in middle to outer volutions
...................................................................................................................... Fusulina

1999
60
14. Penyajian Data
Dalam suatu analisa foram untuk menginterpretasi umur dan lingkungan pengendapan suatu
sampel, memerlukan data genus maupun species yang sudah diidentifikasi/dianalisa. Ada
beberapa macam metoda analisa:
a. analisa kualitatif : hanya mencatat suatu taxon ada atau tidak
b. analisa semi kualitatif: mencatat hasil pengamatan dalam interval tertentu dan
direpresentasikan dengan simbol tertentu (misal: 1-3= jarang (o), 4-10 = sedikit (+), 11-
25=banyak (I), > 25 = melimpah (IIII)).
c. analisa kuantitatif: disini semua kehadiran fosil diidentifikasi dan masing-masing taxon
dihitung jumlahnya. Ada beberapa cara/teknik dalam analisa kuantitatif yang bisa
digunakan dalam menghitung jumlah fosil, misal dengan membagi sampel dengan
microspliter atau dengan menggunakan menggunakan tray yang ada grit-nya.
Perhitungan bisa dilakukan secara absolut (dihitung jumlah riilnya) atau menggunakan
teknik hitungan 300 (sampel di bagi-bagi sampai kira-kira jumlahnya 300, dan jumlah
tersebutlah yang dihitung secara riil.
Penentuan macam analisa mana yang dipakai tergantung dari tujuan kita menganalisa
sampel tersebut. Bila hanya untuk menentukan umur maka analisa bisa secara kualitatif,
tetapi bila kita ingin juga menentukan lingkungan pengendapan maka setidaknya analisa
harus semi-kuantitatif. Untuk keperluan tertentu misalnya dalam studi event stratigraphy,
sikuen stratigrafi maka cara terbaik adalah dengan analisa kuantitatif.
Setelah selesai diidentifikasi biasanya taxa dikelompokan paling tidak dalam dua kelompok
yaitu plangton dan bentos, tetapi yang lebih umum terutama di dunia industri adalah
mengelompokan dalam 5 kelompok foram yaitu plangton, calcareous bentonik, miliolid,
foram besar, arenaceous dan dan 1 kelompok non foram.
Secara umum ada 2 kelompok sampel yang berbeda dalam penyajianya:

a. sampel yang berdiri sendiri / independen satu sama lain (misal: spot sampel, sampel
lapangan dll.)
b. sampel yang susunan stratigrafinya kita ketahui (misal: sampel hasil pengukuran
penampang stratigrafi, sampel dari pemboran dll.)
Meskipun tidak ada cara penyajian data yang baku tetapi beberapa contoh berikut ini yang
sering dipakai.

1999
61
FORAMINIFERA DISTRIBUTION CHART
Well Name :Bajulbuntung )
lei
Company : ITB n
e
v IC
ju( N A
Analysed by : Khoiril Anwar M. Date: 7 - 9 - 1999 s
s
ur si O R
et e s H E
n a id tu . n .
oi ni oll a p le
T . p IF i
t ) Environments m p o N p p NI n
n u p s s o
o ) a 4 rm b im
s ip E
. s . n s S
ti 9 n
o
8
9 l r et p e h B p p . e a M
A
s
IL
a 7 z 1 a e e p ar s s c S . p . a p g nli le S p
n 9 , y b CI d s e e all U p s . p ni s p n R U p S
,1 c p id id p p u a
o
z m 0 l c tii ci ht m e N ni e O p
s p p
s
r s ta c O ni O s S
9 ar 7 ar tii r itr a u p e a a o o n E ia s e a a ol F g E O
ic 6 of 9 o r e b N ty c
n
O ic inr inr inr inr ri ai a a
g lin m nli DI e et C iar F d
n 9
(1 -l ttli e n e
r l a T n
e e e e e R
n w a ni lo u ui u R
o id
to (1 r n el
n e i le d K to ig
A o a r u id u L q E is A la R c o
e ar r e p p gi gi gi gi ni g id c h N E
E k m ra r d et p g n N k
b b b b s C
m z vli u n s ti IO n G
p tu ar in
G
n w rg a tot p e di p m lo m u A n
ol ol ol ol s L n s s h n LI e R E x H t h
la lo a d i u n
nI
u
Notes Biostratigraphic comments a toli a b L la a A m a o is A a lp e u A m R e T s c
A P B L A L s M O U S S A P P G G G G C C A H B F ? C E L M Q L A A T O O E
Indetermi Indetermi 230 ctng C I o o o I + o o o o o o

nate nate 260 ctng C + o o o + o o o o o
Cassigerinella chipolensis 340 ctng A IIII + o + o o I + + + o o + + o o
n e
d
e
a n n 440 sdst ctng F + o o + o o o
ht e 3 o
1 Z
r c t 500 sdst ctng R o o
e io N o
g . N
540 sdst ctng R +
n M
u le .T 820 sdst ctng R o +
o d .Y
y
t di N 870 sdst ctng R o o
o M
N 980 sdst ctng B
1070 sdst ctng B
ctng = Cutting sdst = sandstone

Legend: o = Rare (1-3 specimens); + = Few (4-10 specimens);
B = Barren of foraminifera
I = Common (11-25 specimens); IIII = Abundant ( > 25 specimens)
R = Rare C = Common
= Occurrence; = First downhole occurrence
F = Few A = Abundance
Penyajian data dari hasil analisa semi-kuantitatif dari sumur pemboran.
FORAMINIFERA DISTRIBUTION CHART a

h
Well Name : FIELD SAMPLES lp
a
Company : a
rm
of
Analysed by : Khoiril Anwar M. Date: 23 July ri a
CI a
s ey ar d s N s
n iu o
ru s a fei iss O b
Environments s ut e
id
te m/ n ro si d H lo
n u a rai a
iss o n or s e
o T g at
iot ) l b lol p in h le e n N isr b c at
n ar loi m u ist mr n ip o h e imr E a u ni ar ar
oi ) a
n
4
8 rt mi b l e s . h pi or B inr . la s c t
t 9 o 9 tot l r e a te k e p ipc r e
p
g . p a a e e s
sc
7 s s s . .
a z 1 li a e ar a e ia ar p e ip S . p p inl ar igl or
n 9 , ar y b le IC e e
p ni d s p s la p c
e U re p p
p p s p
p
.
p u oc
o ,1 m 0 c
tii ict th p id id r in id e p s s s a p la
z 9 ar 7 p c
tii r ir a
m
u m N o o a d lia a a e
n lia a o O
E p s
a
p
s inr ids a a e
ic 6 of 9 u r e b n a O inr inr inr a ic ta inr inr ri ta inr inr a ai m nli s o s p nli nli
n 9
(1 -Sl e n e
r
s T
e e e u n or e e e or e e
R
inr a n ui e a cy ac le
to (1 r n el
n le n K
ig ig ig
q to gi A in o uc di or a a
k e m ra r r e p er N o k o tig ig s o ig ig C e id ti ci in h o m m
n w rg a ot e d te p m r A b b b b n b s b s b b b L ig lim m h n liv p b te o o
AGE la lo a d it n id u p
Notes a a L lo lo lo lo la lo a lo a lo lo lo A v u m lp e ib o m lo e n n
P B L A L In M O U S B P G G G G P G H G C G G G C U B A E L C B A G H A A
Early Miocene N4-N5 Upp. Te C2 IIII o o IIII o + I o + o o o
Indeterminate Indeterminate ?igneous rock B3 Barren
Early Miocene N4-N5 Upp. Te F3 o IIII I + I o ? o o + o
Early Miocene Upp. Te H2 +
Early Miocene N4-N5 J3 I I IIII IIII + + IIII + o o o + I o o I o o
Early Miocene N4-N5 Upp. Te-Lwr. Tf B3 o I I I o o o o o o o + o +
Miocene N4-N17 S-10 o o IIII +
Indeterminate contaminant? S-12 o

