Lecture-1

Ceramics
 Metals

Polymers

Ceramics

Composites

General characteristics of the major classes of engineering materials

Examples

Advanced
ceramics

Traditional ceramic
What is a ceramic material? (Apakah bahan keramik itu?)

Keramik adalah bahan anorganik bukan/non-logam yang terdiri dari dua

komponen bahan logam dan sebagian besar non-logam atau dua jenis bahan
non-logam. Keramik dapat terbentuk dengan adanya panas dan,
panas dan tekanan

Metal Non-metal Non-metal Non-metal

Ceramic Ceramic
Contoh:
1. Magnesia, MgO adalah bahan keramik, karena MgO merupakan ikatan dari
komponen padatan logam (Mg) dan bukan logam O2.

2. Silika, SiO2 juga bahan keramik yang merupakan kombinasi nonmetallic

elemental solids (NMES) dan bukan logam O2.

3. TiC dan ZrB2 adalah bahan keramik yang merupakan kombinasi dari bahan
logam (Ti, Zr) dan NMES (C, B). SiC adalah bahan keramik dari kombinasi dua
NMESs

Bahan keramik bukan hanya merupakan ikatan dari dua jenis komponen (binary
compounds), contohnya: BaTiO3, YBa2Cu3O3, and Ti3SiC2.
Jadi OXIDES, NITRIDES, BORIDES, CARBIDES dan SILICIDES dari semua logam dan
NMES termasuk bahan keramik.
Perlu diperhatikan perbedaan antara SILICIDES dan SILICATES (kadang
dapat membuat rancu)

Struktur SILICIDE hampir sama dengan BORIDES dan CARBIDES

Contohnya: Silicon boride SiB3 dan SiB6

Silicon carbide SiC

Contoh silicides:
•Isolated silicon atoms: electrically conductive Cu5Si,
(V,Cr,Mn)3Si, Fe3Si, Mn3Si, and nonconductive (Mg,Ge,Sn,Pb)2Si,
(Ca,Ru,Ce,Rh,Ir,Ni)2Si
•Si2 pairs: U3Si2, Hf and Th silicides
•Si4 tetrahedra: KSi, RbSi, CsSi
•Sin chains: USi, (Ti, Zr, Hf, Th, Ce, Pu)Si, CaSi, SrSi, YSi
•Planar hexagonal graphite-like Si layers: β-USi2, silicides of
other lanthanoids and actinoids
•Corrugated hexagonal Si layers: CaSi2
•Open three-dimensional Si skeletons: SrSi2, ThSi2, α-USi2
 Perbedaan Silicon, Silica, Silicate dan Silicone

Silicon (Si) is a chemical element, a substance that can't be subdivided into simple
substances without splitting atoms. Silicon is the second most abundant element in the
earth's crust, making up about 27% of the average rock.

Silica (SiO2) is the combination of silicon plus oxygen. The mineral quartz is silica.

Silicone is a synthetic polymer of silicon with carbon and oxygen that could
be in solid, liquid or gel form. It has all kinds of medical uses, such as in
antacids, artificial joints, pacemakers and implants of various notoriety, but
is not, as far as anyone knows, found in rocks.
 SILICATE
Silicate adalah garam yang mengandung anion (muatan negatif pada kedua unsur
Si dan O yaitu SiO42-

Banyak bahan mineral yang komponen utamanya mengandung SiO42- yang terikat
dengan ion-ion logam menjadi komponen utama dari batu-batuan kerak bumi
(rocks, clay, dust, mud, mountains).

Rocks
Rock or stone is a naturally
occurring solid aggregate of one or
more minerals or mineraloids. For
example, the common rock granite
is a combination of the quartz,
feldspar and biotite minerals.
Feldspar
Granite

Quartz
 Ceramics Susunan atom dalam padatan pada
umumnya dan keramik khususnya akan
Crystalline Amorphous menunjukkan susunan atom yang disebut
Long range order, short range order dan
kombinasi dari keduanya.

Long range order

(Crystalline solid)

Short range order

(Amorphous, glassy, noncrystalline solids)

Most metals and ceramics, with the

exception of glasses and glass-
ceramics are crystalline.
Long range order Short range order
Fig. Illustration of crystalline and
amorphous structures
Fig. Crystal system
(7 unit cell shapes)
 Ceramics microstructures (Strukturmikro keramik)
Single crystal or monocrystalline is a solid in which the periodic and repeated
arrangement of atoms is perfect and extends throughout the entirety of the specimen
without interruption.
Polycrystalline or multicrystalline materials, or
polycrystals are solids that are composed of many
crystallites of varying size and orientation. Crystallites
are also referred to as grains.

