DAFTAR PUSTAKA

IRMA DIAH AYU USMANIA, WIDYA RAHMA PERTIWI. 2012. Laporan

Tugas Akhir Pembuatan Sabun Transparan dari Minyak Kelapa Murni
(Virgin Coconut Oil).
Anonim. 2014. Tugas Akhir Dengan Judul “Pembuatan Sabun Transparan Dari
Vco (VirginCoconut Oil)”.
Agung Maulana , Et Al. Pembuatan Sabun Transparan Aromaterapi Minyak Atsiri
Akar Wangi (Chrysopogon Zizanioides ( L.) Roberty
Asri Widyasanti, Et Al. 2016. Pembuatan Sabun Padat Transparan Menggunakan
Minyak Kelapa Sawit (Palm Oil) Dengan Penambahan Bahan Aktif
Ekstrak Teh Putih (Camellia Sinensis).
Rhoma dhianah, laporan kimia organik sabun transparan
Paul, S. 2007. Fatty Acid and SoapMaking http://www.soap-
makingresource com/fatty -acid-soap-making.html [18 Agustus 2008
Qisti, R. 2009. Sifat Kimia SabunTransparan Dengan Penambahan Madu
Pada Konsentrasi YangBerbeda. Skripsi FakultasPeternakan
InstitutPertanian Bogor. Bogor.
SNI 06-3532. 1994. Sabun Mandi. Badan Standardisasi Nasional. Jakarta.
Spitz, L. 1996. Soap and Detergent aTheoritical and Practical
Review.AOCS Press, Champaign-Illinois.
Supandidan Gantini. 2011. FormulasiSabun Transparan Minyak Nilam Sebagai
Obat Jerawat. UniversitasMuhammadiyah.
Sunandar, C. (2008). Produksi MinyakAkar Wangi (Java Vetiver Oil) Dengan
Destiasi Uap dan Analisis Kadar Khusimolnya Dengan GC – MS.
Sekolah Farmasi ITB :diterbitkan.
Hambali, E., Suryani, A., & Rivai, M. (2005). Sabun Transparan untukGift
&Kecantikan. Jakarta: PenebarSwadaya.
SNI. (2006), Standar Nasional IndonesiaMinyak Ylang-Ylang, Jakarta:
StandarNasional Indonesia.
Hambali, Erliza dkk.2006.Membuat Sabun Transparan. No.3 volume III,
http://Jurnal-MIPA-Unsrat, diakses pada 10 November 2018.

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SNI 3532-2016 Standar Mutu Sabun Mandi. Dewan Standarisasi Nasional,

Jakarta.
SNI 06 – 3532 - 1994. Standar Mutu Sabun Mandi. Dewan Standarisasi Nasional,
Jakarta.
Spitz, L. 1996. Soap and Detergent a Theoritical and Practical Review. AOCS
Press. Champaign-Illinois.
Suryani, A, I. Sailah, dan E. Hambali. 2002. Teknologi Emulsi. Departemen
Teknologi Industri Pertanian, FATETA, IPB, Bogor.
Suryani, A., Windarwati, S., & Hambali,E., 2007. Pemanfaatan Gliserin
HasilSamping Produksi Biodiesel DariBerbagai Bahan Baku (Sawit,
Jarak,Kelapa) Untuk Sabun Transparan, (online)
repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/41948.
Hambali, E., Bunasor, T. K., Suryani, Ani., danKusumah, G. A. 2005.
AplikasiDietanolamida dari Asam Laurat MinyakInti Sawit pada
Pembuatan SabunTransparan. Jurnal Teknik Industri Pertanian Vol. 15
(2), 46-53. Fakultas Teknologi Industri Pertanian; Bogor.
Qisti, Rachmiati. 2009. Sifat Kimia SabunTransparan dengan Penambahan
Madupada Konsentrasi yang Berbeda. Bogor,Program Studi Teknologi
Hasil TernakFakultas Peternakan Institut PertanianBogor.
Rahadiana, P., Andayani L.S. 2014. Pabrik Sabun Transparan Beraroma Terapi
dari Minyak Jarak dengan Proses Saponifikasi Trigliserida Secara
Kontinyu. ProgramStudi D3 Teknik Kimia FTI-ITS.
Widiyanti, Yunita. 2009. Kajian Pengaruh Jenis Minyak terhadap Mutu Sabun
Transparan. Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian,IPB. Bogor.
Hambali, E. A. Suryani dan M. Rival.2005. Membuat Sabun
Transparan.Penebar Plus. Jakarta.
Butler, 2001. Poucher’s Perfumes,Cosmetics and Soap.
KluwerAcademic Publisher. London.