I = Common (11-25 specimens); IIII = Abundant ( > 25
s ecimens
A
s R
u E
s s . .
lo ut p IF ii . p
p
tos ta a la ta p
s la NI n
os . p .
p s
a s u a p . p s
u m lo n tu M s p p
s p S
tic
p s s IL
o a S a A el p s
sor m
e
u
b ar b inl U n
n
R a a
s s
u s e S
S
o g tu c m u O e O in u di
d s u c E p F g lin a o
e o
e o O
ai a u ia ol cy ni ni F
s r ni ID e C a R te s p py s d di
e al n th n L u A inl E is c
o py lyc lc py R o
id u o n o OI q N G h E c o l
ic n h lla m in E vul R p id
p g loc roi g H rat in ra
ib la ip e m IL u R u A m e io y p io T s h
c o
C P S C A M Q A V L A L M C S M O O E C
+ I o o + o
O + I o o o o +
o + + o + o +
o o o o + I + o o o
+ + o o +
o o o + +
Penyajian data dari hasil analisa semi-kuantitatif dari data field sample atau outcrop

1999
62
PENENTUAN UMUR RELATIF

(note: konsep2 biozonasi atau biostratigrafi tidak akan dijelaskan lagi disini).
Pada prinsipnya penentuan umur relatif menggunakan pemunculan awal (FAD = First
Appearence Datum) atau pemunculan akhir (LAD = Last Appearence Datum) suatu taxon.
Kadang-kadang dalam penentuan umur relatif orang sering menggunakan konsep negatif
evidence (ketidak hadiran suatu marker), konsep ini bisa diterapkan tetapi harus hati-hati
sekali. Negative evidence bisa digunakan bila kita yakin akan biofaciesnya. Sebagai
pendukung biasanya even-even seperti perubahan pola putaran species tertentu dapat juga
dijadikan kontrol untuk penentuan umur relatif. Umur relatif yang digunakan di dunia industri
biasanya mengacu pada zonasi Blow (1979) hal ini karena zona-zona tersebut tersusun atas
kombinasi huruf dan angka (i.e. N22, N20 ....& P1, P2 .. dst) sehingga urutan tua&muda
lebih mudah dibaca. Sebenarnya untuk penentuan umur relatif di daerah lintang rendah ada
beberapa zonasi yang dapat dipakai (misal: Bolii (1985); Srinivasan (1984), Stainforth dkk.
(1975) dll.)
Secara garis besar ada tiga metoda dalam penentuan umur, dimana m etoda yang digunakan
tergantung dari jenis contoh yang dianalisa.
1. single sample (bisa Cutting atau outcrop Sampel.)
penentuan umur diperoleh dengan cara mencari overlap antara FAD dan LAD taxon2
tertentu (marker). pada outcrop: Problem yang mungkin ditemui adalah adanya fosil
rombakan. Fosil rombakan akan dikenali dari LAD-nya yang relatif lebih tua dari FAD marker.
(lihat gambar). sedangakan pada dicth cutting: penentuan umur lebih sulit, biasanya batas
atasnya ditentukan dari LAD marker yang paling tua. Tetapi hal ini akan sulit bila kita juga
menemui adanya fosil rombakan. Analisa biofacies akan sangat membantu dalam
menginterpretasi umurnya.

1999
63
)
et
a
ni
rm s
ut ii
te a
s ar ii ta d dr
ur e r s si u n a
d ef e d s rd c
a or n
ar ut in li di a n s a or or e
i a / u u u . n
p c oll q le b p e e ir e m
m eil c b o loi o
n ) ist a u u i h p
s m h e h e
oi isl l im n s b s . rt ipr ipr
t 9 a e e s p ip e
ar
y h
cr n
a 7 ar s v s ar s h p c s s e a e
n 9 CI a e ju( e e fo s all e e p p m p a iot
o ,1 tu inr id id p id id id
z 9 N u d o s o a o ial a e o o ial ial ial ial ial a
ic 6 O s a inr ic inr inr inr at inr ni inr inr at at at at at n
n 9 el T a u n r o
ot 1( e ot e e e or e e e e or or or or or Z
k
p K
N lin q
o gi k gi gi gi o gi ig gi gi o o o o o
E n w m u b b n b b b b b s
s b b b b b b b w
A br ol ol ol ol ol ol ol ol ol ol ol ol ol ol ol
G al ol
Biostratigraphic comments a L al a
A P B S P O G G P G G G G G C G G G G G G G B
A o o + I o o o o + o o o o o o o o
N 12
N 17
N16
N15
N14
N13
N12
N11
N10
N9
N8
N7
N6
N5
N4
Bila sampel A merupakan sampel lapangan atau core atau SWC, maka umur sampel
tersebut adalah N12, dengan demikian kehadiran Globorotalia. archeomenardii dan Gr.
peripheroronda adalah sebagai fosil rombakan. Sedangkan bila sampel A adalah sampel
jenis ditch cutting maka umurnya adalah tidak lebih muda dari N 10 (LAD dari Gr.
archeomenardii).
2. Kelompok sampel yang tersusun dalam suatu array

2.a. bila semua sample dari hasil pemboran yang berupa coreatau swc; atau dari Measuring
Section /MS
Biasanya sample disusun (dari atas ke bawah) mulai dari yang muda ke tua atau dari paling
dangkal ke paling dalam (sumur bor). Penentuan umur relatif didasarkan pada urutan FAD
atau LAD atau gabungan dari FAD & LAD.

