 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO)

Gambar merupakan sebuah sarana media penyampaian informasi yang

dibuat untuk memberikan komunikasi dari penyampai kepada penerima agar
penerima dapat memahami bentuk yang ingin disampaikan oleh penyampai.
Komunikasi lisan bisa saja dilakukan, akan tetapi pemahaman penerima terkadang
berbeda dengan pemahaman penyampai. Maka dari itu, dibutuhkan gambar untuk
menyampaikan bentuk yang diharapakan dapat dipahami oleh penyampai dan
penerima.
Penyampaian ide, pemikiran atau rencana dari suatu konstruksi kerja kepada
orang lain disebut dengan gambar teknik. Dalam gambar teknik, diperlukan standar
untuk memudahkan penyampaian konstruksi kerja yang rumit. Sehingga setiap orang
yang membuat atau membaca gambar teknik memiliki persepsi yang sama. Aturan
gambar dibuat atas persetujuan bersama antar orang-orang yang bersangkutan.
Peraturan tersebut dijadikan acuan di lingkup mana orang bekerja.

1. Fungsi Standardisasi dalam Gambar Teknik

Standar yang digunakan dalam perusahaan disebut dengan standarisasi
perusahaan/industri, untuk lingkup negara disebut dengan standarisasi nasional dan
untuk kerjasama antar industri secara internasional disebut dengan standarisasi
internasional.
Standarisasi gambar teknik berfungsi sebagai berikut:
1. Memberikan kepastian sesuai dan tidak sesuai kepada pembuat dan
pembaca gambar dalam menggunakan aturan-aturan gambar menurut
standar.
2. Menyeragamkan penafsiran terhadap cara-cara penunjukkan dan
penggunaan simbol-simbol yang dinyatakan dalam gambar sesuai dengan
penafsiran standar.
 3. Memudahkan komunikasi teknis antar perancang/pembuat gambar
dengan pengguna gambar.
4. Memudahkan kerjasama antara perusahaan-perusahaan dalam
memproduksi benda-benda teknik dalam jumlah banyak yang harus
diselesaikan dalam waktu yang serempak.
5. Memperlancar produksi dan pemasaran suku cadang alat-alat industri.
Standarisasi dalam gambar teknik yang telah ditetapkan di beberapa negara
industri maju adalah:
1. JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) merupakan standar industrI di
negara Jepang.
2. NNI (The Netherlands Standardization Institute), merupakan
standarisasi di negara Belanda.
3. DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung), standarisasi di negara Jerman.
4. ANSI (American National Standard Institute), standarisasi di negara
Amerika.
Di Indonesia juga terdapat standar. Dahulu namanya Standar Industri
Indonesia (SII). Sejak terbit peraturan pemerintah Nomor 15 Tahun 1991
tentang Standar Nasional Indonesia, maka nama SII diganti dengan SNI
(Standar Nasional Indonesia). SNI dikelola oleh Dewan Standarisasi Nasional
(DSN) yang sekarang berkedudukan di Jakarta.
Dengan meningkatnya kerjasama di tingkat internasional, maka perusahaan/
industri diharuskan untuk menggunakan standar yang bersifat internasional. Untuk
itu dibentuk badan standar industri yang diberi nama International Organization for
Standardization (ISO).
ISO merupakan badan non pemerintah yang didirikan pada tanggal 14
Oktober 1946. Tujuan dibentuknya ISO adalah untuk menyatukan pengertian
teknik antar bangsa. Bidang kerja ISO yang menangani standar gambar teknik
disebut ISO/TC 10 (gambar teknik), yang bertugas menstandarkan gambar-
gambar teknik agar dapat diterima di dunia internasional sebagai bahasa
teknik. Karena Indonesia merupakan salah satu anggota ISO, maka gambar
teknik yang dibuat sebagai salah satu media penyampaian informasi juga telah
mengikuti standar gambar yang ditetapkan ISO. Sebagai contoh, di
dalam dunia industri pembuatan etiket gambar yang sesuai dengan ISO adalah, kepala
gambar ditempatkan dalam ruang gambar di sudut kanan bawah.
Keterangan yang dicantumkan dalam kepala gambar harus merupakan
keterangan yang secara umum menunjukkan isi gambar, yang meliputi hal-hal sebagai
berikut:
1. Nomor gambar
2. Judul/nama gambar
3. Nama instansi/perusahaan
4. Skala
5. Nama yang menggambar, yang memeriksa dan yang mengesahkan atau
menyetujui
6. Cara proyeksi yang digunakan
7. Keterangan lainnya sesuai keperluan

2. Fungsi Gambar Teknik

Gambar teknik memiliki 3 fungsi utama yaitu :
a. Sarana Penyampaian Informasi, gambar teknik digunakan juru gamabra
untuk menyampaikan konsep kepada orang lain dalam suatu perusahaan
atau dari luar perusahaan seperti sub kontraktor
b. Sarana penyimpanan, pengawetan, dan penggunaan informasi.
Gambar teknik dapat berguna sewaktu – waktu dan harus disimpan untuk
acuan dalam pekerjaan di masa yang akan datang.
c. Konsep, gambar teknik merupakan media untuk melukiskan ide yang ada
dalam pikiran seorang ahli teknik

3. Sifat Gambar Teknik.

Terdapat 4 sifat gambar teknik :
a. Gambar Internasional, gambar internasional dibutuhkan karena adanya
keperluan akibat perdagangan internasional. Sehingga standar yang
digunakan merupakan standar internasional.
 b. Gambar popular, gambar popular dibutuhkan hanya untuk keperluan
internal perusahaan dengan perusahaan yang berkaitan. Standar yang
digunakan pun merupakan standar perusahaan.
c. Gambar Sederhana, gambar ini dibuat untuk menghemat biaya dan waktu.
d. Gambar Modern, gambar modern merupakan gambar teknik yang berasal
dari software. Standar yang digunakan pun mengikuti software yang
digunakan
4. Standar Ukuran Gambar Kertas
Kertas gambar mempunyai ukuran panjang dan lebar. Sebagai ukuran
pokok dari kertas gambar, diambil ukuran A0 yang mempunyai luas 1 m2 atau
1.00.00 mm2. Perbandingan lebar dan panjangnya sama dengan
perbandingan sisi bujursangkar dengan diagonalnya.
Jika bujursangkar mempunyai sisi = x maka diagonalnya y=x√2 .
Selanjutnya x dipakai sebagai lebar kertas gambar dan y sebagai panjang kertas
gambar.