(a) Schematic of polycrystalline specimen and (b) typical

microstructure seen in an optical microscope.
 Typically, in ceramics the grains are in the range of 1 to 50 m and are visible only
under a microscope. The shape and size of the grains, together with the presence
of porosity, second phases, etc., and their distribution describe what is termed the
microstructure.

Most inorganic solids are polycrystalline, including all common metals, many
ceramics, rocks and ice. The extent to which a solid is crystalline (crystallinity) has
important effects on its physical properties.

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch13/category.php
 Traditional Versus Advanced Ceramics

Traditional ceramics (silicate-based, ceramics):

pottery (tembikar), sculpture (patung), sanitary ware, tiles (ubin),etc.
The field of ceramic science or engineering encompasses much more than silicates
and can be divided into traditional and modern ceramics.

Traditional ceramics are characterized by mostly silicate-based porous microstructures that are quite
coarse, non-uniform, and multiphase. They are typically formed by mixing clays and feldspars, followed by
forming either by slip casting or on a potter's wheel, firing in a flame kiln to sinter them, and finally glazing.

In a much later stage of development, other ceramics that were not clay or silicate-based depended on
much more sophisticated raw materials, such as binary oxides, carbides, perovskites, and even completely
synthetic materials for which there are no natural equivalents. The microstructures of these modern
ceramics were at least an order of magnitude finer and more homogeneous and much less porous than those
of their traditional counterparts. It is the latter — the modern or technical ceramics
 Traditional Ceramics

Based on mineral silicates, silica, and mineral oxides found in nature

 Primary products are fired clay (pottery/tembikar,
tableware/peralatan makan, brick/batu bata, and tile/genteng),
cement, and natural abrasives such as alumina
 Products and the processes to make them date back thousands of
years
 Glass is also a silicate ceramic material and is sometimes included
among traditional ceramics
 Raw Materials for Traditional Ceramics

 Mineral silicates, such as clays of various compositions, and

silica, such as quartz, are among the most abundant substances
in nature and constitute the principal raw materials for
traditional ceramics
 Another important raw material for traditional ceramics is
alumina
 These solid crystalline compounds have been formed and mixed
in the earth’s crust over billions of years by complex geological
processes
New Ceramics
Ceramic materials developed synthetically over the
last several decades
 The term also refers to improvements in processing
techniques that provide greater control over
structures and properties of ceramic materials
 In general, new ceramics are based on compounds
other than variations of aluminum silicate, which
form most of the traditional ceramic materials
 New ceramics are usually simpler chemically than
traditional ceramics; for example, oxides, carbides,
nitrides, and borides
Oxide Ceramics
 Most important oxide new ceramic is alumina
 Although also included as a traditional ceramic,
alumina is today produced synthetically from bauxite,
using an electric furnace method
 Through control of particle size and impurities,
refinements in processing methods, and blending with
small amounts of other ceramic ingredients, strength
and toughness of alumina are improved substantially
compared to its natural counterpart
 Alumina also has good hot hardness, low thermal
conductivity, and good corrosion resistance
 Products of Oxide Ceramics

Bioceramics (artificial bones

Abrasives (grinding wheel grit)
and teeth)

Electrical insulators and electronic

components
Refractory brick
Cutting tool inserts
Spark plug barrels

Engineering components
Carbides
 Silicon carbide (SiC), tungsten carbide (WC),
titanium carbide (TiC), tantalum carbide (TaC), and
chromium carbide (Cr3C2).
 Although SiC is a man-made ceramic, its production
methods were developed a century ago, and it is
generally included in traditional ceramics group.
 WC, TiC, and TaC are valued for their hardness and
wear resistance in cutting tools and other
applications requiring these properties.
 WC, TiC, and TaC must be combined with a metallic
binder such as cobalt or nickel in order to fabricate
a useful solid product
Nitrides
 The important nitride ceramics are silicon nitride
(Si3N4), boron nitride (BN), and titanium nitride
(TiN)
 Properties: hard, brittle, high melting
temperatures, usually electrically insulating, TiN
being an exception
 Applications:
Silicon nitride: components for gas turbines,
rocket engines, and melting crucibles
Boron nitride and titanium nitride: cutting tool
material and coatings
Glass
 A state of matter as well as a type of ceramic
 As a state of matter, the term refers to an
amorphous (noncrystalline) structure of a solid
material
The glassy state occurs in a material when
insufficient time is allowed during cooling from
the molten state for the crystalline structure to
form
 As a type of ceramic, glass is an inorganic,
nonmetallic compound (or mixture of compounds)
that cools to a rigid condition without crystallizing
Why So Much SiO2 in Glass?