1999
64
BIOSTRATIGRAFI
) si
Lintasan : Kali Ngliron (D u
n is )
si et
Dianalisa oleh : Khoiril Anwar M. s r
e rm (D e
s r n p fo )
u s s e e a a tai
IK u ru lif ta
/ s s r (D
m u tu
s is at s a at
N s e q u u s .
.l
s ro rg ) )
O e s tr li a c b .l n s
o ar ra e lu ta D( a
T id ut x b si m c ilor . e c
a e c m a o (D rat a s
o s e o l a s n m v . di o
R K ll a im s t e s m is u e .l l u
A N u a a
n b ut s s a o n is a h
s u a .l m x
S A b rt a al lo a u u id s s
u
s
u rai e s ict rm a e
at
e
at
c im .
tu lef ra
ta g u u r . u m c n ii s
E L s e
lid e g n q q m e p b b p e is e l fo s
ri ri
i p e
if
N B ) P e p u a n li li ar b p b oil oil is ro ta
u a or dr dr o
la a a
O 4
ta id ra a
c . z int o lo b b i ur s ilot rt rt lt a
h
e s m s e a
gr
a
gr a a a
s
d
u ut id id n
M 8 A o o e c e o o p s n n o
T
A 9 R a
b ll c e p n lu s s s s s s s s s s a b d o f. ar m a a e e e e i m m h
N
R
1
, E loi u e ra p
s e g e e e e e e e e e e a a a c
a c c
u
h m m m m
b
o
s
p
c
s tu tu ip
s
A b d p v id id id id id id id id id id ni ni ni
L ) O 0 l IF b a
it r r r a a a a a a a a a a a a a
P 5 F 7 e a a a a a o o o o o o o o o o d d d li li li li li li li li li li li li li a
n
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8
9 I 9 p IN a n
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ri a a a ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ri
1, nli u u u
R
S
A
1
,i
S
A
m
a
M
A u
e
gi
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gi
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gi
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gi
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gi
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gi q q q ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro e
igt
m o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
U N ll N a S R rb b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b s
M O o O d o O io lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo a
U Z B( Z A( KETERANGAN LITOLOGI N F B G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G H
1 2 Globorotalia tosaensis tosaenis 1 1 2 1 1 1 2

2 136 24 160 1 8 32 24 104 32 320 56 392 48 392 112 32 216 8 208 8(R) 168 1 208 8 48 8
3 1 816 352 96 1(R) 32 1 6 16 176 640 480 128 1104 400 1216 624 160 1344 1 1 6 752 16(R) 624 1 16 1056 32 208 96
4 12 8 12 1 12 4 12 21 16 24 4 40 16 4 28 4 40 1 8
Pulleniatina (S) dominan 5 80 24 40 1(R) 32 16 64 56 48 32 8 16 32 24 8 16
6 6 1( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Pulleniatina (D) dominan 1 1( 11 1 1 1 1
8 288 176 368 16(R) 16 128 336 560 32 6 56 3 2 1136 272 1040 640 208 1(R) 7 04 1 704 16(R) 544 32 496 16 160 80
9 36 8 8 1 8 44 80 48 8 172 36 124 92 36 1(R) 64 4 116 4(R) 80 4 56 4 24 1
is
s
n
RI e
a
10 5 1 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 3
H s
ot M
K 5
2
A is 11 1 1 5 2 2 2 3 7 2 11 5 2 1 7 1 11
s
N n
e I
E a
S
S s
OI ot A
L ial N
P O
ta Z 12 3 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 1 3 15 1 1 3
a
r I
o
b D 13 3 4 1 1 6 1 2 3 1 9 1 2 1 7 1
lo K
A
14 1 7 1 1 1 1 3 1 2
G
a DI
no
T
15 12
6 4 19 1 2 5 2 2 10 1 1 8 1 7
Z 16 16 3 28 1 2 8 11 7 3 13 7 4 24 7 2 22 1
17 384 288 1 1 352 352 416 160 7000 1088 672 800 384 64 1280 32 2096 1248 32 1 60 1664 160 1
18 576 448 64 256 1024 960 1152 1024 14976 192 4032 2496 3392 8 96 128 2368 1 192 6272 3520 192 64 3 136 640 192
19 224 416 192 896 288 224 192 4064 128 2080 1152 1984 352 160 1664 96 3168 2112 224 32 2112 1 704 64
20 1152 1600 320 64 192 1472 768 320 256 9152 256 4096 1664 3456 5 12 128 3200 64 6080 4480 3904 1 1088 182
21 48 16 16 1 1 32 32 160 16 240 16 80 1 96 144 272 144
1 1 11 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 6 1 1 6 6 1 1 6
23 136 152 16 40 128 216 136 48 1352 256 600 280 760 248 32 424 32 464 416 32 8 8 00 1 7 52 1
24 1 672 736 256 96 9 6 448 544 576 6 4 1920 128 2080 1440 1632 1344 128 1408 32 1888 1376 288 128 1 216 32 352 1 96
Globorotalia tosaensis tosaenis
N - H 3 Globorotalia tosaensis toenuitheca
25 8 320 304 840 8 80 16 48 440 360 24 1280 112 952 464 712 768 48 24 680 24 168 800 1(R) 1(R) 608 24 8 3 76 8 1 44 1 88
E L A
S A G
OI W N
L A E
P T 4 Globorotalia margaritae evoluta 26 1 92 32 1 324 36 24 64 1 332 576 1 8 10 372 296 496 508 8 36 494 32 1 288 8 80 336 43 4 108 36 168 12 12
Keterangan: 1: Plios en Akhir dan/atau lebih muda 3: ZonaGloborotalia miocenica 4: Subzona Globorotalia margaritae evoluta pemunculan
2: Zona Globorotalia tosaensis tosaensis dan/atau lebih muda
)
S(
)
is (S
ra s
ut s a s ) n
) n ic u (S is )
e a
. a e ht s s ta s
.l (D m a c i
u lo at ) n (S s
o ro )
s n is (S e e
i at im li h e
n tu ar a at c m (S i
e u e s . s a s
trr al ) s s in d te fi lt .l ) ot al si u
h a a a R
n n u s k s A s
et u (D e e m b
u is s c (S u s a mi fii li id e
u c c c e s s u ii ii is c n s p t ra
s S i id
d lo s si si s n b .
rd rd s ? s lo e
ro o n m te E n o
e li h h is e lo p li n e ta e te tu n B o ta n
a u a e e is a rit p a a a ta e u e d
d al e s
inr lis a s s s n n a s u ri i ro A s a o
sr liq mi d d p p s e e mi laf s liq o m e a u e h
p R el rv m
d ra e b r a a o o
ll to s
a r in to b c u s
idt te q e la
a tu iv o p ll ll ll e
e n m m p o a h p a m n E a m
u e e e a
li id ri i k IF in a a
u n a a ni ni ni in o ial ial a ial ial a ial ial ial n at a ial a
q
o s u n
ti
n
ti d d d id ta inr
d
a ta ta
n
ti ta ta
n
ti ta ta ta a n
ri ta inr IN
g
et lin a
inl
n u
b
ol
a
nli
a
nli ia ia ro ro ro ro ro e u
q ro ro ia ro ro ia ro ro ro in to e ro e M is rb u
n n e e e e o ig n n e g ig
g u u ell ell a a a a b b
o
b
o
b
o
b ell
o
b
o
b ell
o
b
o
b
o
b d k
n ti o
b b
A
R
h
p
o
n rc
o
rb rb h h h h lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo
n s
lo lo
e
e u u p p p p G u u a la a O m la p
N O O P P S S S S G G G G P G G P G G G C P H G G F A P O
32 1 8 8 16 64(R) 48 56 32 1 8 1 1(R) 120 1 40
1 112 48 32 32 1 28(R) 128 48 656 1 48 288 16 1(R) 16
4 1 8(R) 1 2 1 1 1(R) 40
16 8 1 16 256 24 16
1 1 2 1 1(R) 1 1 1 1 8 1(R) 6 2
1 1 4 7 1 2 6 1
1 48 112 80 96(R) 1(R) 80 112 96 32 1(R) 1(R) 96 48 1
4 4 20 8 1(R) 1 1(R) 20 8 4 4 1 1(R) 1(R) 20 1 28
1 7 1
1 1
3 2 1
1 2 1
3 1 1
96 1 1 288 288 32 1 32(R) 160 32
384 1 64 1280 960 64 64(R) 128 384 64
128 128 704 288 32 1 1(R) 32 32 32
896 128 1216 576 1 128 128(R) 64 128 1 64 192 64 64
48 1 1 48 32 1 128(R) 32 48 2832
1024 384 514 640 640 128(R) 128 256 256 1 256 128 1 1
240 88 128 16 216 16 1 16(R) 64 32 8 8 64 32 24
96 64 448 448 160 16 256(R) 64 32 1 160 1
16 16 256 320 40 8 88 8 1 16 16 1 16 16
2.b. bila sampel berasal dari ditch cutting.