Gambar 1 Menentukan
Ukuran Kertas A0
Karena ukuran kertas gambar A0 mempunyai luas x.y = 1.000.000 mm2,
dengan y=x√2 , maka x2√2 = 1.000.000 mm2 sehingga diperoleh lebar 841 mm
(dibulatkan) dan panjang 841√2 = 1189 mm. Untuk mendapatkan ukuran kertas
gambar lainnya adalah dengan cara membagi dua panjangnya, sehingga ukuran:
1. A1 adalah ½ dari A0.
2. A2 adalah ½ dari A1.
3. A3 adalah ½ dari A2.
4. A4 adalah ½ dari A3.
 Sesuai dengan standar ISO (International Standardization for
Organization) dan NNI (Nederland Normalisatie Instituet) selanjutnya kertas
gambar diberi garis tepi sesuai dengan ukurannya.
Pada tabel di bawah ditetapkan ukuran batas tepi bawah, tepi atas dan tepi
kanan (C) sedangkan tepi kiri untuk setiap ukuran kertas gambar ditetapkan 20
mm.
Penetapan jarak ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan jarak sehingga jika
kertas gambar dibundel tidak akan mengganggu gambarnya.
Tabel 1.
Standar Ukuran Kertas
Ukuran (mm)
Jenis Kertas Tepi Kiri (mm) C (mm)
L P
A0 841 1189 20 10
A1 594 841 20 10
A2 420 594 20 10
A3 297 420 20 10
A4 210 297 20 5
A5 148 210 20 5

5. Jenis – Jenis Garis

Selain pembakuan ukuran kertas gambar, jenis garis pada gambar teknik
pun turut ditetapkan sehingga setiap garis menunjukkan fungsi tersendiri. Terdapat
sedikit perbedaan antar berbagai bidang keteknikan dalam jenis dan fungsi garis
ini.
Tabel 2
Jenis garis dan penggunaannya (ISO R.158)
N Garis Keterangan Penggunaan
o
1 Tebal Kontinu a. Garis – garis nyata
b. Garis tepi
2 Tipis kontinu a. garis khayal
(lurus atau b. garis ukur
Lengkung c. garis proyeksi/ bantu
d. garis penunjuk
e. garis arsir
f. garis nyata dari penampang
yang diputar ditempat.
g. garis sumbu pendek

3 Tipis kontinu Garis batas dari potongan

Bebas sebagain atau bagian yang
dipotong, bila batasnya bukan

4 Tipis
zig zag
5 Garis
tebal
garis bergores tipis.
Kontinu Garis batas dari potongan
sebagain atau bagian yang
dipotong, bila batasnya bukan
garis bergores tipis.
gores a. Garis nyata terhalang
b. Garis tepi terhalang

6 Garis Gores a. Garis nyata terhalang

Tipis b. Garis tepi terhalang
7 Garis Bergores a. Garis sumbu
Tipis b. Garis Simetri
c. Lintasan
8 Garis Bergores Garis (bidang) potong
tipis yang
dipertebal pada
ujungnya dan
pada
perubahan arah
9 Garis bergores Penunjukan permuakaan yang
tebal harus mendapatkan penanganan
khusus
10 Garis bergores Bagian yang berdampingan
ganda

6. Standar Huruf dan Angka

Huruf dan angka yang dipakai pada gambar teknik, yang dianjurkan oleh
ISO 3098/11974 harus mudah dibaca dan dapat ditulis miring 750 atau tegak.
Contoh atau gambaran dari huruf dan angka yang dipakai pada gambar teknik
adalah sebagai berikut.
a. Penulisan Huruf dan Angka Tegak

Gambar 2
Penulisan huruf dan angka tegak
 a. Penulisan Huruf dan Angka secara miring (750)

Gambar 3
Penulisan Huruf dan Angka secara miring (750)

7. Ukuran Huruf Standar

Perbandingan tinggi dan lebar huruf diambil dari perbandingan ukuran
kertas yang distandarkan, yaitu √2: 1. Ketentuan – ketentuan ukuran huruf yang
dianjurkan dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut:
Tabel 3
Perbandingan standar huruf dan angka
Perbandingan
Sifat
Tipe A Tipe B
Tinggi huruf H H
Tinggi huruf kecil 10/14 h 7/10 h
Jarak antar huruf 2/14 h 2/10 h
Jarak antar garis 20/14 h 14/10 h
Jarak antar kata 6/14 h 6/10 h
Tebal huruf 1/14 h 1/10 h

Keterangan tabel:
a. Tinggi huruf kecil; tinggi huruf kecil disini adalah tinggi huruf kecil diantara
huruf yang dipakai, tinggi huruf kecil ini tanpa tangkai dan kaki (huruf b, k,
l = bertangkai dan j, g = berkaki).
b. Tinggi huruf kecil untuk tipe A= (10/14).h dan untuk tipe B = (7/10).h
c. Jarak antar huruf; jarak antar huruf disini adalah jarak antara huruf yang
satu dan lainnya dalam satu kata. Untuk tipe A (2/14).h dan untuk tipe B
(2/10).h.
d. Jarak antar garis; jarak antar garis disini adalah jarak antara batas bawah
huruf besar di atas dan batas atas huruf besar di bawah.
e. Jarak antar kata; bila dalam suatu kalimat ada dua kata yang disambung
(misalnya baja nikel) maka jarak antara kata baja dan nikel tersebut
dianjurkan sebagai berikut: untuk penggunaan tipe huruf A jaraknya 6/14.h
dan untuk tipe huruf B jaraknya 6/10.h.
f. Tebal huruf yaitu tebal pena yang digunakan untuk membuat huruf. Ukuran
pena tersebut harus disesuaikan dengan tinggi huruf dan tipe huruf yang
digunakan. Tebal huruf yang dianjurkan untuk tipe A adalah 1/14.h dan
untuk tipe B yaitu 1/10.h.
Tabel 4.
Ukuran Huruf dan Angka
Ukuran huruf/angka Penggunaan
2.5 mm Toleransi
3.5 mm Skala dari detail
Tanda pengerjaan
Skala (pada etiket)
Daftar Bagian (pada etiket)
Digambar/diperiksa (pada etiket)
Penunjukan ukuran, tulisan – tulisan
Perubahan, pemesanan (pada etiket)
5 mm Skala
Nama Instansi
Potongan, Pandangan, detail
7.5 mm Nomor Bagian
Nomor Gambar
Judul Gambar (pada etiket)
 8. Jenis Huuruf

Jenis huruf yang dpat digunakan antara lain : ISOCT SHX tegak atau
miring, Technic bolt TT dan ISOTEUR miring.

