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Engineering Fluid Compressible Fluid

Mechanics Dynamics

TUGAS 1
“MEKANIKA FLUIDA”
Iwan Setyawan,ST,MT

KELOMPOK 6 :

Fachri Muhammad (41317310017)


Bagas riko Maulana (41317320034)
Margaretha S (41317320058)
Achmad muchtar (41317320040)

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114
Engineering Fluid Compressible Fluid
Mechanics Dynamics

V2 4002
To  T   400 
2.Cp 2x1005

 479.5 K

Po 
V 2  1
P  ]
[1 2.C
 p.T

henc
e
1.
4002
Po 
4
 1.711 bar
2x1005x4 ]
1x[1  79.5 0.4
1
 P
  [ P]
o o 

he
nc 1.711
1

e
o  ]  1.761 kg / m3
1.
1.2x[ 4
1

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115
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics

4.6 Tutorial Problems - Compressible Flow


4.6 Masalah Teknis - Aliran yang Dapat Dikompresi

4.1 Assuming the ideal gas model holds, determine the velocity of sound in
4.1Mengasumsikan model gas ideal bertahan, tentukan kecepatan suara
a) Air Udara (mwt 28.96) at 25°C, with γ = 1.4,
b) argon (mwt 39.95) at 25°C, with γ = 1.667.
Ans[346 m/s, 321.5 m/s]

4.2 An airplane can fly at a speed of 800km/h at sea-level where the


temperature is 15°C. lf the airplane flies at the same Mach number at
an altitude where the temperature is -44°C, find the speed at which
the airplane is flying at this altitude.
4.2 Sebuah pesawat terbang dapat terbang dengan kecepatan 800 km /
jam di permukaan laut di mana suhunya 15 ° C. Jika pesawat terbang pada
nomor Mach yang sama pada ketinggian di mana suhunya -44 ° C, cari
kecepatan di mana pesawat terbang di ketinggian ini.
Ans[198 m/s]

4.3 A low flying missile develops a nose temperature of 2500K when the
ambient temperature and pressure are 250K and 0.01 bar respectively.
Determine the missile velocity and its stagnation pressure. Assume for
air: γ = 1.4. Cp = 1005 J/kgK
4.3 Sebuah rudal terbang rendah mengembangkan suhu hidung 2500K
ketika suhu dan tekanan sekitar 250K dan 0,01 bar. Tentukan kecepatan misil
dan tekanan stagnasinya. Asumsikan adanya udara: γ = 1.4. Cp = 1005 J / kgK

Ans[2126 m/s, 31.6 bar ]

4.4 An airplane is flying at a relative speed of 200 m/s when the ambient air
condition is 1.013 bar, 288 K. Determine the temperature, pressure and
density at the nose of the airplane. Assume for air: γ = 1.4 , density at
ambient condition = 1.2 kg/m3 and Cp =1005 J/kgK.

Ans[To=307.9K, Po=1.28 bar, ρ =1.42


kg/m3 ]
4.4 An pesawat terbang dengan kecepatan relatif 200 m / s ketika kondisi
udara sekitar adalah 1.013 bar, 288 K. Tentukan suhu, tekanan, dan kepadatan
di hidung pesawat. Asumsikan udara: γ = 1,4, kepadatan pada kondisi sekitar =
1,2 kg / m3 dan Cp = 1005 J / kgK.
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics

5 Hydroelectric Power

Archimedes was a mathematician and inventor from ancient Greece (born


280 BC). He invented a screw-shaped machine or hydraulic screw that raised
water from a lower to a higher level.
Archimedes adalah ahli matematika dan penemu dari Yunani kuno (lahir tahun
280 SM). Dia menemukan mesin berbentuk sekrup atau sekrup hidrolik yang
mengangkat air dari tingkat yang lebih rendah ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi.

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Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics

5.1 Introduction
Hydraulic Turbines are used for converting the potential energy of water
into useful Mechanical power to drive machines as in Mills or pumps or electrical
energy using electrical generators.
5.1 Pengantar
Turbin Hidraulik digunakan untuk mengubah energi potensial air menjadi
tenaga mekanis yang berguna untuk menggerakkan mesin seperti di Pabrik atau
pompa atau energi listrik menggunakan generator listrik.
• Hydroelectric power stations can be classified according to power
output into micro hydro, mini hydro, small hydro and large hydro
systems. The definitions according to the International Energy
Association are as folloMicro hydro - hydroelectric station with installed
capacity lower than 100 kW
• Mini hydro - hydroelectric station in the range of 100kW to 1 MW
• Small hydro - hydroelectric station in the range of 1 MW to 30 MW
• Large hydro - hydroelectric station with installed capacity of over 30 MW
• Pembangkit listrik tenaga air dapat diklasifikasikan menurut daya keluarnya menjadi
sistem hidro mikro, mini hidro, hidro kecil dan hidro besar. Definisi menurut Asosiasi
Energi Internasional adalah sebagai stasiun hydro-hydroelectric folloMicro dengan
kapasitas terpasang lebih rendah dari 100 kW
• Stasiun hidro-hidroelektrik mini dalam kisaran 100kW hingga 1 MW
• Stasiun hidro-hidroelektrik kecil di kisaran 1 MW hingga 30 MW
• Stasiun hidro-hidroelektrik yang besar dengan kapasitas terpasang lebih dari 30 MW