Penentuan umur relatifnya ditentukan hanya dari LAD nya saja, hal ini disebabkan sampel
jenis ini mengandung campuran dari lapisan yang diatasnya, sehingga FAD tidak dapat
digunakan. (lihat gambar berikut)

1999
65
FORAMINIFERA DISTRIBUTION CHART
a
Well Name : well-1 n
la
is e
Company : Geologi ITB s u
z
s n
e e la a
Analysed by : Khoiril Anwar M. Date: January,11, 1990 tu a n n u
it s
s ra si d e e
v ra r c s
ar
CI o
s ur n o ui al b
e s ut
d
a s or e o
d ife e
ifl
s
e is dr a a ut
N
at lo
id n a u n ra s is n h O
s s ta g
n u a is u el or ir m o u s o isil a r si T e a if
llo n p tu a b
b q e e c p . a e i
iot ) ol m s b o e p or s h c p v e n at mi n ii p p i N id v . c i u y r
ta a .
n r u rit
n u h h is /p ip a la p a ro ie i r im a n m a e is E s a
lol to p in ra
s le ii s d to . n p
iot ) a 4 e b mi e s pi pi lt a s s u s
ic e rt p s i at ot li a v B e n o p c n p at sr . p . s a li
a
9 n 8
9 b e s s
k
s c r a b a
n e .
p s it s n
e a a s is lli im r p p s la di o
b u n s
e
e
gli e
g
n . la
a
nli ra . el . p p p e n
ri o p
s .
7 o e ra ia e ra c ip in p p o ry ra S b . s . m a p . b p s p id o p
n 9 z 1 m p CI e e s e all p a a la p e s e u c rit e d e o g m a o m p a e ra p n et ld p e . p .f p e p p
s s a s p
co u
s c lla
p n n b s c a p g U u p
llo
o , id id id p id id id p a p in ta p
z ,1 m 0 u y ai e ai ri ri e ai tai tai ai ai O u u ni s id p p u o s c p p id c s u s a ia ai b e s
9 N T N a o o l o l d d u a a o l o a a a o a l l a a a a a s d s a s w ra u u e id
ra lis r
7 inr z p iml o a a lal s s a
ic 6 9 l O ni ni ni at ni at a a ni ni ni at ni ni ni ni ni ni ni ni at at ni ni ni ni E di p a n a s a ai inl la b s o
n 9 fo 1( e le T r
e
r
e
r
e or
r
e e or u u e
n r
e
r
e
r
e or
r
e
r
e
r
e
r
e
r
e
r
e
r
e
r
e or or
r
e
r
e
r
e
r
e R a a or a
ni u lin le ni lin li s
e in e a
ni a
s
e a in
m
ui
a
ni r
a u e
nli u ai ai
m
ot id in
to (1 r p p K
ig ig ig o ig ig o
q
o
q
o e igt ig ig o ig ig ig ig ig ig ig ig o o ig ig ig ig
A in rs e r b
o
a
ro r a u
ci id id
n in id c
o n di l s in g n n s ic m
E k e N s v C o a u m e m ic io m ic
o u o rg
u n ib a
ilo
m
n w gr a m m A b b b b b s b b b . s b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b L lim di h s b o te ig o t
n ro n lli liv b h h n d lv a lle lle b
G la lo a d Environments Comments a a L lo lo lo lo lo a lo lo lo n a lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo lo A u r p is lo n e v n e ib y o u o ib lo ip lp la o a a s u u h C la
A P B L A S S P G G G G G C G G G G H G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G C B O S F G A H U A L C G N B B C G S E P N M V O P P C ? A
EARLY Globigerinita unicava 8 850 c utt ing I + I a + + + I + + o a + o I o o + o o o o o o o o o
MIOCE NE N4-N6
Gn.binaiensis & tripartita 8 910 c utt ing I o I I o + o I o + o a o I o o + + + o o o o o o o o o + o o o o o o o
8910
LT. Globigerina sellii 8 930 c utt ing + o o I o o o + + I + o o + o o o o o o o o o o o o o
OLIGOCENE P22 D outer neritic,
E Globigerina gortanii & 9 020 c utt ing + o o + o + o + o + o a + + o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
N open marine
O
P22(lwr Z
T
Globorotalia opima nana 9 090 c utt ing + o o o o + + a + o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o + o o o o o o o
E part)-P21 O
NR N Globigerina ampliapertura 9 180 c utt ing + o + a o + o o o o o + + o o o o o + o o o o + o o o o o o o o
EE 9180
CD 9 250 c utt ing o o I o o o o o o + + o o
OL O 9250
G
I R most planktonic and
L P20 9 380 c utt ing o + o o
O /O benthonic at 9250 and
ED and/or 9 430 c utt ing o o + o o o o o o
TN inner-middle bellow are possible caved
A A Older + o o o o
L neritic 9 490 c utt ing

I = Common (11-25 specimens); IIII = Abundant ( > 25 specimens)
= Occurrence; = First downhole occurrence
p . E
ta p p i
s
e s p . IF
di a la s p
p NI n
o d
u e s a . s s o
or q c e n a p M s p
a ni n
a . id a
y in p a A le ro
N h
c p c p
p
o d m s lin R a te
A
ar ro a s m
g ra m n u
c O in
M
A /P
IN i p in ai ra
b ta o
pi lo
.
p
F g R d
T p la m r h a x ID e p R te o d
U s la
y le s s si O p o
L o re m
al ut
p
ol th p y
ht
L
OI
u
q o
E
G h F
rot c
e o a
G m g c x p ro ir a LI in rg R p N s tr
G lo g y e a o p B u y A m O a s
A G E C T H D S ? M Q P L A N G O
o o o
o o o o o o
o o
o o o o
o o o o o
o o