Gambar 4
Jenis huruf Bolt
TT

Gambar 5
Jenis huruf
ISOHCT
Gambar 6
Jenis Huruf
ISOTEUR
9. Tata
Letak (Layout)
a. Kepala
Gambar (etiket)
Setiap
gambar kerja yang
dibuat, selalu ada
etiketnya. Etiket
dibuat di sisi kanan
bawah kertas
gambar. Pada
etiket (kepala
gambar) ini kita
dapat
mencantumkan:
 nama yang membuat gambar

 judul gambar

 nama instansi, departemen atau sekolah

 tanggal menggambar atau selesainya gambar

 tanggal diperiksanya gambar dan nama pemeriksa

 ukuran kertas gambar yang dipakai

  skala gambar

 jenis proyeksi

 satuan ukuran yang digunakan

 berbagai data yang diperlukan untuk kelengkapan gambar.

Gambar 7
Contoh Etiket

b. Skala
Skala merupakan perbandingan ukuran antar objek pada gambar dengan
ukuran benda sebenarnya. Skala dikelompokkan menjadi: skala sebenarnya, skala
diperbesar dan skala diperkecil. Bilangan skala yang direkomendasikan untuk
digunakan pada gambar teknik adalah: 1, 2, 5 dan 10.
 Tabel 5
Skala Yang Direkomendasikan

Kategori Skala yang direkomendasikan

50 : 1 20:1 10:1
Skala Perbesaran
5:1 2:1
Ukuran 1:1
Sebenarnya
Skala Pengecilan 1:2 1:5 1:100
1:20 1:50 1:1000
1:200 1:500 1:10000
1:2000 1:5000 1:100000

Ketentuan penunjukan skala pada gambar teknik adalah:

a. Penggunaan tanda skala terdiri dari kata “SKALA” diikuti oleh rasio.

b. Kata “SKALA” dapat dihilangkan selama tidak terjadi kesalahpahaman.

c. Skala yang digunakan dicantumkan pada etiket.

d. Jika menggunakan lebih dari satu skala pada satu gambar, hanya skala
utama saja yang ditunjukkan pada etiket. Skala lainnya ditetapkan
berdekatan dengan gambar bagian atau huruf yang menunjukkan detail
gambar.

10. Proyeksi
Proyeksi adalah gambar dari benda nyata atau khayalan, yang
dilukiskan menurut garis-garis pandangan pengamat pada suatu bidang datar/
bidang gambar. Proyeksi juga berfungsi untuk menyatakan wujud benda dalam
bentuk gambar yang diperlukan.
Dari sudut pandangnya, proyeksi terbagi 2 yaitu :
a. Proyeksi Piktorial, yang memiliki pandangan 3 dimensi. Proyeksi
piktorial memiliki beberapa macam :
a.1. Proyeksi Aksonometri
Proyeksi ini merupakan proyeksi gambar dimana bidang-bidang atau
tepi benda dimiringkan terhadap bidang proyeksi, maka tiga muka dari benda
tersebut akan terlihat serentak dan memberikan gambaran bentuk benda seperti
sebenarnya.
 Gambar 8 Proyeksi
Aksonometri
a.2 Proyeksi Isometri

Proyeksi isometri menyajikan benda dengan tepat, karena panjang

garis pada sumbu-sumbunya menggambarkan panjang sebenarnya. Cara
menggambarnya sangat sederhana karena tidak ada ukuran-ukuran benda yang
mengalami skala perpendekan.
Gambar menampilkan kedudukan sumbu-sumbu isometri, yang dapat
dipilih sesuai dengan tujuan dan hasil yang akan memberikan kesan gambar
paling jelas
a.3 Proyeksi Dimetri
Proyeksi dimetri merupakan penyempurnaan dari gambar isometri,
dimana garis-garis yang tumpang-tindih yang terdapat pada gambar isometri, pada
gambar dimetri tidak kelihatan lagi.
a.4 Proyeksi Trimetri
Proyeksi trimetri merupakan proyeksi yang berpatokan kepada
besarnya sudut antara sumbu-sumbu (x,y,z) dan panjang garis sumbu-sumbu
tersebut. Sudut proyeksi trimetri adalah 200 untuk alfa dan 300 untuk beta atau 100
untuk alfa dan 200 untuk beta.
 Gambar 9 Proyeksi
trimetri
a.5 Proyeksi Miring

Proyeksi miring merupakan proyeksi gambar dimana garis-garis

proyeksi tidak tegak lurus bidang proyeksi, tetapi membentuk sudut sembarang
(miring). Permukaan depan dari benda pada proyeksi ditempatkan dengan bidang
kerja proyeksi sehingga bentuk permukaan depan tergambar seperti sebenarnya.
a.6 Proyeksi Perspektif
Proyeksi perspektif merupakan proyeksi piktorial yang terbaik kesan
visualnya, tetapi cara penggambarannya sangat sulit dan rumit, apalagi untuk
menggambar bagian-bagian yang rumit dan kecil. Pada proyeksi perspektif garis-
garis pandangan (garis proyeksi) di pusatkan pada satu atau beberapa titik. Titik
tersebut dianggap sebagai mata pengamat. Bayangan yang terbentuk pada
bidang proyeksi disebut dengan gambar perspektif.
 Gambar 10
Perbandingan berbagai macam proyeksi pictorial

b. Proyeksi Ortogonal, Proyeksi ortogonal adalah gambar proyeksi yang

bidang proyeksinya mempunyai sudut tegak lurus terhadap proyektornya. Proyektor
adalah garis-garis yang memproyeksikan benda terhadap bidang proyeksi.
 ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
I. LINE CONVENTIONS

A. The lines shown in Figure 1.1 are to be used in all mechanical drawings. The corresponding
AutoCAD linetype and lineweight are given next to each linetype.

FIGURE 1.1: STANDARD LINESTYPES AND LINEWEIGHTS.