Hydropower is a clean and renewable source of energy that can contribute to


fighting climate change. The following advantages make hydropower a much
preferred option to any fossil fuel power scheme:
Tenaga air adalah sumber energi yang bersih dan terbarukan yang dapat
berkontribusi dalam memerangi perubahan iklim. Keuntungan-keuntungan berikut
membuat tenaga air menjadi pilihan yang lebih disukai untuk skema tenaga bahan
bakar fosil:
• No fuel needed - The chief advantage of hydro systems is elimination of
the cost of fuel. Hydroelectric plants are immune to price increases for
fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas or coal, and do not require imported
fuel.
• Longevity - Hydroelectric plants tend to have longer lives than fuel-
fired generation, with some plants now in service having been built 50
to 100 years ago.
• Pollution free - Hydroelectric plants generally have small to negligible
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics
emissions of carbon dioxide and methane due to reservoir emissions,
and emit no sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, dust, or other pollutants
associated with combustion.
• Quick Response - Since the generating units can be started and
stopped quickly, they can follow system loads efficiently, and may be
able to reshape water flows to more closely match daily and seasonal
system energy demands.
• Environmentally friendly - Reservoirs created by hydroelectric
schemes often provide excellent leisure facilities for water sports,
and become tourist attractions in themselves..
• Wildlife preserves can be created around reservoirs, which can provide
stable habitats for endangered and threatened species(Eg. catch rates
for game fish like walleye and small mouth bass are substantially higher
on hydro power reservoirs than natural lakes.)
• Flood prevention – the surplus water can be stored behind the dam and
hence reduce the risk of flood.

• Tidak membutuhkan bahan bakar - Keuntungan utama sistem hidro adalah


penghapusan biaya bahan bakar. Pembangkit listrik tenaga air tahan terhadap
kenaikan harga bahan bakar fosil seperti minyak, gas alam atau batubara, dan
tidak memerlukan bahan bakar impor.
• Umur pemakaian - Pembangkit listrik tenaga air cenderung memiliki umur
lebih lama daripada pembangkit berbahan bakar bahan bakar, dengan beberapa
pembangkit yang sekarang beroperasi telah dibangun 50 hingga 100 tahun
yang lalu.
• Bebas polusi - Pembangkit listrik tenaga air umumnya memiliki emisi karbon
dioksida dan metana yang kecil hingga dapat diabaikan karena emisi reservoir,
dan tidak mengeluarkan sulfur dioksida, nitrogen oksida, debu, atau polutan
lain yang terkait dengan pembakaran.
• Respon Cepat - Karena unit pembangkit dapat dimulai dan dihentikan dengan
cepat, mereka dapat mengikuti beban sistem secara efisien, dan mungkin dapat
membentuk kembali aliran air agar lebih sesuai dengan kebutuhan energi
sistem harian dan musiman.
• Ramah lingkungan - Waduk yang dibuat oleh skema pembangkit listrik tenaga
air seringkali menyediakan fasilitas rekreasi yang sangat baik untuk olahraga
air, dan menjadi tempat wisata sendiri.
• Pelestarian satwa liar dapat dibuat di sekitar waduk, yang dapat menyediakan
habitat yang stabil untuk spesies yang terancam punah (misalnya, tingkat
tangkapan untuk ikan buruan seperti walleye dan bass kecil yang jauh lebih
tinggi pada reservoir tenaga air daripada danau alami.)
• Pencegahan banjir - kelebihan air dapat disimpan di belakang bendungan dan
karenanya mengurangi risiko banjir.
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics
5.2 Types of hydraulic turbines
Depending on the method of interaction between the fluid and the
machine, there are two main types of turbines, IMPULSE and REACTION.
5.2 Jenis turbin hidrolik
Tergantung pada metode interaksi antara fluida dan mesin, ada dua jenis
turbin utama, IMPULSE dan REAKSI.