 Because SiO2 is the best glass former

Silica is the main component in glass products,
usually comprising 50% to 75% of total chemistry
It naturally transforms into a glassy state upon
cooling from the liquid, whereas most ceramics
crystallize upon solidification
Other Ingredients in Glass
 Sodium oxide (Na2O), calcium oxide (CaO),
aluminum oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO),
potassium oxide (K2O), lead oxide (PbO), and boron
oxide (B2O3)
 Functions:
Act as flux (promoting fusion) during heating
Increase fluidity in molten glass for processing
Improve chemical resistance against attack by
acids, basic substances, or water
Add color to the glass
Alter index of refraction for optical applications
Glass Products
 Window glass
 Containers – cups, jars, bottles
 Light bulbs
 Laboratory glassware – flasks, beakers, glass
tubing
 Glass fibers – insulation, fiber optics
 Optical glasses - lenses
Elements Related to Ceramics
 Carbon
Two alternative forms of engineering and
commercial importance: graphite and diamond
 Silicon
 Boron
 Carbon, silicon, and boron are not ceramic
materials, but they sometimes
Compete for applications with ceramics
Have important applications of their own
 Graphite
 Form of carbon with a high content of
crystalline C in the form of layers
 Bonding between atoms in the layers is
covalent and therefore strong, but the
parallel layers are bonded to each other by
weak van der Waals forces
 This structure makes graphite anisotropic;
strength and other properties vary
significantly with direction
As a powder it is a lubricant, but in
traditional solid form it is a refractory
When formed into graphite fibers, it is a
high strength structural material
 Diamond
Carbon with a cubic crystalline structure with covalent
bonding between atoms
This accounts for high hardness
 Industrial applications: cutting tools and grinding
wheels for machining hard, brittle materials, or
materials that are very abrasive; also used in
dressing tools to sharpen grinding wheels that Diamond blade
consist of other abrasives.
 Industrial or synthetic diamonds date back to 1950s
and are fabricated by heating graphite to around
3000C (5400F) under very high pressures.
Silicon
Semi-metallic element in the same periodic table
group as carbon
 One of the most abundant elements in Earth's crust,
comprising  26% by weight.
 Occurs naturally only as chemical compound - in
rocks, sand, clay, and soil - either as silicon dioxide
or as more complex silicate compounds.
 Properties: hard, brittle, lightweight, chemically
inactive at room temperature, and classified as a
semiconductor.
Applications and Importance of Silicon
 Greatest amounts in manufacturing are in ceramic
compounds (SiO2 in glass and silicates in clays) and
alloying elements in steel, aluminum, and copper.
 Also used as a reducing agent in certain
metallurgical processes.
 Of significant technological importance is pure
silicon as the base material in semiconductor
manufacturing in electronics.
 The vast majority of integrated circuit produced
today are made from silicon.
Boron
Semi-metallic element in same periodic group as
aluminum
 Comprises only about 0.001% of Earth's crust by
weight, commonly occurring as minerals borax
(Na2B4O7- 10H2O) and kernite (Na2B4O7-4H2O)
 Properties: lightweight, semiconducting properties,
and very stiff (high modulus of elasticity) in fiber
form.
 Applications: B2O3 used in certain glasses, as a
nitride (CBN) for cutting tools, and in nearly pure
form as a fiber in polymer matrix composites.
 Advanced Ceramics
 Advanced ceramic materials have been developed
over the past half century

 Applied as thermal barrier coatings to protect metal

structures, wearing surfaces, or as integral
components by themselves.