1999
66
INTERPRETASI LINGKUNGAN PENGENDAPAN
Lingkungan pengendapan dapat diinterpretasikan dari:

1. Geometri dan distribusi depositional unit
2. Struktur sedimen dan asosiasi litologi
3. Asosiasi fosilnya
Foraminifera sebagai indikator paleoenvironment

Microfossils in general, and forams in particular, can be used to discriminate broad marine
environments in a number of ways:
a. Quantitative: Species diversity (i.e. alpha index), M-R-T Ternary diagram, similarity,
dominance:
- Diversity, ( Fisher plot:)  The porcelaneous component

Species richness (diversity) of foram exceeds 20% only in normal marine
assemblages is known to vary and hypersaline lagoon and marshes
considerably depending on salinity, and is normally < 20 % in shelf areas.
temperature, substrate etc. By plotting the  Agglutinated forms dominate in
number of species against the number of brackish and abyssal zones (below
individual forams on a logarithmic scale, CCD).
you get a measure of diversity called the
(a= alpha) value for the assemblage (see
Murray 1973): In general, values of a < 5
indicate brackish or hypersaline
marginal marine environments (though
it may also indicate normal marine
conditions with a high dominance of a
single species). Where a > 7 (up to 25 or
more), normal marine shelf to slope or
hypersaline shelf are indicated.
- Wall structure ( Miliolid-Rotalia-

Textulariina/ Agglutinated Ternary
diagram)
Although there is some overlap of
environments, this type of analysis is
particularly useful for discriminating
shallow-water environments.

1999
1
-.Test form and the environment

Test form in benthic foraminifera is a compromise between a complex array of selective
pressures, but it is true that there is often a good correlation between form of the test and
the environment in which the foram lives.
 Hypersaline and brackish environments exhibit a smaller range of morphological

variety (dominated by planispiral, trochospiral, miliolid and annular tests). Uniserial,
biserial and fusiform tests are generally absent in these environments.
 Uniserial tests generally only occur in low energy zones associated with shelf, slope
and bathyal environments.
 Milioline tests are mainly found on the shelf, and rarely found in slope and deep sea
environments
Agglutinated foraminifera can be classified into four morphogroups and these have a
distinctive distribution in modern environments:

1999
54
 Morphogroup A (unilocular, tubular

or branching) are characteristic of
the deep sea.
 Morphogroups B1 (globular) & B2
(coiled - flattened) represent only a
small % in most assemblages but
they are more common in deeper
water environments
 Morphogroup B3 (multilocular,
planispiral/trochospiral, lenticular)
are particularly common in shelf
and marginal marine environments.
 Morphogroup C1 (elongate) is
absent in marsh and lagoon
environments, but can dominate
shelf and upper bathyal (to 1000
m) environments
 Morphogroups C2 (elongate
quinqueloculine) and D
(trochospiral conical) are
characteristic of marshes and
lagoons.

1999
55
b. Characteristic foraminiferal assemblages

Modern and ancient environments (from marginal marine to abyssal) can also be identified
based on charateristic foraminiferal assemblages (i.e. the biotope concept). Identification of
these characteristic assemblages is obviously dependent of specialist taxonomic
knowledge (at least to genus level).
Interpretasi berdasarkan asosiasi mikrofosil foraminifera, harus didasarkan atas

keseluruhan dari asosiasi foraminieranya. Interpretasi tersebut harus didasarkan ciri-
ciri keseluruhan seperti bagaimana kehadiran (persentasi) plangtonik, milolid,
arenaceous form, foram besar dan tentunya juga asosiasi calcareous bentoniknya.
selain itu harus diperhatikan pula kelimpahan dan keragamanya, apakah ada dominasi
fauna tertentu (misal. genus tertentu, kelompok tertentu (misal kelompok miliolid,
arenaceous atau foram besar), preservasi, ukuran dan bentuk test dll.
Berikut ini adalah penjelasan singkat, sebagai dasar dalam menginterpretasi lingkungan
pengendapan beradasarkan asosiasi formainiferanya (diambil dari Rawenda dkk, 1983.
Robertson Research Indonesia)
ECOLOGY OF RECENT FORAMINIFERA

The distribution of foraminiferal taxa is influenced by many different factors. Although many
authors consider water depth the most significant one, water depth specifically is not the
main variable, the controlling factors being the various physical and chemical conditions
associated with depth. Typical factors are temperature and temperature variability, light
availability, sedimentation rate, bottom characters, energy conditions and pressure.
Studies of recent foraminiferal ecology have provided numerous distinct criteria by which
many depositional environments can be characterised and which can be applied to fossil
assemblages from sedimentary rocks. Some of the main variables can be summarised as
follows:
1. The total number of species and of individuals increases away from the shoreline,
and with increasing depth of water, to maximum values on the outer shelf and in
the upper bathyal zone.
2. Porcelaneous forms show their present diversity in shallow, nearshore
environments.
3. Arenaceous foraminifers with simple interior wall structure become dominant in
shallow waters or in intertidal areas. The percentage occurrence of these
arenaceous forms reaches a maximum near the effluence of rivers.
4. Calcareous foraminiferal tests become smaller and thinner near sources of fresh
water. In carbonate rich environments, tests may reach a large size and be very
robust.
5. The percentage occurrence of the most common species in a foraminiferal
population relates to the variability of the environment. As marginal marine
conditions are approached, environmental parameters become more pronounced
resulting in a tendency towards single species dominance in the most
unfavourable environments.
6. Planktonic forms occur most abundantly within the outer shelf and deeper water.
Under ideal sedimentation contitions, especially in clastic deposit, planktonic
foraminifers can show a more or less regular increase in abundance with depth.
7. Arenaceous taxa with labyrinthic wall structures occurs most abundantly in
bathyal or deeper waters. In sediments deposited below the calcium carbonate

1999
56
compensation depth (CCD) these forms may become dominant since the
calcareous shells of other foraminifers are dissolved.
INTERPRETATION OF SEDiMENTARY ENTVIROMENTS ON THE BASIS OF MODERN

FORAMINIFERAL DISTRIBUTIONS
The following is a brief summary of how specific depositional environments may be

recognised by means of their foraminiferal content.
1. Non-marine (supralittoral) environments e.g. delta top, alluvial plain.These environments

are barren of foraminifers. Palynological analysis is essential to obtain a detailed
interpretation.
2. Transitional environments (marginal marine, littoral, intertidal)brackish water. Again

palynological studies are of major importance in assessing these environments. The
following subdivision of these environments and their faunal characteristics can be made.
2a. Sandy beaches

The microfauna inhabiting this environment is little diagnostic. The species diversity is low,
and planktonic, larger foraminiferal and attached calcareous benthonic forms are absent. As
most high energy sandy beaches face open sea, salinities are generally normal.
:
Characteristic species are
Quinquetoculina sp.
Miliolinella sp,
Ammonia beccarii
Elphidium spp.
Fossil sandy beaches can be recognised by poorly preserved abraded specimens. However,
due to continuous transport of the tests after death many small or thin-shelled specimens
may be destroyed, and foraminifers are sometimes completely absent from an exposed
beach sand. A further complication in determining an ancient sandy beach is, that many
alochnous forms may have been washed in.
2b. Marshes and, mangrove swamps