A Impulse Turbine

This type of turbine is usually selected for high head and low flow rate
conditions. The water is usually directed on to the turbine blades via a nozzle
and the jet will impinge and leaves the turbine at atmospheric condition.
The high velocity jet leaves the nozzle at atmospheric pressure and impinges on to
the wheel blades or buckets.
The tangential force exerted on the buckets is produced by a change in
momentum of the jet, both in magnitude and direction.
The most important type of impulse turbine is the PELTON wheel.
Turbin AImpulse
Turbin jenis ini biasanya dipilih untuk kondisi ketiinggia yang tinggi dan laju aliran
rendah. Air biasanya diarahkan ke bilah turbin melalui nosel dan jet akan merusak dan
meninggalkan turbin pada kondisi atmosfer.
Jet berkecepatan tinggi meninggalkan nosel pada tekanan atmosfer dan menekan
bilah atau bucket roda.
Gaya tangensial yang diberikan pada bucket dihasilkan oleh perubahan momentum
jet, baik dalam magnitude maupun arah.
Jenis turbin impuls yang paling penting adalah roda PELTON.
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics
Figure 5.1: Pelton Turbine (Wheel)
Courtesy of: http://re.emsd.gov.hk/english/other/hydroelectric/hyd_tech.html#

B Reaction Turbine

This type of turbine is usually selected for low head conditions, but relatively
higher flow rate than in impulse turbines. In reaction turbines part of the
pressure energy is transformed into kinetic energy in the stationary guide
vanes and the remainder is transferred in the runner wheel. This type of
turbine does not run at atmospheric; in fact the pressure changes continuously
while flowing through the machine. The chief turbines of this type are the
FRANCIS and KAPLAN turbines.
B. Turbin Reaction
Turbin jenis ini biasanya dipilih untuk Ketinggian yang rendah, tetapi laju alir yang
relatif lebih tinggi daripada turbin impuls. Dalam turbin reaksi, bagian dari energi
tekanan diubah menjadi energi kinetik di baling-baling panduan stasioner dan sisanya
ditransfer dalam roda runner. Turbin jenis ini tidak beroperasi di atmosfer; sebenarnya
tekanan berubah terus menerus saat mengalir melalui mesin. Turbin utama dari jenis
ini adalah turbin FRANCIS dan KAPLAN.

Figure 5.2: Francis Turbine


Courtesy of: http://re.emsd.gov.hk/english/other/hydroelectric/hyd_tech.html#
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics

Figure 5.3: Kaplan Turbine


Courtesy of: http://re.emsd.gov.hk/english/other/hydroelectric/hyd_tech.html#

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C Reversible Pump/Turbine
Modern pumped storage units require the use of a reversible pump / turbine that
can be run in one direction as pump and in the other direction as turbine. These
are coupled to reversible electric motor/generator. The motor drives the pump
during the storage portion of the cycle, while the generator produces electricity
during discharge from the upper reservoir.
C Pompa / Turbin Reversibel
Unit penyimpanan yang dipompa modern membutuhkan penggunaan pompa / turbin
yang dapat dibalik yang dapat dijalankan dalam satu arah sebagai pompa dan pada
arah lainnya sebagai turbin. Ini digabungkan ke motor listrik / generator reversibel.
Motor menggerakkan pompa selama bagian penyimpanan siklus, sementara generator
menghasilkan listrik selama pembuangan dari reservoir atas.

Most reversible-pump turbines are of the Francis type. The complexity of the
unit, however, increases significantly as compared to a turbine alone. In spite of
the higher costs for both hydraulic and electrical controls and support
equipment, the total installed cost will be less than for completely separate
pump-motor and turbine-generator assemblies with dual water passages.
Kebanyakan turbin pompa putaran balik adalah tipe Francis. Kompleksitas unit,
bagaimanapun, meningkat secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan turbin saja.
Terlepas dari biaya yang lebih tinggi untuk kontrol hidrolik dan listrik dan peralatan
pendukung, total biaya pemasangan akan lebih kecil daripada untuk unit pompa-
motor dan turbin yang benar-benar terpisah dengan saluran air ganda.

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124
Figure 5.4: Reversible Francis
Turbine/Pump system Courtesy of:
http://oei.fme.vutbr.cz/jskorpik/en_lopatkovy-
stroj.html

5.3 Performance evaluation of Hydraulic Turbines


The power available from water can be expressed as
5.3 Evaluasi kinerja Turbin Hidrolik
Daya yang tersedia dari air dapat dinyatakan sebagai

P=ρQgh xη (5.1)

Where
Dimana :

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125
P = power available (W)
ρ = density (kg/m3) (~ 1000

kg/m3 for water) Q= water

flow (m3/s)
g = acceleration of

gravity (9.81 m/s2) h =


falling height, head (m)
P = daya tersedia (W)
ρ = Viscositas (kg / m3) (~ 1000 kg / m3 untuk air)
Q = aliran air (m3 / s)
g = percepatan gravitasi (9,81 m / s2)
h = ketinggian jatuh, atas (m)

The hydraulic efficiency depends on many factors such as the type of turbine
and the operational conditions. Typical values are between 50% and 75%.

The theoretical approach velocity of water is given by:


Efisiensi hidrolik tergantung pada banyak faktor seperti jenis turbin dan kondisi
operasional. Nilai tipikal adalah antara 50% dan 75%.

Pendekatan teoritis kecepatan air diberikan oleh:

V  (5.2)
2.
However real g. hydropower stations have penstock of considerable length
h
incorporating many pipe fittings, bends and valves, hence the effective head is
reduced, and as such the real velocity of water approaching the turbine is less
than that quoted in equation 5.2.