B. The AutoCADlinetype scale (LTSCALE) formechanicaldrawingsplotted ata scale of1:1 shall

be set according to the table shown below:

System of Measurement LTSCALE Drawing scale

Decimal-inch 0.5 1:1
Metric 12 1:1

C. The linetype scale shall be modified proportionally for drawings plotted at scales other than 1:1.
For example, if thedrawing scaleis1:2for ametric drawing, the LTSCALE shall beset to 6
(=12x ½).
II. DRAWING CONVENTIONS

AUXILIARY VIEWS

A. Auxiliaryviewsshall be connectedtotheadjacentviewfrom whichthey aredevelopedbya

single center line or an extension line connecting identical external edges of the part. The
centerline shall gothroughthesamefeatureinbothviews. Theextensionlineshall haveagap
betweenthevisible edge of the part and the extension line equal to .09” (2 mm) (see
Figure 2.1).

FIGURE 2.1: AUXILIARY VIEWS.

B. The break line on all partial auxiliary views shall be smooth curve (see Figure 2.1).

C. Hidden lines shall be omitted on features when they appear foreshortened in orthographic views.

PARTIAL VIEWS

D. The break line on all partial views shall be created with a smooth curve (see Fig. 2.1).

SECTION VIEWS

E. The break line on all broken-out section views shall be created with a smooth curve (See Fig. 1.1).

F. Theplottedarrowhead sizeonthecutting-planeline shall be.25” (6mm),twotimes(2x) the

sizeof the dimension arrow.

G. Cutting-plane lines shall be drawn with thick phantom lines (lineweight = 0.6 mm) (See Fig. 1.1).
 H. Whenacutting-planelineiscoincidentwithavisible,hidden,or centerline,thecutting-plane
line shall take precedence.

I. Thecutting-planeline shallextend .50” (12mm)from theedgeof theobject andextendat

right angles .50” (12 mm) from the extension (see Fig. 2.2).

FIGURE 2.2: CUTTING PLANE LINES.

CONVENTIONAL BREAKS

J. Solid cylinders may be broken into shorter segments in a drawing. When the solid cylinder is
broken, the ends shall be shown with a conventional shaft break. The dimensions for drawing the
shaft break are shown in Fig. 2.3.

FIGURE 2.3: SHAFT BREAK CONSTRUCTION.

III. DIMENSION CONVENTIONS

DIMENSION APPEARANCE

A. There shall be no gap between extension lines and center lines.

B. Drawings in decimal-inch units shall use the ROMANS AutoCAD font for all drawing text.
Metric drawings shall use the ISOCP AutoCAD font.

C. The plotted size of text (including dimensions) shall be .125” (3 mm). All tolerances shall be
drawn at full text height.

D. All drawing text shall have a thin lineweight (lineweight = 0.3 mm).

E. Dimensions and drawing notes shall specify decimal numbers and not fractions. All fractions
shall be converted to decimals with the appropriate decimal places according to the tolerance
specifications.

F. If an extension line crosses an arrowhead the extension line shall be broken around the arrowhead.

G. Whenmorethanonediameterisdimensioned inasinglenotealwayspointtotheoutside
(larger) circle.

H. A leader line shall end with the same style and size arrowhead asused with dimension lines.
The leaderlineshall beorientedcloseto45°,but between30° and 60°, andnothorizontal or
vertical.

I. Wheninch dimensionsareshown inamillimeter drawing theabbreviation “IN” shallfollowthe

inch value. Whenmillimeterdimensionsareshown inaninchdrawing theabbreviation “mm”
shallfollow the millimeter value.

J. When dimensioning with dual dimensions, square brackets shall be used around the second
unit value.
K. When a dimension needs to locate an intersection or bend, extension linesare drawn in the
profile view as shown in Fig. 2.3. The extended intersection lines are drawn on a thin layer. The
lines shall be offset from the object lines by .09” (2 mm) and cross by .09” (2 mm).

FIGURE 3.1: EXTENDED INTERSECTIONS.

L. Symbolsarepreferred overthecorrespondingcomplete wordor abbreviationindimensions

and drawing notes. The symbols are shown in Figure 3.2. Dimensions for symbols shown are
asplotted. The dimension variable, h, represents the plotted dimension text height. For
decimal-inch drawings h=.125”, and for metric drawings h=3 mm.

M. Symbols shall be selected from the GDT font in AutoCAD. If the standard symbol shown in Fig.
3.2 doesnot existintheGDTfont,thenitshallbecreatedaccordingtothedimensionsgivenin
Fig. 3.2.

N. Where no symbol exists, standard abbreviations are preferred over complete words.
Figure 3.2: DIMENSION SYMBOLS.
 O. Asurface texture symbol withtext or numbers shall be orientedhorizontally. Surface
texture symbols without text or numbers shall be oriented at any angle. Surface texture
symbols shall be placed on the outside of the part geometry.

DIMENSIONING PROCEDURE
All drawing text shall be placed in Paper Space.

Toconvertfrominchestomillimetersmultiplytheinchvalueby 25.4tofindthe correspondingvalue in

millimeters. To convert from millimeters toinches multiplytheinch value by .03937 tofind the
corresponding value ininches.

Conversion from fractional-inch todecimal-inch unitsshall take into account thefull numberof decimal
places. The number ofdecimal places shown in the dimension shall be truncated according to the required
tolerance level.

Example:

Original dimension: 3-1/64”

Convert to decimal format:
3.015625” Dimension tolerance:
±.001
Converted dimension: 3.015±.001
  Common standard abbreviations are shown in the following table.