Tidal marshes and mangrove swamps represent transitional regions between
marine/brackish water and terrestrial environments. Tidal marshes occur in temperate
areas, whereas the mangrove swamp is characteristic for the tropics.
Tidal marshes can be subdivided in three groups according to salinity:

1)Hyposaline marshes
2)Normal marine marshes ) difficult to distinguish
3)Hypersaline marshes
Species diversity is highest in hyposaline marshes, although the general diversity is low. The
hyposaline marshes are characterised by the predominance of arenaceous species
(Miliammina sp., Ammotiurn sp., Trochammina inflata) and rotalids (Elphidium spp.) and the
absence of miliolids.
Normal marine marshes are inhabited by dominantly arenaceous species with minor miliolids
(Quinqueloculina) and rotalids (Elphidium spp., Ammonia beccarii).

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In hypersaline marshes the percentage of arenaceous species, miliolids and rotalids is about
equal. Typical cosmopolitan marsh species are:
Ammotium salsum
Areno parrella mexicana
Miliammina fusca
Trochammina macrescens
T. polystoma
Interpreting an ancient marsh environment may be difficult. Due to reducing conditions

calcareous tests are easily destroyed after death. After complete solution of calcareous
species, it is impossible to distinguish between the various marsh environments. Only the
low.diversity and an assemblage consisting of small arenaceous species such as
Trochammina sp. , Haplophragmoides sp., Amobaculites sp. points to a marsh origin. If
Miliammina sp. is present in this assemblage, a hyposaline lagoon could also be indicated
The lithology of a marsh deposit consists of dark grey highly organic clay and silt, containing
abundant roots and other in determining an ancient plant debris. This can often help marsh
deposit. Pyrite is common, due to the reducing conditions.
Faunal distribution in a mangrove swamp is similar to that of marshes. Typical taxa in a

Southeast Asian mangrove are as follows:
Haplophragmoides salsun
Haplophragmoides wilberti
Miliammina pariaensis
Arenoparella mexicana
Trochammina laevigata
2c. Tidal flats

Tidal flats develop along gently dipping sea coasts, with marked tidal rhythms, where enough
sediment is available and strong wave action is not present. This may be the case in
estuaries, lagoons, bays, or behind barrier islands or other sand bars.
Characteristic foraminifers inhabiting this environment are:

Ammonia beccarii
Elphidiun spp.
(Quinqueloculina sp.)
Rotalids predominate in tidal flat assemblages, miliolids are rare to absent, and arenaceous
species not common.
2d. Estuaries
An estuary is the wide mouth of a river or arm of.the sea where the tide meets the river
currents, or flows and ebbs.
Estuaries are hyposaline in character, and can be subdivided into an upper part, subject to
the greatest freshwater influence and a lower part connected with the sea. This differences
in salinity is reflectedinthe faunas of both parts:
upper estuary lower estuary

Miliammina sp. Miliammina sp.
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58
Amobaculitessp. Ammobaculites sp.

Ammonia beccarii
Elphidiun spp.
2e. Lagoons
A lagoon is a shallow lake or sheet of water, connected with the sea or a river. Coastal
lagoons are shallow water bodies, running parallel to the coast, and connected to the sea
with an outlet. They are separated from the sea by sand bars or barrier islands.
Based on the amount of seawater entering through the inlet, and the amount of freshwater
contributed by river, the following subdivision of lagoons can be made:
a) hyposaline : freshwater seawater

b) normal marine lagoons
c) hypersaline : no freshwater comes into the lagoons
A characteristic feature of modern lagoons is their low foraminiferal species-diversity. The

relatively highest diversity is found in normal marine lagoons. Despite the fact that literature
on lagoonal assemblages is scarce, the following genera to some extent may characterise
the three types:

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Genus Hyposaline Normal marine Hypersaline

Ammotium xxx
Millammina fusca xxx
Quinqueloculina xxx xxx
Triloculina xxx xxx
Miliolinella xxx xxx
Peneroptids xxx xxx
Glabratella xxx xxx
Ammonia beccarii xxx xxx xxx
Elphidium xxx xxx xxx
Protelphidium xxx xxx
2f. Deltas
With respect to foraminiferal assemblages deltas require special comments since in these
environments certain species behave abnormally,especially within the prodelta region.
Three major environmental systems can be distinguished within a delta as follows:
A) The delta plain

The delta plain consists of an intertidal or supratidal covered with Nipah and mangrove
vegetation. Palynological studies are most useful in assessing delta top environments.
B)The delta front

The delta front consists of an intertidal to shallow subtidal platform fringing the delta plain.
The inner zone of the delta front consists of extensive tidal flats. Foraminiferal assemblages
relate to local sub-envirorments which have already been discussed under 2a-e.
C) Prodelta
The prodelta consists -of the smooth, steep slope seaward of the edge of the delta front
platform, marked by an abrupt slope break at the 5 meter isobath. The outer limit of the
prodelta appears to coincide with the 60-70m,isobath.
It is important to mention the "delta effect" (e.g. Pflum & Frerichs, 1976), that is,a variable
upper depth limit of certain species. They call these species heterobathyal species, as
opposed to isobathyal species (which have a more or less consistant upper depth limit). It
is possible to distinguish delta elevated and delta depressed species. Delta elevated species
are species with a shallower upper depth limit in the delta area. (For instance Sigmoilopsis
schlwnbergeri and Martinotiella occidentalis). Delta depressed species have a lower upper
depth limit in a delta area. Examples are Pullenia quinqueloba, Melonls barleeanus,
Hoglundina elegans and Bulimina aculeata.
However care must be taken in applying these data to ancient environments.
3. Marine Environments
A widely used tool for distinguishin- marine environments is the planktonic/benthonic ratio.
In general it is believed that increasindepth will imply an increase in the percentage of
planktonic species. The system was developed initially by Grimsdale and van Morkhoven
(1955) who found that it lacked the precision that they had hoped for. They suggested the
following relationship:
Environment Depth in Ifeters % Pelagic/Benthonic Ratio

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Inner Shelf 0- 20m 0-20%

Middle Shelf 20- 100m 20-50%
Outer Shelf 100- 200M 20-50%
Upper Slope 200-1000m 30-80'/7.
Lower Slope 1000-4000m 70-100%
However, it is extremely dangerous to rely on the planktonic percentage alone. In a case of