The volume flow rate of water is calculated by the continuity equation:


Namun stasiun pembangkit listrik tenaga air yang nyata memiliki penstock yang
cukup panjang yang menggabungkan banyak alat kelengkapan pipa, belokan dan
katup, oleh karena itu head efektif berkurang, dan dengan demikian kecepatan nyata
air yang mendekati turbin kurang dari yang dikutip dalam persamaan 5.2.
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126
Tingkat aliran volume air dihitung dengan persamaan kontinuitas:

Q=VxA (5.3)

The different hydraulic turbines described in the previous section have different
characteristics such as power rating, operating head and rotational speed, the
term specific speed is introduced to group the three terms:
Turbin hidrolik yang berbeda yang dijelaskan pada bagian sebelumnya memiliki
karakteristik yang berbeda seperti peringkat daya, kepala operasi dan kecepatan
rotasi, istilah kecepatan spesifik diperkenalkan untuk mengelompokkan tiga istilah:

1
P 2
Ns  N (5.4)

h
5
4

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127
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics

The concept of specific speed helps to classify the different turbines according
to the range in which they operate, see Table 5.5.

Konsep kecepatan spesifik membantu untuk mengklasifikasikan turbin yang berbeda


sesuai dengan kisaran di mana mereka beroperasi, lihat Tabel 5.5.

Figure 5.5 Typical Power – flow rate evaluation


chart.
Courtesy of:
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/hydropower
-d_1359.html

Specific speed
range
Type Of
Turbine P12
Ns  N

5
h
4
Francis 70 – 500
Propeller 600 – 900
Kaplan 350 – 1000
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics
Cross-flow 20 – 90
Turgo 20 – 80
Pelton, 1-jet 10 – 35
Pelton, 2-jet 10 – 45

Table 5.1: Operating Range of Hydraulic


Turbines
5.4 Pumped storage hydroelectricity
Some areas of the world have used geographic features to store large quantities of
water in elevated reservoirs, using excess electricity at times of low demand to pump
water up to the reservoirs, then letting the water fall through turbine generators to
retrieve the energy when demand peaks.
5.4 Penyimpanan untuk Pembangkit listrik tenaga air
Beberapa area di dunia telah menggunakan fitur geografis untuk menyimpan
sejumlah besar air di reservoir tinggi, menggunakan kelebihan listrik pada saat
permintaan rendah untuk memompa air ke reservoir, kemudian membiarkan air jatuh
melalui generator turbin untuk mengambil energi ketika permintaan mencapai puncak
.

Pumped storage hydroelectricity was first used in Italy and Switzerland in the
1890’s. By 1933 reversible pump-turbines with motor-generators were
available. Adjustable speed machines are now being used to improve
efficiency.
Pembangkit listrik tenaga air yang dipompa pertama kali digunakan di Italia dan Swiss
pada tahun 1890-an. Pada 1933 turbin pompa reversibel dengan motor generator
sudah tersedia. Mesin kecepatan yang dapat disesuaikan sekarang digunakan untuk
meningkatkan efisiensi.

Hydro-electric power plants are economically viable because of the difference


between peak and off-peak electricity prices. Pumped-storage plants can
respond to load changes within seconds.
Pembangkit listrik tenaga air adalah layak secara ekonomi karena perbedaan antara
harga listrik puncak dan off-puncak. Instalasi penyimpanan yang dipompa dapat
merespons untuk memuat perubahan dalam hitungan detik.

Hydropower electricity is the product of transforming the potential energy


stored in water in an elevated reservoir into the kinetic energy of the running
water, then mechanical energy in a rotating turbine, and finally electrical
energy in an alternator or generator. Hydropower is a mature renewable power
generation technology that offers two very desirable characteristics in today’s
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics
electricity systems: built-in storage that increases the system’s flexibility and
fast response time to meet rapid or unexpected fluctuations in supply or
demand. Hydropower amounted to 65 % of the electricity generated from
renewable energy sources in Europe in 2007 or 9 % of the total electricity
production in the EU-27. Today’s installed capacity in the EU-27 for hydropower
is about 102 GW, without hydro-pumped storage. Approximately 90 % of this
potential is covered by large hydropower plants. Over 21 000 small hydropower
plants account for above 12 GW of installed capacity in the EU-27.