Assembly ASSY Fillister FIL Pitch circle PC

Auxiliary AUX Finish all over FAO Pitch diameter PD
Backface BF Flat head FLH Point PT
Bearing BRG Flat point FP Pratt & Whitney PW
Between centers BC Gage GA Quadrant QDRNT
Bolt circle BC Head HD Quarter QTR
Both faces BF Headless HDLS Radial RDL
Both sides BS Hexagonal HEX Radius R
Brass BRS Inch IN Rectangle RECT
Bronze BRZ Inside diameter ID Reference line REFL
Cap screw CAP SCR Keyseat KST Relief RLF
Cast iron CI Keyway KWY Required REQD
Cast steel CS Left hand LH Right hand RH
Casting CSTG Length LG Root mean square RMS
Center CTR Lockwasher LKWASH Round RND
Center line CL Long LG Screw SCR
Center to center C TO C Machine screw MSCR Section SECT
Chamfer CHAM Malleable iron MI Set screw SSCR
Circular CIR Material MATL Sheet SH
Clearance CL Maximum MAX Single SGL
Clockwise CW Micrometer µm Slotted SLTD
Counterbore CBORE Millimeter mm Socket SKT
Countersink CSK Minimum MIN Socket head SCH
Counterclockwise CCW Multiple MULT Square SQ
Decimal DEC Number NO Standard STD
Deep/Depth DP On center OC Steel STL
Dimension DIM Outside diameter OD Surface SURF
Distance DIST Outside face OF Thick THK
Double DBL Overall OA Thread THD
Equal EQL Part PT Through THRU
Equally spaced EQLSP Perpendicular PERP Washer WSHR
Fastener FSTNR Pitch P Woodruff WDF
Fillet FIL Worm gear WMGR
PREFERRED SIZES
K. The preferred basic sizes for computing tolerances in metric units are given in table below. All
sizes are in millimeters.

First Second First Second First Second

Choice Choice Choice Choice Choice Choice
1 10 100
1.1 11 110
1.2 12 120
1.4 14 140
1.6 16 160
1.8 18 180
2 20 200
2.2 22 220
2.5 25 250
2.8 28 280
3 30 300
3.5 35 350
4 40 400
4.5 45 450
5 50 500
5.5 55 550
6 60 600
7 70 700
8 80 800
9 90 900
1000

L. The preferred basic sizes for computing tolerances in decimal-inch units are given in two
tables below. When specifying fits, the basic size of mating parts shall be chosen from the decimal
series or the fractional series.

Decimal Series (in.)

Fractional Series (in.)
.010 .16 2.00 4.60 8.50 14.50
.015625 .5000 2.2500 5.0000 9.5000 15.0000
.012 .20 2.20 4.80 9.00 15.00
.03125 .5625 2.5000 5.2500 10.0000 15.5000
.016 .24 2.60 5.00 9.50 15.50
.0625 .6250 2.7500 5.5000 10.5000 16.0000
.020 .30 2.80 5.20 10.00 16.00
.09375 .6875 3.0000 5.7500 11.0000 16.5000
.025 .40 3.00 5.40 10.50 16.50
.1250 .7500 3.2500 6.0000 11.5000 17.0000
.032 .50 3.20 5.60 11.00 17.00
.15625 .8750 3.5000 6.5000 12.0000 17.5000
.040 .60 3.40 5.80 11.50 17.50
.1875 1.0000 3.7500 7.0000 12.5000 18.0000
.05 .80 3.60 6.00 12.00 18.00
.2500 1.2500 4.0000 7.5000 13.0000 18.5000
.06 1.00 3.80 6.50 12.50 18.50
.3125 1.5000 4.2500 8.0000 13.5000 19.0000
.08 1.20 4.00 7.00 13.00 19.00
.3750 1.7500 4.5000 8.5000 14.0000 19.5000
.10 1.40 4.20 7.50 13.50 19.50
.4375 2.0000 4.7500 9.0000 14.5000 20.0000
.12 1.60 4.40 8.00 14.00 20.00
1.80
IV. TABLES

BILL OF MATERIALS

A. The bill of material table shall be attached to the top of the title block.

B. The bill of material table shall show part numbers in increasing order from bottom to top.

C. Thebill of material tableformat shall consist of, from left to right: item number, quantity, part
name, part description.

D. Text in the bill of material shall be placed on a layer with thin continuous lines.

E. Thedescriptioninthe billof material foranon-standardpart shall bethedrawing

number corresponding tothedetaildrawingof thepart. Standard partsshall be
described witha manufacturer name and catalog number or common
description.

F. Thepartscalledoutin anassemblydrawingwith balloonsshallbeidentifiedwith numbers. The

font shall be the same as used in the dimension text. The part numbers shall be centered
horizontally and vertically in theballoons. The plottedtext size and balloon diameter shallvary
according tothe drawing paper size (see table below).

Paper Size
Balloon Diameter Text Size
Inch ISO
A A4
11 mm (.44”) 3 mm (.125”)
B A3
C A2
13 mm (.50”) 5 mm (.19”)
and larger and larger

G. The balloons, leaders, and part numbers in the balloons shall be placed on a layer with
thin continuous lines.

H. The bill of material, balloons, leaders, and all related text shall be placed in Paper Space.

I. Balloons shall be attached to leaders radially. Balloons shall not have landings.

REVISION TABLES

J. The revision tableshall befixed inthetopright corner of thedrawing border. It shall bevisible
at all times.

K. The revision table shall show revision numbers in increasing order from top to bottom.
 L. Therevision tableformatshallconsist of,fromlefttoright: zone, revision, description,
date, approved.

M. Revisionswill beidentified onthedrawing withanequilateraltriangle with13mm (.50”) sides.

Each revision triangle will havea capital letter corresponding tothe specific revision
identifiedinthe revision table. The height of the revision letter in thetriangle revision letter
shall be 3 mm (.125”). The letter shall be middle-center justified in the triangle.

N. Revision identifiers and associated text shall be placed on a layer with thin continuous lines.

O. Revision identifiers shall be drawn in Paper Space.

P. The description of the revision shall include the previous value and the new value.

Q. Revision identifiers shall be placed adjacent to the feature or dimension being revised.

R. If applicable, revision identifiers may be connected at their base vertex.

V. DRAWING MEDIA

A. All mechanicaldrawings shall be plotted using the ANSI(inch) paper sizes. ISO (metric) paper
sizes will not print on the CADDept. printers. Allmetric drawingsshall beprinted onthe
equivalent ANSI- size paper. The paper conversion table is shown below.

ISO Paper Size Equivalent ANSI Paper Size Plotter Room

A4 8½” x 11”, letter (A size) Any room printer, HP 8100N All rooms, T915
A3 11” x 17” (B size) HP 8100 N T915
A2 17” x 22” (C size) HP 1055CM, HP 4500 T915
A1 22” x 34” (D size) HP 1055CM, HP 4500 T915

B. Drawingslarger than 8.5”x 11” (A-size)must befolded toafinal size of 8.5”x 11”. Inall cases,
the title block with student name must be visible. Folding instructions are shown in the
figureson the following page.
Approximate width of THICK lines for metric drawings, 0.7 mm and for inch drawings, 0.032 inch. Approximate
width of THIN lines for metric drawings, 0.35 mm and for inch drawings, 0.016 inch. These approximate line
widths are intended to differentiate between THICK and THIN lines and are not values for control of acceptance
or rejection of the drawings.