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 LAMPIRAN 1
DOKUMENTASI KEGIATAN PEMBUATAN SABUN

Alat dan bahan yang digunakan pada pembuatan sabun

Proses Pembuatan sabun transparan

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 LAMPIRAN 2
DOKUMENTASI KEGIATAN PEMBUATAN SABUN

Proses Pembuatan sabun transparan

Proses Pengujian kualitas Minyak dan Sabun transparan

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 LAMPIRAN 3
DOKUMENTASI KEGIATAN PEMBUATAN SABUN

Proses Pengujian kualitas Minyak dan Sabun transparan

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 LAMPIRAN 4
URAIAN PERHITUNGAN PADA PENGUJIANKUALITAS
MINYAK DAN SABUN TRANSPARAN

1. Perhitungan pada pengujian kualitas minyak

a. Menghitung Asam Lemak Bebas
1) Percobaan 1
V ×N ×200 0,5×0,097 ×200
Minyak kelapa sawit= W ×1000
× 100% = 3 ×1000
× 100% =0,32 %

V ×N ×200 0,9x0,097 ×200

Minyak VCO = × 100% = × 100% =0,58 %
W ×1000 3 ×1000

2) Percobaan 2
V ×N ×200 0,5×0,097 ×200
Minyak kelapa sawit= W ×1000
× 100% = 3 ×1000
× 100% =0,32%

V ×N ×200 1,1x0,097 ×200

Minyak VCO= W ×1000
× 100% = 3 ×1000
× 100% =0,71%

Rata – rata Asam Lemak Bebas pada minyak :

ALB Percobaan 1+ALB Percobaan 2 0,32 % + 0,32 %
Minyak kelapa sawit = 2
= 2
= 0,32%

ALB Percobaan 1+ALB Percobaan 2 0,58 % + 0,71 %

Minyak VCO = 2
= 2
= 0,65%

b. Menghitung Massa Jenis

W2 − W 1 25,8143−17,1453
Minyak kelapa sawit = = = 0.8669 g/cm3
V 10

W 2 − W1 25,8990−17,1455
Minyak VCO = = = 0.87535g/cm3
V 10

2. Perhitungan pada pengujian kualitas sabun transparan

a. Menghitung Kadar air
3.1.1.1.1.1 Percobaan 1
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (70,02950−66,3505 )
1A10 = × 100 % = × 100 %=26,42
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (64,60360−60,9161)
2A10 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=26,25
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (70,50243−67,2387)
1A20 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=34,73
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000−(66,30753−63,0615)
2A20 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=35,08

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b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (70,27493−66,3479)