Listrik tenaga air adalah produk untuk mengubah energi potensial yang disimpan
dalam air dalam reservoir yang ditinggikan menjadi energi kinetik dari air yang
mengalir, kemudian energi mekanik dalam turbin yang berputar, dan akhirnya energi
listrik dalam sebuah alternator atau generator. Hydropower adalah teknologi
pembangkit listrik terbarukan yang matang yang menawarkan dua karakteristik yang
sangat diinginkan dalam sistem kelistrikan saat ini: penyimpanan internal yang
meningkatkan fleksibilitas sistem dan waktu respons yang cepat untuk memenuhi
fluktuasi pasokan atau permintaan yang cepat atau tidak terduga. Tenaga air
berjumlah 65% dari listrik yang dihasilkan dari sumber energi terbarukan di Eropa
pada 2007 atau 9% dari total produksi listrik di EU-27. Kapasitas terpasang saat ini di
EU-27 untuk pembangkit listrik tenaga air adalah sekitar 102 GW, tanpa penyimpanan
yang dipompa dengan tenaga air. Sekitar 90% dari potensi ini ditutupi oleh
pembangkit listrik tenaga air yang besar. Lebih dari 21.000 pembangkit listrik tenaga
air kecil mencakup kapasitas terpasang di atas 12 GW di EU-27.

Figure 5.6 Typical daily cycle for a pumped storage hydro-electric


power plant.
Case study – Dinorwig power station

Dinorwig is the largest scheme of its kind in Europe. The station’s six powerful
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics
generating units (6x288 =1728 MW) stand in Europe’s largest man-made
cavern. Adjacent to this lies the main inlet valve chamber housing the plant
that regulates the flow of water through the turbines.
Studi kasus - pembangkit listrik Dinorwig
Dinorwig adalah skema terbesar dari jenisnya di Eropa. Enam unit pembangkit kuat
stasiun (6x288 = 1728 MW) berdiri di gua buatan manusia terbesar di Eropa.
Bersebelahan dengan ini terletak ruang katup inlet utama yang menampung pabrik
yang mengatur aliran air melalui turbin.

Dinorwig’s reversible pump/turbines are capable of reaching maximum


generation in less than 16 seconds. Using off-peak electricity the six units are
reversed as pumps to transport water from the lower reservoir Llyn Peris, back
to Marchlyn Mawr.
Pompa / turbin reversibel Dinorwig mampu mencapai pembangkitan maksimum dalam
waktu kurang dari 16 detik. Dengan menggunakan listrik di luar puncak, enam unit
dibalik sebagai pompa untuk mengangkut air dari reservoir bawah Llyn Peris, kembali
ke Marchlyn Mawr.

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Figure 5.7 Dinorwig Power plant

Table 5.2 Dinorwig Facts & Figures

Surge Pond Data(Data Surge Pond):


Dimensions of surge pond(Dimensi kolam 80x40x14 metres deep
surut)
Diameter of surge shaft(Diameter poros 30 metres
lonjakan)
Depth of surge shaft(Kedalaman poros 65 metres
lonjakan)
Generator/Motors:(Generator / Motor):
Type(Jenis) Vertical shaft, salient pole, air
cooled
(poros vertikal, tiang menonjol,
berpendingin udara)
Generator rating(Peringkat generator) 330 MVA
Motor rating(Peringkat motor) 312 MVA

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133
Terminal voltage(Tegangan terminal) 18kV
Excitation(Penyearah) Thyristor rectifier(thyristor
eksitasi)
Starting equipment(Peralatan starting) Static variable
frequency(Frekuensi variabel
statis)
Generator-Motor Transformer:(Generator-Motor Transformer):
Number Six
Approximate rating(Perkiraan peringkat) 340 MVA
Voltage ratio(Rasio tegangan) 18 kV/420 kV
Underground Caverns(Gua Bawah Tanah):
Distance of power station inside 750 metres
mountain(Jarak pembangkit listrik di
dalam gunung)
Depth of turbine hall below top level of 71 metres
Llyn Peris(Kedalaman ruang turbin di
bawah tingkat teratas Llyn Peris)
Machine Hall(Ruang mesin):
Length(Panjangnya) 180 metres
Width(Lebar) 23 metres
Height(Tinggi maksimal) 51 metres max
Transformer Hall(Balai Transformer):
Length(Panjangnya) 160 metres
Width(Lebar) 23 metres
Height(Tingginya) 17 metres
Diversion tunnel length(Panjang 2,208 metres
terowongan pengalihan)
Width(Lebar) 6.5 metres
Height(Tingginya) 5.5 metres
Maximum flow(Aliran maksimum) 60 cubic m/s
Normal flow(Aliran normal) 1-8 cubic m/s
Fall(Jatuh) 1:1500
Pump/Turbines(Pompa / turbin):
Type Reversible Francis
Number 6
Plant orientation(Perencanaan Orientasi) Vertical spindle(Spindle vertikal)
Average pump power input(Input daya 275 MW
pompa rata-rata)
Pumping period (full volume)(Periode 7 hours

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134
pemompaan (volume penuh))
Synchronous speed(Kecepatan sinkron) 500 rpm
Average full unit over all heads (declared 288 MW Generation potential at
capacity)(Unit penuh rata-rata di atas full load
semua kepala (kapasitas dinyatakan))
Output(pembangkitan pada beban penuh) 5 hours
Station power requirements when 12 MW
generating
Standby operational mode
Synchronised and spinning-in-air 0 to 1,320 MW in 12 seconds
emergency load pick-up rate from
standby
Transmission Switchgear:
Type SF6 metal clad
Breaking capacity 35,000 MVA
Current rating 4,000 A
Voltage 420 kV

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135
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics

Excavations:
Main underground excavation 1 million cubic metres (approx.
3 million tonnes)
Total scheme excavations 12 million tonnes

5.5 Worked Examples


Worked Example 5.1

Dinorwig power station has a head of 500m between the upper and the lower
reservoir.