90% planktonics for instance, it is important to determine how many planktonic species are
present, if there are only a few, the environment may be quite shallow. It is also important
to note size sorting.
Bearing these points in mind, and also noting the distribution of calcareous benthonic,
arenaceous and larger foraminifers the following marine environments may be characterised:
3a.Inner Shelf (low tide -20m) inner neritic, shallow inner sublittoral.
This environment has its lower boundary at the base of the turbulent zone. Within this depth
range many sub-environments can be recognised, depending on wave energy, substratum
etc., and hence many different populations can be found. Characteristic for inner shelf
environments is the low species diversity, with one or two species dominating the faunas.
Planktonic foraminifers may occur in frequencies of 0-20%. Larger foraminifera such as
Operculina and Amphistegina may be locally abundant, other forms may be abundant only
in carbonate sediments.
The following taxa are typical of inner shelf environments. It must be stressed that this is not
a complete list and that the taxa indicated are not restricted to this environment.
Southeast Asia
Planorbulinella sp. Chrysalidinella limbatum
Massilina sp. Asterorotatia spp.
Cibicides tobatulus Cymbaloporetta squamosa
Pseudorotatia spp. Bacutogypsina sphaerulata
Cellan thus craticulatus Amphistegina lessonii
Loxostom limbatum Ammonia spp.
Elphidium spp.
3b. Middle Shelf (20-100m), middle neritic, inner sublittoral
The middle shelf can be subdivided in two parts:

1) Shallow middle shelf (20-50m). The lower boundary of this zone is the base of
the photic zone and the storm wave base.
2) Deep middle shelf (50-100m). The lower boundary of this zone is the base of the
seasonal temperature changes.
Shallow Middle Shelf

The diversity of species increases here. Larger foraminiferal species (opercuzina spp. and
Amphistegina spp. particularly A. quoyi are common to abundant locally, and the same
calcareous benthic assemblage of the inner shelf is present, but their tests are generally
more robust.

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Planktonic foraminifers can make up 20-30% of the total assemblages, but their diversity is
low, and restricted to forms such as Globigerinoides spp. and Globigerina bulloides.
Deep Middle Shelf

Rich assemblages are generally present in this environment. 'The typical inhabitants of the
inner and shallow middle shelf are still present, but they are rare (Operculina spp.,
Amphistegina spp., Elphidum spp ., Pseudorotatia spp .) -Planktonic foraminifers can make
up to :40-50% of the total assemblages.
Typical middle shelf taxa in Southeast Asia are as follows:
Operculina spp. Baggina inflata

Amphistegina spp.(A. bicirculata and A. papillosa) Bigenerina nodosaria
Bolivina spp. Praeglobobulimina pupoides
Florilus spp. Siphonina pulchra
Anomalinella Cancris auriculus
Cassidulina laevigata Nodosaria spp.
Cassidulina oblonga Uvigerina spp
Heterolepa praecinctus Loxostomum spp.
Dentalina spp. Lenticulina spp.
20-40% Planktonic foraminifers +10 species.
3c. Outer Shelf (100-200m) outer neritic, outer sublittoral
The lower boundary of this zone is the shelf edge. The species diversity in this environment
is high. Planktonic foraminifera make up to 40-80% of the total assemblages and their
diversity is high (moreless 20 species in recent samples). Larger foraiainifera are absent.
Most of the calcareous benthic species of the deep middle shelf are present.
Typical taxa of the outer shelf are as follows:
Gyroidina acuta Pulllnia quinquezoba

Gyroidina soldanii Uvigerina soendaensis
Hoglundina elegans Bulimina striate
Cassidulina spp. Bulimina marginata
Fursenkoina spp. Sphaeroidina bulloides
Bathyal and Abyssal Environments

On most shelves the inclination of the seafloor increases at about 180-200m depth, and this
corresponds with the continental slope. In the deeper waters below 200m conditions are very
stable as compared to shallower environments. No major changes in temperature and
salinity occur. Because of these stable conditions many of the species living in these
environments will be cosmopolitan. However, with increasing depth, the solubility of calcium
carbonate will increase. The critical depth is called the calcium carbonate compensation
depth, which lies in modern oceans between 4000-5500m. Below this depth calcareous tests
will be dissolved. In general, we will find with increasing depth a decrease of calcareous
benthic species, and an increase in arenaceous species. An interesting factor is that the size
of many deep water benthic forms shows increase with depth. Many taxa here have very
specific depth limits and are termed isobathyal species. These are particularly helpful in
determining environments.
3d. Upper slope (upper bathyal) 200m-1000m water depths

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Species diversity and abundance is usually very high in this environment. The planktonic
percentage increases to 50-95%. Robust arenaceous species such as Martinotiella
comminis, Karreriella sp., Tritaxilina sp., Dorothia and Haplophragmoides sp. occur
frequently.
Typical upper slope taxa are as follow:
Martinotiella communis Sphaeroidina bulloides

KarrerietLa sp. Tritaxitina sp.
Pullenia bulloides Uvigerina peregrina
Chilostomella oolina Gavelinopsis translucens
Globocassidulina subglobosa
50-95% Planktonics
Isobathyal (-cosmopolitan) species with their highest depth limit within zone are as follows:
Bolivina albatrossi
Bulimina striate mexicana ) highest
Chilostomell,a oozina ) occurrence
Eponides reguza ) at 200m
Gyroidina altiformis cushmani )
Discorbis transluucens
Uvigerina peregrina
Bulimina acuzeala
Bulimina rostrata alazanensis ) highest
Osangularia rugosa ) occurrence
Uvigerina peregrina dirupta ) at 300m
Uvigerina peregrina mediterranea
cibicides bantconensis ) highest

Gyroidina orbicularis ) occurrence
Reticulophragmium venezuelanum ) at 400-500m
Cyclammina cancellata
Cibicides kullenbergi )
Cibicides rugosus )
Eponides polilus ) highest
Oriidorsalis tener umbonatus ) occurrence
Osangularia culter ) at 700 - 800 m
Pleurostomella bolivinoides )
3e. Lower Slope, lower bathyal (1000-4000m)

Planktonic foraminifers are generally very abundant in this environment (90%). However, as
the lower limit of this environment is close to the calcium carbonate compensation level,
solution prone species such as Orbutina sp. and Globigerinoides spp. may be absent. A
conspicuous decrease of calcareous benthic forms is noted. Robust arenaceous species
such as Cyclammina cancelata and Tritaxia sp. may predominate the faunas.
Typical lower slope taxa are as follows:
Mellonis pompiliolides Cyclanmina cancelata

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Laticarinina pauperata Cibicides wuellerstorfi

Oridorsalis umbonatus Globocassidulina subglobosa
90% Planktonics
Isobathyal (cosmopolitan) species with their highest'depth limit within zone are as follows:
Anomalina globulosa ) highest

) occurrence
Siphotextularia rozshauseni ) at 1000-1300 m
UVigerina ampulacea ) upper depth limi t 1600m

Uvigerina senticosa u ) pper depth limit 2000m
Melonis pompilioides ) upper depth limit 2200m
3f. Abyssal environments (4000 m and deeper)
Assemblages from this depth are generally rare and little-diverse. The calcium carbonate
compensation level (40OOm-5500m) causes the solution of calcareous tests below this
depth. Consequently, the faunas below 4000-5500m, will consist of large, simple arenaceous
species such as Ammodiscus sp., Rhabdamina sp. and Rathysiphon sp.
Above the calcium carbonate compensation level the calcarous benthic fauna from the
bathyal environments, and thick walled, solution resistant planktonics ( Sphaeroidinellopsis
sp., Globorotalia spp.) are still present.