1A30 = b1
× 100 %= 5000
× 100 % = 21,46
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (59,08400−55,3319)
2A30 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=24,96
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,76370−19,7781)
1B10 = × 100 % = × 100 %=20,29
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (25,91703−22,0703)
2B10 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=23,07
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,54950−19,8293)
1B20 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=25,60
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (22,73353−19,1345)
2B20 = × 100 % = × 100 %=28,02
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (69,31680−65,4027)
1B30 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=21,72
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (71,3220−67,2571)
2B30 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=18,70
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (72,48280−68,3037)
1C10 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=16,42
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (22,95653−19,1461)
2C10 = × 100 % = × 100 %=23,79
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (27,02490−22,9518)
1C20 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=18,56
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (65,50183−61,4301)
2C20 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=18,57
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,53103−19,4237)
1C30 = × 100 % = × 100 %=17,85
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,20363−18,9954)
2C30 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=15,84
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (36,13590−32,4473)
1X10 = × 100 % = × 100 %=26,23
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,6550−19,6000)
2X10 = × 100 % = × 100 %=18,90
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,9747−19,8311)
1X20 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=17,13
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,9608−19,9281)
2X20 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=19,35
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (36,8394−32,5531)
1X30 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=14,27
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (36,2391−32,448)
2X30 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=24,18
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (24,0986−19,7801)
1Y10 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=13,63
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,5381−19,1359)
2Y10 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=11,96
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,3253−18,8834)
1Y20 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=11,16
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (27,1352−22,9358)
2Y20 = × 100 % = × 100 %=16,01
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,3879−19,0838)
1Y30 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=13,92

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b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (30,4642−26,0854)

2Y30 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=12,42
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (24,6047−20,0988)
1Z10 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=9,88
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (26,6393−22,0726)
2Z10 = × 100 % = × 100 %=8,67
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (59,1976−55,3088)
1Z20 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=22,22
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (69,4536−65,3540)
2Z20 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=18,01
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (64,9168−60,9168)
1Z30 = × 100 % = × 100 %=20,00
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (55,5293−51,5817)
2Z30 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=21,05

3.1.1.1.1.2 Percobaan 2
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (69,95390−66,3327)
1A10 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=27,53
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (64,65807−60,9165)
2A10 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=25,17
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (70,54587−67,2369)
1A20 = × 100 % = × 100 %=33,82
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (64,72960−61,416)
2A20 = × 100 % = × 100 %=33,73
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (64,76593−60,9298)
1A30 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=23,28
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (60,75033−57,0254)
2A30 = × 100 % = × 100 %=25,50
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,80760−19,7786)
1B10 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=19,42
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,92393−20,0963)
2B10 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=23,45
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (30,02357−26,0834)
1B20 = × 100 % = × 100 %=21,20
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (70,45243−66,9244)
2B20 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=29,44
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (55,59150−51,591)
1B30 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=19,99
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (67,09317−63,0748)
2B30 = × 100 % = × 100 %=19,63
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (65,28337−61,102)
1C10 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=16,37
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (24,19733−20,1099)
2C10 = × 100 % = × 100 %=18,25
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,23333−19,077)
1C20 = × 100 % = × 100 %=16,87
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (70,87803−66,9386)
2C20 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=21,21
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (30,23557−26,0831)
1C30 = × 100 % = × 100 %=16,95
b1 5000

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b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,95370−19,9275)

2C30 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=19,48
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (35,98890−32,44575)
1X10= b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=29,14
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,36937−19,1344)
2X10 = × 100 % = × 100 %=15,30
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (30,21850−26,0833)
1X20 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=17,30
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,85183−19,9282)
2X20 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=21,53
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (27,01070−22,9334)
1X30 = × 100 % = × 100 %=18,45
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (26,16217−22,072)
2X30 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=18,20
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (24,00067−19,6004)
1Y10 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=11,99
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (24,31837−20,0973)
2Y10 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=15,58
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,38630−18,9928)
1Y20 = × 100 % = × 100 %=12,13
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (24,13567−19,7788)
2Y20 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=12,86
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (24,27433−19,8300)
1Y30 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=11,11
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (23,46747−19,0803)
2Y30 = × 100 % = × 100 %=12,26
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (36,82377−32,4473)
1Z10 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=12,47
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (36,91313−32,5522)
2Z10 = × 100 % = × 100 %=12,78
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (59,40500−55,2912)
1Z20 = × 100 % = × 100 %=17,72
b1 5000
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (65,14683−60,9156)
2Z20 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=15,38
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (55,74517−51,5799)
1Z30 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=16,69
b1 − (b2 −b0 ) 5000− (69,59787−65,3523)
2Z30 = b1
× 100 % = 5000
× 100 %=15,09

b. Menghitung Alkali bebas

1) Alkali bebas (Dilihat sebagai NaOH)
40 × V × N 40 ×64,4 ×0,1168
Minyak kelapa sawit 1A10 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=3,01
40 × V × N 40 ×76,15 ×0,1168
Minyak kelapa sawit 2A10 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=3,56
40 × V × N 40 ×34,55 ×0,1168
Minyak kelapa sawit 1A20 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=1,61
40 × V × N 40 ×45,1×0,1168
Minyak kelapa sawit 2A20 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=2,11