5.5 Contoh kerja


Contoh Bekerja 5.1
Pembangkit listrik Dinorwig memiliki kepala 500 m antara reservoir atas dan bawah.

a) determine the approach velocity of water as it enters the turbine


b) if the volume flow rate is 60 m3/s what is the diameter of the penstock
c) if the head loss due to friction represents 10% of the static head
stated in (a), determine the actual velocity of approach and the
corrected diameter of the penstock required.
a) tentukan kecepatan pendekatan air saat memasuki turbin
b) jika laju aliran volume adalah 60 m3 / dt berapa diameter penstock
c) jika kehilangan ketinggian akibat gesekan mewakili 10% head
statis yang dinyatakan dalam
(a), tentukan kecepatan pendekatan aktual dan diameter terkoreksi
dari penstock yang dibutuhkan.

Solution

a) the approach velocity;

a) kecepatan pendekatan
V  2 2x  99 m/ s
. 9.8
g 1x
. 50
b) The flow ratehof water b)
0 Laju aliran air Q = V x A ; Hence
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics

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Q 60 2
A   0.606 m
V 99

4 4
D    4.553 m
/ /
A 0
.
c) The effective head is the actual head minus the friction head loss
6
0
hf = 10% of h = 6
(10/100)x500 = 50m
Effective head = h – hf =
450 m

Hence
c) Head efektif adalah head aktual dikurangi kehilangan head gesekan

hf = 10% dari h = (10/100) x500 = 50m Kepala efektif = h - hf = 450 m

Karenanya

2x9
V  .81  93.96 m / s
x45
Q 0
A
60 2
  0.638 m
V 93.
96

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128
4 4
D
   4.436 m
/ /
A 0
Worked Example 5.2 .
6
The average head of the water stored 3 in the upper reservoir of the Dinorwig pumped
storage system in Wales is 500 metres.8

Contoh yang Dikerjakan 5.2


Kepala rata-rata air yang disimpan di reservoir atas sistem penyimpanan yang
dipompa Dinorwig di Wales adalah 500 meter.

a) Calculate the water flow rate through one of the turbo-generators


when it is producing an output of 300 MW at 94% efficiency.
b) The upper reservoir can store 7.2 million cubic metres of water. Show
that this is enough to maintain the output from all six 300 MW
generators, running simultaneously, for a little over five hours.
a) Hitung laju aliran air melalui salah satu generator turbo ketika menghasilkan output
300 MW pada efisiensi 94%.
b) reservoir atas dapat menyimpan 7,2 juta meter kubik air. Tunjukkan bahwa ini
cukup untuk mempertahankan output dari keenam generator 300 MW, berjalan secara
simultan, selama lebih dari lima jam.

You may assume that there is no rain during these hours.


Anda dapat berasumsi bahwa tidak ada hujan selama jam-jam ini.

Solution

a) The output power in


kilowatts is given by P =
9.81 Q H η

So in this case we have 300,000 =

9.81 x Q x 500 x 0.94 Which means


that Q = 65 m3 s-1

b) The flow rate for 6 turbines is 6 x 65 = 390 m3 s-1

Solusi
a) Daya output dalam kilowatt diberikan oleh P = 9,81 Q H η

Jadi dalam hal ini kita memiliki 300.000 = 9,81 x Q x 500 x 0,94 Yang berarti bahwa Q
= 65 m3 s-1
b) Laju aliran untuk 6 turbin adalah 6 x 65 = 390 m3 s-1

And the available supply will

maintain this for

7,200,000/390 = 18,442

seconds,

Which is 18442/3600 = 5.12 hours.


Dan persediaan yang tersedia akan mempertahankan ini selama 7.200.000 / 390 =
18.442 detik,
Yaitu 18442/3600 = 5,12 jam.

Worked Example 5.3

Calculate the specific speeds for Dinorwig power station described in the table
below and recommend an appropriate type of turbine.
Contoh yang Dikerjakan 5.3
Hitung kecepatan spesifik untuk pembangkit listrik Dinorwig yang dijelaskan dalam
tabel di bawah ini dan rekomendasikan jenis turbin yang sesuai.