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15. NON-FORAM
A. MIKROFOSIL NON FORAM
(some part taken from: Pamela J. W. Gore Department of Geology, Georgia Perimeter
College Clarkston, GA 30021)
15.1 . PROTISTS (unicellular organisms)
A. Animal-like protists
RADIOLARIA
Geologic range: Cambrian to Recent
Shell composition: Silica (amorphous, opaline silica)
Size: 0.1 - 2.0 mm
Significance: Useful in biostratigraphy; they accumulate to form
radiolarian ooze on the abyssal plain.
Morphology: Microscopic spiny globes with large, lace-like pores, or
helmet-shaped (or space-ship shaped) with large, lace-like pores.
Very transparent and glassy.
Environment: Marine only; planktonic.
Radiolaria
B. Plant-like protists
1. DIATOMS
Geologic range: Cretaceous to Recent
Shell composition: Silica
Size: Most are 0.05 - 0.02 mm (some up to 1 mm)
Significance: Useful in biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental
interpretation; major constituent of diatomite or diatomaceous
earth; an integral part of the food chain (phytoplankton). Most
abundant phytoplankton in the modern ocean.
Morphology: "Pillbox" shape, consisting of two valves (shells) which
may be circular, triangular, or elongate. Circular forms have radial
ornamentation. Elongate forms have transverse markings. They
are covered with pores.
Environment: Both marine and non-marine. Planktonic or attached.
Diatoms

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"Twenty five forms circle" prepared by K.
D. Kemp, Services, Somerset, England.
Photos by Bill Turner and Thom Hopen,
MVA, Inc., Norcross, GA.
This image contains twenty five diatoms of
various shapes which have been
assembled into the shape of a star.
15.2. MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

A. Animals
1. OSTRACODES (Phylum Arthropoda)
Geologic range: Cambrian to Recent.
Shell composition: Calcareous (some organic)
Size: 0.5 - 3.0 mm (some larger)
Significance: Useful in biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental
interpretation.
Morphology: Microscopic shrimp-like animal inside a clam-like shell
consisting of two valves (shell halves), with a dorsal hinge.
Environment: Marine and non-marine (fresh, brackish and
hypersaline); most benthic.
Ostracodes
2. CONODONTS (Phylum unknown)
Geologic range: Cambrian to Late Triassic. Conodonts are extinct,
and the organism from which they came is not known with
certainty.
Composition: Phosphate (calcium fluorapatite)
Size: Most are 0.5 - 1.5 mm (some up to 10 mm, and some as
small as 0.1 mm)
Significance: Useful in biostratigraphy and marine
paleoenvironmental interpretation; their color is a good indicator
of the temperature to which the enclosing rock has been
subjected (this is important in determining whether oil or gas
may be present in the rock).
Morphology: Parts of a larger organism which resemble cone-
shaped teeth, or consisting of bars with rows of tooth-like
denticles, or irregular knobby plates called platforms.
Environment: Marine, free-swimming.
Conodonts
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Images courtesy of Anita Harris, U. S. Geological Survey.

3. SPONGE SPICULES (Phylum Porifera)
Geologic range: Cambrian to Recent
Composition: Calcareous or siliceous
Size:
Significance: Siliceous skeletons can accumulate to form chert
Morphology: Shapes vary. but may be needle-like (monaxon or one
axis), three-pointed (triaxon), four-pointed (tetraxon), or shaped
like a jack (from the game of ball and jacks) with six radiating
needle-like points or rays (hexactine). May also be curved.
Environment: Attached to the sea floor. Most are marine.
Sponge spicules
B. OTHER FOSSILS

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15.3 Algae (green algae: a,b&c Halimeda) Coralline algae
15.4 Bryozoa 15.5 Barnacles (dari Class Cirripedia)

1999
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15.6 Echinoid 15.7 Coral
15.8 Sepulid
15.9 Pteropod/Gastropod
15.10 Otolith
15.11 Fish teeth
1999

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KHOIRIL ANWAR MARYUNANI

Dirangkum oleh: Khoiril Anwar M

Panduan praktikum ini merupakan penjelasan singkat tentang parameter-parameter yang

Dirangkum oleh: Khoiril Anwar M

Simple Soaking — If your sample is composed of unconsolidated sediment or sedimentary

Dirangkum oleh: Khoiril Anwar M

Other Techniques — Literature on the foraminifera describes other methods for

CONCENTRATING THE TESTS OF FORAMINIFERA

Flotation Using Sodium Polytungstate — Sodium polytungstate [also known as sodium

EXAMINING AND PICKING FORAMINIFERA

Dirangkum oleh: Khoiril Anwar M

Individual foraminiferal specimens encountered while examining samples strewn across

b.1 sayatan pada satu sisi

b.2 sayatan pada 2 sisi

- Kuas kecil dan besar

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Aff. (affinis): bentuk species ini dekat/mirip dengan species tertentu

Triserial : kamar-kamarnya tersusun dalam tiga baris

6.1 Struktur dan komposisi:

- hyaline (dimiliki oleh i.e. Suboder Rotaliina):

Contoh: Fusulinid, Ammonia, Pseudorotalia, Paleotextularia

C. Agglutinan/Arenaceous(dimiliki oleh Suborder Texulariina) :

Gambar 1 Jenis-jenis dinding foraminifera (Brasier, 1980)

6.2 Perkembangan kamar dan test

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6.3 Arsitektur dan bentuk kamar

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gross shape (profil):

shapes of chamber (bentuk kamar):

Gambar 4 perkembangan test yang multilocular (Brasier, 1980)

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Gambar 5 Susunan kamar-kamar pada foraminifera (Loeblich & Tappan, 1964)

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Gambar 6 Bentuk-bentuk test foraminifera(Loeblich & Tappan, 1964)

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(Loeblich & Tappan, 1964)

Gambar 11 Bentuk modifikasi aperture (Stainforth, 1972)

6.6 Ornamentasi (sculpture):

6.8 Permukaan cangkang (test surface)

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1. wall composition and microstructure

Berikut adalah cara determinasi / identifikasi foraminifera:

Contoh diskripsi plangtonik

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II. Test surface smooth to shiny under light microscope (microgranular)

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8. Kunci untuk identifikasi genus plangtonik umur Kenozoik

1. Test seluruhnya planispiral:

2. Test planispiral pada awalnya, kemudian menjadi enrolled biserial

3. Test seluruhnya trochospiral:

3.2 Aperture extraumbilical-umbilical tanpa bulla:

BILA KAMAR ROUNDED TO POINTED, LOW TROCHOSPIRAL =

6. Test streptospiral, kamar clavate, radial elongated, pada pertumbuhan selanjutnya

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9. Kunci untuk identifikasi genus plangtonik umur MesozoiK

1.2 primary aperture umbilical

2. Test early portion trochospiral, later planispiral, aperture extraumbilical, tending to