Cast and Malleable iron (Also for Titanium and refractory

general use of all materials) material

Electric windings, electro

Steel
magnets, resistance, etc.

Bronze, brass, copper, and

Concrete
compositions

White metal, zinc, lead, babbitt, and Marble, slate, glass, porcelain,
alloys etc.

Magnesium, aluminum, and

Earth
aluminum alloys

Rubber, plastic electrical insulation Rock

Cork, felt, fabric, leather, fiber Sand

Sound insulation Water and other liquids

Wood-across grain Wood-with

Thermal insulation
grain

Table 2: American National Standard Symbols for Section Lining ANSI Y14.2M-1979, R1987
American National Standard Symbols for Datum Referencing in Engineering Drawing ASME Y 14.5M-1994

Figure 1: Basic Dimension Symbol

Figure 2: Feature Control Frame with a Projected Tolerance Zone

Figure 3: Dimension Origin Symbol

Figure 4: Datum Feature Symbol

Figure 5: Projected Tolerance Zone Specified

 Figure 6: Datum Target Symbol

Figure 7: Order of Precedence of Datum References

  DIN (DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FÜR NORMUNG) STANDARDS
DIN steel stockholders and suppliers, delivering to the whole of the UK. DIN steel
specifications are German standards developed by the "Deutsches Institut für
Normung", meaning "German Institute for Standardisation". The institute is a member
of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and the International Standards
Organization (ISO).
As a non-profit organisation "Deutsches Institut für Normung" develops DIN steel
standards, which are reviewed every five years. DIN specifications are preceded by the letters
DIN and followed by a combination of letters and numbers showing chemical symbols and
numbers. This descriptive code can give guidance as to the composition of the steel. Also
contained under the umbrella of these steel standards are the Werkstoff Numbers (Material
Numbers) which use numbers only with a decimal point after the firstdigit.

We welcome export enquiries for DIN steel standards. Contact our sales office and
consult our shipping policy for details.

West Yorkshire Steel are stockholders and suppliers of a wide DIN standard steel
specifications. Please contact a member of our experienced sales team for further
assistance.

DIN Steel Range

Below we list our range of DIN stainless steel, tool steel,high speed steel and alloy steel
grades
Stainless Steel Tool Steel Alloy Steel
Stainless Steel Tool Steel Alloy Steel
X8CrNiS 18-9 45NiCrMo16 34CrNiMo6
XCrNi 19-11 55NiCrMoV7 36NiCrMo16
X5CrNi 18-10 90MnCrV8 42CrMo4
X2CrNiMo 17- X45NiCrMo4 55Si7
13-2
X5CrNiMo 17-2- 60WCrV8 30NCD16
2
X6CrNiMoTi 18- 60WCrV7
10
X6CrNiTi 18-10 HS6-5-2C
X12Cr13 X100CrMoV5
X12CrS13 X153CrMoV12
X20Cr13 X210Cr12
X30Cr13 X210CrW12
X42Cr13 X40Cr14
X17CrNi 16-2 X40CrMoV5-1
X155CrMoV12-1
100MnCrW4
40CrMnMo7
40CrMnMoS8-6
 BSI (British Standard Institution)
Drawing
Size
Table 1 Sizes of trimmed and untrimmed sheets and the drawing space A)

Designation Trimmed sheet Drawing space Untrimmed sheet (U)

(T)
a1 B) b1 B) a2 b2 a5 b5
±0.5 ±0.5 ±2 ±2
A0 C) 841 1 189 821 1 159 880 1 230
A1 594 841 574 811 625 880
A2 420 594 400 564 450 625
A3 297 420 277 390 330 450
A4 210 297 180 277 240 330
A)
Dimensions in millimetres.
B)
For tolerances see BS EN ISO 216.
C)
For sizes > A0 see BS EN ISO 216.
Graphical features
Title block
NOTE 1 For the dimensions and layout of title blocks, see BS EN ISO 7200.
Sizes A0 to A3 shall be used in landscape orientation only (Figure 1) and the
location of the title block shall be situated in the bottom right-hand corner of
the drawing space.
NOTE 2 A4 sheets may be used in landscape or portrait orientation.
For the size A4, the title block shall be situated in the bottom right-hand corner
when used in landscape orientation, or the shorter (bottom) part of the drawing
space when used in portrait orientation.

Figure 1 Size A4 to A0

Borders and frame

Borders enclosed by the edges of the trimmed sheet and the frame limiting the
drawing space shall be provided with all sizes. The border shall be 20 mm wide
on the left edge, including the frame and it can be used as a filing margin.
 Grid reference system
The sheets shall be divided into fields in order to permit easy location of details,
additions, revisions, etc. on the drawing. The individual fields shall be referenced
from the top downwards with capital letters (I and O shall not be used) and from
left to right with numerals. For the size A4, they shall be located only at the top
and the right side.
The size of letters and characters shall be 3.5 mm. The length of the fields shall
be 50 mm, starting at the axes of symmetry of the trimmed size (centring marks).
NOTE The number of fields depends on the size (see Table 2).
The differences resulting from the division shall be added to the fields at the
corners. The letters and numerals shall be placed in the grid reference border,
and shall be written in vertical characters according to BS EN ISO 3098-2.
The grid reference system lines shall be executed with continuous narrow lines.

Table 2 Number of fields

Designation A0 A1 A2 A3 A4
Long side 24 16 12 8 6
Short side 16 12 8 6 4

Line types and line widths

Types of line
COMMENTARY ON 6.3.1
Table 3 shows the basic types of line. See BS EN ISO 128-20 for more information on
lines.

Line width
According to the requirements of BS EN ISO 128-20, the width, d, of all types of line
shall be one of the following depending on the type and size of drawing.
 0,13 mm, 0,18 mm, 0,25 mm, 0,35 mm, 0,5 mm, 0,7 mm, 1 mm, 1,4 mm,
2 mm.
NOTE 1 The widths of extra wide, wide and narrow lines are in the ratio 4:2:1.
NOTE 2 For mechanical engineering drawings, four line types – continuous, dashed, chain
(long-dashed dotted) and phantom (long-dashed double-dotted) – in two line thicknesses
(typically 0,35 mm and 0,7 mm) are sufficient for most purposes.
The line width of any one line shall be constant throughout the whole line.