 Engine applications are very common for this class of

material which includes silicon nitride (Si 3N4), silicon
carbide (SiC), Zirconia (ZrO2) and Alumina (Al2O3)

 Heat resistance and other desirable properties have

lead to the development of methods to toughen the
material by reinforcement with fibers and whiskers
opening up more applications for ceramics
 Advanced Ceramics

 Structural: Wear parts, bioceramics, cutting tools,

engine components, armour.
 Electrical: Capacitors, insulators, integrated
circuit packages, piezoelectrics, magnets and
superconductors
 Coatings: Engine components, cutting tools, and
industrial wear parts
 Chemical and environmental: Filters, membranes,
catalysts, and catalyst supports
 Timeline of Selected Ceramic and Glass Developments
Year Development
24,000 B.C. Ceramic figurines used for ceremonial purposes
14,000 B.C. First tiles made in Mesopotamia and India
9000-10,000 B.C. Pottery making begins
5000-8000 B.C. Glazes discovered in Egypt
1500 B.C. Glass objects first made
Synthetic refractories (temperature resistant) for furnaces used to make steel, glass, ceramics,
1550 A.D.
cement
Porcelain electrical insulation
Mid 1800’s
Incandescent light bulb
High-strength quartz-enriched porcelain for insulators
1920’s Alumina spark plugs
Glass windows for automobiles
1940’s Capacitors and magnetic ferrites
Alumina insulators for voltages over 220 kV
1960’s
Application of carbides and nitrides
Introduction of high-performance cellular ceramic substrates for catalytic converters and
1970’s
particulate filters for diesel engines
1980’s High temperature superconductors

http://ceramics.org/learn-about-ceramics/history-of-ceramics
 General Characteristics of Ceramics

Ceramics are hard, wear-resistant, brittle, prone to thermal shock,

refractory, electrically and thermally insulative, intrinsically transparent.
nonmagnetic, chemically stable, and oxidation-resistant.

As with all generalizations, there will be exceptions; some ceramics are

electrically and thermally quite conductive, while others are even
superconducting. An entire industry is based on the fact that some ceramics
are magnetic.
Property Applications (examples)
Thermal
Insulation High-temperature furnace linings for insulation (oxide fibers such as SiO2, Al2O3, and ZrO2).
Refractoriness High-temperature furnace linings for insulation and containment of molten metals and slags.
Thermal conductivity Heat sinks for electronic packages (AlN)
Electrical and dielectric
Conductivity Heating elements for furnaces (SiC, ZrO2, MoSi2)
Ferroelectricity Capacitors (Ba-titanate-based materials)
Low-voltage insulators Ceramic insulation (porcelain, steatite, forsterite)
Insulators in electronic Substrates for electronic packaging and electrical insulators in general (Al 2O3, AlN)
applications
Insulators in hostile Spark plugs (Al2O3)
Environments
Ion-conducting Sensor and fuel cells (ZrO2, Al2O3, etc.)
Semiconducting Thermistors and heating elements (oxides of Fe, Co, Mn)
Nonlinear I-V Current surge protectors (Bi-doped ZnO, SiC)
characteristics
Gas-sensitive conduct Gas sensors (SnO2, ZnO)
Magnetic and Superconductive
Hard magnets Ferrite magnets [(Ba, Sr)O6Fe2O3]
Soft magnets Transformer cores [(Zn, M)Fe2O3, with M = Mn, Co, Mg]; magnetic tapes (rare-earth
garnets)
Superconductivity Wires and SQUID magnetometers (YBa2Cu3O7)
Optical
Transparency Windows (soda-lime glasses), cables for optical communication (ultra-pure silica)
Translucency and Heat- and corrosion-resistant materials, usually for Na lamps Al2O3MgO)
chemical inertness
Nonlinearity Switching devices for optical computing (LiNbO3)
IR transparency Infrared laser windows (CaF2, SrF2, NaCl)
Chemical
Catalysis Filters (zeolites); purification of exhaust gases
Anticorrosion Heat exchangers (SiC), chemical equipment in corrosive environments
Biocompatibility Artificial joint prostheses (Al2O3)
Mechanical
Hardness Cutting tools (SiC whisker-reinforced Al2O3, Si3N4)
High-temperature strength Stators and turbine blades, ceramic engines (Si3N4)
retention
Wear resistance Bearings (Si3N4)
Soal test:

1. Mengapa anda tertarik untuk belajar bahan keramik.

2. Apakah bahan keramik itu?

3. Berdasarkan definisi keramik, apakah Si3N4 itu termasuk bahan keramik?

Bagaimana dengan SiCl4 atau SiF4, CCl4?

4. Bagaimana pula dengan TiAl3, Al3C4, BN, CN, SiB6?