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40 × V × N 40 ×51,35 ×0,1168
Minyak kelapa sawit 1A30 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=2,40
40 × V × N 40 ×33,6 ×0,1168
Minyak kelapa sawit 2A30 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=1,57
40 × V × N 40 ×0,35 ×0,1168
Minyak kelapa sawit 2B10 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=0,02
40 × V × N 40 ×0,5 ×0,1168
Minyak kelapa sawit 1B20 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=0,02
40 × V × N 40 ×0,65 ×0,1168
Minyak kelapa sawit 2B20 = × 100= × 100=0,03
b 100
40 × V × N 40 ×0,65 ×0,1168
Minyak kelapa sawit 1B30 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=0,03
40 × V × N 40 ×0,4 ×0,1168
Minyak kelapa sawit 2B30 = × 100= × 100=0,02
b 100
40 × V × N 40 ×21,1×0,1168
VCO 2X10 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=0,99
40 × V × N 40 ×21,25×0,1168
VCO 1X20 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=0,99
40 × V × N 40 ×29,55×0,1168
VCO 2X20 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=1,38
40 × V × N 40 ×25,3×0,1168
VCO 1X30 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=1,18
40 × V × N 40 ×71,7×0,1087
VCO 2X30 = × 100= × 100=3,12
b 100

2) Alkali bebas (Dilihat sebagai Asam Oleat)

282 × V × N 282×1,65×0,1123
Minyak kelapa sawit 1B10 = × 100= × 100=0,5
b 100
282 × V × N 282×1,6×0,1123
Minyak kelapa sawit 2B30 = × 100= × 100=0,51
b 100
282 × V × N 282×2,7×0,1123
Minyak kelapa sawit 1C10 = × 100= × 100=0,86
b 100
282 × V × N 282×1,2×0,1123
Minyak kelapa sawit 2C10 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=0,38
282 × V × N 282×1,45×0,1123
Minyak kelapa sawit 1C20 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=0,46
282 × V × N 282×0,6×0,1123
Minyak kelapa sawit 2C20 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=0,19
282 × V × N 282×1,85×0,1123
Minyak kelapa sawit 1C30 = × 100= × 100=0,59
b 100
282 × V × N 282×0,45×0,1123
Minyak kelapa sawit 2C30 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=0,14
282 × V × N 282×1,15×0,097
VCO 1X10 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=0,31
282 × V × N 282×3,4×0,1123
VCO 1Y10 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=1,08
282 × V × N 282×1,65×0,1123
VCO 2Y10 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=0,52
282 × V × N 282×4,45×0,1123
VCO 1Y20 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=1,41
282 × V × N 282×5,3×0,1123
VCO 2Y20 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=1,68

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282 × V × N 282×4,05×0,1123
VCO 1Y30 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=1,28
282 × V × N 282×4,85×0,1123
VCO 2Y30 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=1,54
282 × V × N 282×1,75×0,1123
VCO 1Z10 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=0,55
282 × V × N 282×3,35×0,1123
VCO 2Z10 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=1,06
282 × V × N 282×3,6×0,1123
VCO 1Z20 = × 100= × 100=1,14
b 100
282 × V × N 282×4,25×0,1123
VCO 2Z20 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=1,35
282 × V × N 282×5,2×0,1123
VCO 1Z30 = × 100= × 100=1,65
b 100
282 × V × N 282×47,05×0,097
VCO 2Z30 = b
× 100= 100
× 100=12,87

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