Colours
According to the requirements of BS EN ISO 128-20, lines shall be drawn black or
white depending on the background. Other standardized colours may also be used
for drawing standardized lines, and in this case, the meaning of the colours shall
be explained.
Table 3 Basic types
No. Representation Description
01 continuous line

02 dashed line

03 dashed spaced line

04 long-dashed dotted line

05 long-dashed double-dotted line

06 long-dashed triplicate-dotted line

07 dotted line

08 long-dashed short-dashed line

09 long-dashed double short-dashed line

10 dashed dotted line

11 double-dashed dotted line

12 dashed double-dotted line

13 double-dashed double-dotted line

14 dashed triplicate-dotted line

15 double-dashed triplicate-dotted line

Title block
General
COMMENTARY ON 7.1
A condition for the transfer and presentation of information is that data fields be
defined with regard to field name, content of information and number of
characters.
When document management systems are used, the conditions that apply to the data
fields differ to a certain extent from those that apply in non-computerized document
management. The same data field can, for example, be part of several different types of
document simultaneously, as it is possible to process the contents by computer in
connection with retrieval, revision, communication, etc.
For more information on title blocks, see BS EN ISO 7200.
 If the functions of the system are to behave in a satisfactory way, the information
shall be entered in the proper data field and in a correct manner.
NOTE For this reason, computer-based systems commonly contain more permanent data
fields than paper-based systems.
The number of data fields in the title block shall be limited to a minimum, while
other data fields shall be handled dynamically and presented outside the title block
only when used, e.g. scale, projection symbol, general tolerance and surface
texture requirements.

Data fields in the title block – Identifying data fields

The identifying data fields in the title block shall be in accordance with Table 4,
which is from BS EN ISO 7200:2004.

Table 4 Identifying data fields in the title block

Subclause in Field name Language Recommended Obligation

BS EN ISO 7200:2004 dependent number of
characters
5.1.2 legal owner — Unspecified M
5.1.3 identification number no 16 M
5.1.4 revision index no 2 O
5.1.5 date of issue no 10 M
5.1.6 segment/sheet number no 4 M
5.1.7 number segments/sheets no 4 O
5.1.8 language code no 4 per language O
M = mandatory
O = optional

Descriptive data fields shall be as specified in Table 5, which is taken from

BS EN ISO 7200:2004.

Table 5 Descriptive data fields in the title block

Subclause in Field name Language Recommended Obligation
BS EN ISO 7200:2004 dependent number of
characters

5.2.2 Title yes 25/30 A) M

5.2.3 supplementary title yes 2 × 25/30 A) O
M = mandatory
O = optional
A)
30 to support two-byte-character language such as Japanese or Chinese.
Administrative data fields shall be as specified in Table 6, which is taken from
BS EN ISO 7200:2004.
 Table 6 Administrative data fields in the title block

Subclause in Field name Language Recommended Obligation

BS EN ISO 7200:2004 dependent number of
characters
A)
5.3.2 responsible department no/yes 10 O
A)
5.3.3 technical reference no/yes 20 O
A)
5.3.4 approval person no/yes 20 M
A)
5.3.5 creator no/yes 20 M
5.3.6 document type yes 30 M
A)
5.3.7 classification/key words no/yes unspecified O
5.3.8 document status yes 20 O
5.3.9 page number no 4 O
5.3.10 number of pages no 4 O
5.3.11 paper size no 4 O
M = mandatory
O = optional
A)
“Yes” to support presentation in different types of alphabet.
Title block arrangement
COMMENTARY ON 7.3
For the position of title blocks on technical drawings, see BS EN ISO 5457. For text
documents, there are no ISO requirements. For examples of title block arrangements
for use on drawings as well as text documents, see Figures 2 and 3.
As specified by the requirements of BS EN ISO 7200, the total width shall be
180 mm to fit an A4 sheet, with the left margin being 20 mm and the right
margin 10 mm.

Figure 2 Title block in compact form

Figure 3 Title block with person name fields on additional line

 Scales
General
The recommended scales for use on technical drawings shall be as specified in
Table 7.

Table 7 Scales

Category Recommended scales

Enlargement scales 50:1 20:1 10:1
5:1 2:1
Full size
Reduction scales 1:2 1:5 1:10
1:20 1:50 1:100
1:200 1:500 1:1 000
1:2 000 1:5 000 1:10 000

The scale to be chosen for a drawing shall depend upon the complexity of the
object to be depicted and the purpose of the representation. In all cases, the
selected scale shall be large enough to permit easy and clear interpretation of
the information depicted. The scale and the size of the object, in turn, shall
decide the size of the drawing.
Details that are too small for complete dimensioning in the main representation
shall be shown adjacent to the main representation in a separate detail view
(or section) which is drawn to a larger scale.
NOTE 1 It is recommended that the scales in Table 7 are used wherever possible.
However, with the advent of CAD systems and the ability to view drawings
electronically at any size, the importance of using a standard range of scales has
diminished. Where the recommended scales cannot be applied, intermediate scales
may be selected.
3D models produced on CAD systems shall always be produced at 1:1.
NOTE 2 For more information on scales, see BS EN ISO 5455.

General tolerances
General
COMMENTARY ON 9.1
All features on component parts always have a size and a geometrical shape. For the
deviation of size and for the deviations of the geometrical characteristics (form,
orientation and location) the function of the part requires limitations which, when
exceeded, impair this function.
The tolerancing on the drawing shall be complete to ensure that the elements
of size and geometry of all features are controlled, i.e. nothing shall be implied
or left to judgement in the workshop or in the inspection department.
NOTE 1 The use of general tolerances for size and geometry simplifies the task of
ensuring that the prerequisites are met.
NOTE 2 See BS EN 22768 for more information on general tolerances.

General tolerances for linear dimensions

When use is made of BS EN 22768-1 (ISO 2768-1) for general tolerances,
tolerances for dimensions shall be as given in Table 8, Table 9 and Table 10.
 Table 8 Permissible deviations for linear dimensions except for broken edges
Tolerance class Permissible deviations for basic size range
Designa- Description 0,5 A) over over 6 over over over over over
tion up to 3 3 up to up to 30 up 120 400 up 1 000 2 000
6 30 to 120 up to to up to up to
400 1 000 2 000 4 000
f Fine ±0,05 ±0,05 ±0,1 ±0,15 ±0,2 ±0,3 ±0,5 —
m Medium ±0,1 ±0,1 ±0,2 ±0,3 ±0,5 ±0,8 ±1,2 ±2
c Coarse ±0,2 ±0,3 ±0,5 ±0,8 ±1,2 ±2 ±3 ±4
v very coarse — ±0,5 ±1 ±1,5 ±2,5 ±4 ±6 ±8
A)
For nominal sizes below 0,5 mm, the deviations shall be indicated adjacent to the relevant nominal size(s).
NOTE Values in millimetres.

Table 9 Permissible deviations for broken edges (external radii and chamfer heights)
Tolerance class Permissible deviations for basic size range
A)
Designation Description 0,5 up to 3 over 3 up to 6 over 6
f fine
±0,2 ±0,5 ±1
m medium
c coarse
±0,4 ±1 ±2
v very coarse
A)
For nominal sizes below 0,5 mm, the deviations shall be indicated adjacent to the relevant nominal size(s).
NOTE Values in millimetres.

Table 10 Permissible deviations of angular dimensions

Tolerance class Permissible deviations for ranges of lengths, in millimetres, of the shorte
side of the angle concerned
Designation Description up to 10 over 10 up over 50 up to over 120 up over 400
to 50 120 to 400
f Fine
±1° ±0°30' ±0°20' ±0°10' ±0°5'
m medium
c Coarse ±1°30' ±1° ±0°30' ±0°15' ±0°10'
v very coarse ±3° ±2° ±1° ±0°30' ±0°20'

COMMENTARY ON 9.2
If reference to BS EN 22768-1 (ISO 2768-1) for general tolerances is inappropriate,
general tolerance notes could be used to apply a common tolerance to many of the
features on a drawing. The example shown in Figure 4 illustrates the wide field of
application of this system.
Figure 4 Examples of general tolerance notes

General geometrical tolerances

COMMENTARY ON 9.3
Due to the inherent risk of unintentionally over-specifying form and orientation
controls that can result from the use of general geometrical tolerances, reference to
BS EN ISO 22768-2 is inadvisable.

Conventions for arrangement of views on a TPD

General
Three main conventions shall be used for arranging the views on a TPD:
a) labelled views;
b) first angle orthographic projection;
c) third angle orthographic projection.
NOTE 1 The order of this list is not meant to indicate a preference. NOTE
2 Other projection methods exist. See BS EN ISO 5456 (all parts).

Choice of views
When views (including sections and sectional views) are needed, these shall be
selected according to the following principles.
d) The number of views (and sections and sectional views) shall be limited to
the minimum necessary but shall be sufficient to fully delineate the object
without ambiguity.
e) The need for hidden outlines and edges shall be avoided.
f) The unnecessary repetition of a detail shall be avoided.

Labelled view method

As specified by the requirements of BS ISO 128-30, the most informative view of
an object shall be used as the front or principal figure, taking into consideration,
for example, its functioning position, position of manufacturing or mounting.
Each view, with the exception of the front or principal figure (view, plan, principal
figure) shall be given clear identification with a capital
letter, repeated near the reference arrow needed to indicate the direction of the
viewing for the relevant view. Whatever the direction of viewing, the capital letter
shall always be positioned in normal relation to the direction of reading, and be
indicated either above or on the right side of the reference arrow.
 The capital letters identifying the referenced views shall be placed immediately
above the relevant views (see Figure 5).

Figure 5 Labelled view method

First angle projection method

General
NOTE A more detailed description of the first angle projection method is to be
found in BS ISO 128-30 and in BS EN ISO 5456-2.
With reference to the front view (a), the other views shall be arranged as follows
(see Figure 6).
 The view from above (b) shall be placed underneath.
 The view from below (e) shall be placed above.
 The view from the left (c) shall be placed on the right.
 The view from the right (d) shall be placed on the left.
 The view from the rear (f) shall be placed on the left or right, as convenient.
Figure 6 First angle projection method

First angle projection method – Graphical symbol

As specified by the requirements of BS ISO 128-30, the graphical symbol for the first
angle projection method shall be as shown in Figure 7.
The proportions and dimensions of this graphical symbol shall be as specified in
BS ISO 128-30.

Figure 7 First angle projection method – Graphical symbol

Third angle projection method

General
NOTE A more detailed description of the third angle projection method is to be
found in BS ISO 128-30 and in BS EN ISO 5456-2.

Third angle projection method

With reference to the front view (a), the other views shall be arranged as follows
(see Figure 8).
 The view from above (b) shall be placed above.
 The view from below (e) shall be placed underneath.
 The view from the left (c) shall be placed on the left.
 The view from the right (d) shall be placed on the right.
 The view from the rear (f) shall be placed on the left or right, as convenient.
Figure 8 Third angle projection method

Third angle projection method – Graphical symbol

As specified by the requirements of BS ISO 128-30, the graphical symbol for
the third angle projection method shall be as shown in Figure 9.
The proportions and dimensions of this graphical symbol shall be as specified
in BS ISO 128-30.

Figure 9 Third angle projection method – Graphical symbol

Symbols
Symbols for geometrical characteristics shall be as indicated in Table 16 and
Table 17 and as indicated in BS EN ISO 1101.
NOTE Examples illustrating the application of each of the tolerance characteristics
may be found in Annex C.

Table 16 Symbols for geometrical characteristics

Tolerances Characteristics Symbol Datum needed

Straightness no

Flatness no
Roundness no
Form
Cylindricity no
Profile any line no
Profile any surface no
Parallelism yes
Perpendicularity yes
 Orientation Angularity yes
Profile any line yes
Profile any surface yes
Position yes or no
Concentricity (for centre yes
points)
Coaxiality (for axes) yes
Location
Symmetry yes
Profile any line yes
Profile any surface yes
Circular run-out yes
Run-out
Total run-out yes
Table 17 Additional symbols
Description Symbol

Datum target indication

Theoretically exact dimensions

Projected tolerance zone

Maximum material requirement

Least material requirement

Free state condition (non-rigid parts)

All around (profile)

Envelope requirement

Common zone

Minor diameter

Major diameter

Pitch diameter

Line element

Not convex

Any cross-section
NOTE Further symbols and modifiers are standardized in BS EN ISO 1101 and other
standards.