(P) (h) (N) (Ns) Turbine


Power Turbine Average Revolutions Speci
station type
rating head per minute fic
used
(kW) (m) spee
d
Dinorwig 300 000 50 500
0

Solution

The last two columns are the solution to this question; the specific speeds are
calculated using the definition of specific speed and the type of turbine/s were
chosen according to table1.
Larutan
Dua kolom terakhir adalah solusi untuk pertanyaan ini; kecepatan spesifik dihitung
menggunakan definisi kecepatan spesifik dan jenis turbin / s dipilih sesuai tabel1.

Specific speed range


1P 2
Type Of Ns  N 5
Turbine  h 4
Francis 70 – 500
Propeller 600 – 900
Kaplan 350 – 1000
Cross-flow 20 – 90
Turgo 20 – 80
Pelton, 1-jet 10 – 35
Pelton, 2-jet 10 – 45

1
P
Ns  N 2  500x300000^0.5 / 500^1.25  116


h
5
4
Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper

Checking the values in the table, this lies in the Francis turbine range
Memeriksa nilai dalam tabel, ini terletak pada rentang turbin Francis

(P) (h) (N) (Ns) Turbine


Turbine Average Revolutions Speci
Power type
rating head per minute fic
station used
(kW) (m) spee
d
Dinorwig 300 000 50 500 116 Francis
0

5.7 Tutorial Problems


5.7 Masalah Tutorial

5.1 A small-scale hydraulic power system has an elevation difference


between the reservoir water surface and the pond water surface
downstream of the turbine is 10 m. The flow rate through the turbine is 1

m3/s. The turbine/ generator efficiency is 83%. Determine the power


produced if:
5.1 Sebuah sistem tenaga hidrolik skala kecil memiliki perbedaan ketinggian antara
permukaan air reservoir dan permukaan air tambak hilir turbin adalah 10 m. Laju
aliran melalui turbin adalah 1 m3 / s. Efisiensi turbin / generator adalah 83%. Tentukan
daya yang dihasilkan jika:

a) Flow losses are neglected.


b) Assume friction loss equivalent to 1 m head.
a) Kerugian aliran diabaikan.
b) Asumsikan kerugian gesekan setara dengan 1 m head.
Ans:( 81 kW, 73 kW)

5.2 A hydro-electric power plant based on the Loch Sloy in Scotland has an
effective head of 250 metres. If the flow rate of 16 m3/s can be
maintained, determine the total power input to the turbine assuming a
hydraulic efficiency of 98% ; and
5.2 Sebuah pembangkit listrik tenaga air yang berbasis di Loch Sloy di Skotlandia
memiliki ketinggian efektif 250 meter. Jika laju aliran 16 m3 / dtk dapat
dipertahankan, tentukan total daya input ke turbin dengan asumsi efisiensi hidrolik
98%; dan

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132
Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper
a) the pressure difference across the turbine.
a) perbedaan tekanan di seluruh turbin.
Ans: (38 MW, 2.4 MPa)
5.3 A proposed hydropower plant to be built using a reservoir with a typical
head of 18m and estimated power of 15 MW. You are given the task to
select an appropriate type of turbine for this site if the generator requires
the turbine to run at a fixed speed of 120 rpm.
5.3A pembangkit listrik tenaga air yang diusulkan akan dibangun menggunakan
reservoir dengan kepala khas 18m dan daya diperkirakan 15 MW. Anda diberi tugas
untuk memilih jenis turbin yang sesuai untuk situs ini jika generator mengharuskan
turbin berjalan pada kecepatan tetap 120 rpm.

Ans: (Ns=396, Francis or Kaplan)


Sample Examination paper

CLASS TEST - FLUID MECHANICS


UJI KELAS - MEKANIK FLUIDA
Module Tutor T. Al-Shemmeri
Modul Tutor T. Al-Shemmeri

This Paper contains TEN questions.


Attempt all questions. A formulae
sheet is provided.
Place your Answers in the space provided. No
detailed solution required. Print your name on
every page. Submit all together for marking.
Makalah ini berisi SEPULUH pertanyaan. Coba semua pertanyaan.
Lembar formula disediakan.
Tempatkan Jawaban Anda di tempat yang disediakan.
Tidak diperlukan solusi terperinci.
Cetak nama Anda di setiap halaman. Kirim semuanya untuk diberi tanda.

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133
Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper
MARKING GRID LEAVE BLANK PLEASE
Menandai kotak biarkan kosong

questi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 total
on
1st
Marker
2nd
marke
r

Agreed
percentage
Recommende
d grade

QUESTION ONE

List THREE types of instrument used to measure the pressure of a toxic fluid
contained in a sealed tank. Complete the table below:
PERTANYAAN SATU
Sebutkan TIGA jenis instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengukur tekanan cairan
beracun yang terkandung dalam tangki tertutup. Lengkapi tabel di bawah ini:

Type Principle marks


/ 3 marks

/ 3 marks

/ 3 marks

Total ( 9 mark
QUESTION TWO

a) Draw (not to scale) the pressure distribution of the


water on the dam shown below: ( 6 marks)
PERTANYAAN DUA
a) Gambarkan (bukan untuk skala) distribusi tekanan air
pada bendungan yang ditunjukkan di bawah ini:
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134
Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper

b) Indicate on the sketch, the direction of the resultant force on the dam?
b) Tunjukkan pada sketsa, arah gaya yang dihasilkan pada bendungan?
(2 marks)

c) Approximately, indicate the position of the centre


of pressure on both sides. (2 marks)
c) Kira-kira, tunjukkan posisi pusat tekanan di kedua
sisi. Total (10
marks)

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135
Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper

QUESTION THREE

List Three methods used to improve the resolution of detecting a small


pressure reading in a manometer. Complete the table below:
PERTANYAAN TIGA
Daftar Tiga metode yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan resolusi mendeteksi
pembacaan tekanan kecil dalam manometer. Lengkapi tabel di bawah ini:

Method(Metode) Principle(Prinsip) marks


/ 3 marks

/ 3 marks

/ 3 marks

Total (9 marks)
Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper

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QUESTION FOUR

Pertanyaan Empat

40 kPa

2.5 kg
0.5 kg
3
cm

Complete the table below:


Lengkapi tabel di bawah ini:

Theoretical reading of the pressure / 3 marks


Pembacaan teoritis tekanan

% error / 3 marks
% kesalahan

The maximum load if the gauge limit is / 3 marks


100 kPa
Beban maksimum jika batas pengukur
adalah 100 kPa

Total (9 marks)

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135
QUESTION FIVE

If the fan, below, circulates air at the rate of 0.30 m3/s, determine the velocity in
each section. Complete the table below.
PERTANYAAN LIMA
Jika kipas, di bawah, mensirkulasi udara pada kecepatan 0,30 m3 / dtk, tentukan
kecepatan di setiap bagian. Lengkapi tabel di bawah ini.

Section dimens Ar Veloc Marks


ions m ea ity
m m/
2 s
1 0.25 square /5
marks

2 0.20 diameter /5
marks

Total (10 marks)


QUESTION SIX

Oil of relative density 0.90 flows at the rate of 100 kg/s in a horizontal pipe of
200 mm diameter, 1 km long. If the friction factor for the pipe is 0.006,
complete the following table:
ENAM PERTANYAAN
Minyak dengan kepadatan relatif 0,90 mengalir pada kecepatan 100 kg / dt dalam
pipa horizontal berdiameter 200 mm, panjang 1 km. Jika faktor gesekan untuk pipa
adalah 0,006, lengkapi tabel berikut:

Quantity (kuantitas) Value(nilai) Units (unit ) marks


flow velocity / 3 marks
kecepatan aliran
frictional head loss / 3 marks
kehilangan kepala gesekan
frictional pressure loss / 2 marks
kehilangan tekanan gesekan
energy to overcome friction / 2 marks
energi untuk mengatasi
gesekan

Total (10 marks)

QUESTION SEVEN
PERTANYAAN TUJUH

Show that Bernoulli’s equation is

dimensionally homogeneous 4

marks for the p-term,

4 marks for the v-term, and

2 marks for the z-term and for stating that all dimensions have/have not the
same dimensions
Tunjukkan bahwa persamaan Bernoulli secara dimensional homogen
4 tanda untuk istilah-p,
4 tanda untuk v-term, dan
2 tanda untuk z-term dan untuk menyatakan bahwa semua dimensi memiliki / tidak
memiliki dimensi yang sama
Total (10 marks)
Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper

QUESTION EIGHT

Oil (relative density 0.85, kinematic viscosity 80cs) flows at the rate of 90
tonne per hour along a 100 mm bore smooth pipe. Determine for the flow:
PERTANYAAN DELAPAN
Oli (densitas relatif 0,85, viskositas kinematis 80cs) mengalir pada kecepatan 90 ton
per jam di sepanjang pipa mulus berlubang 100 mm. Tentukan untuk aliran:

Quantity (Kuantitas) Value (Nilai) marks


flow velocity / 3 marks
kecepatan aliran

frictional factor / 3 marks


faktor gesekan

Nature of the flow / 6 marks


Sifat arus

Total (12 marks)

QUESTION NINE

List two instruments for measuring the flow rate of air through a rectangular
duct.
SEMBILAN PERTANYAAN
Sebutkan dua instrumen untuk mengukur laju aliran udara melalui saluran persegi
panjang.

Method(Metode) Principle(Prinsip) marks


/ 4 marks

/ 4 marks

Total (8 marks)

QUESTION TEN

Draw the body force diagram for a parachute jumper.

PERTANYAAN SEPULUH
Gambarlah diagram kekuatan tubuh untuk jumper parasut.
If the vertical component of the landing velocity of a parachute is 6 m/s, find the total
weight of the parachutist and the parachute (hollow hemisphere Diameter 5m)
Assume for air at ambient conditions, Density = 1.2 kg/m3 and Cd = 2.3
Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper
Jika komponen vertikal kecepatan pendaratan parasut adalah 6 m / s, temukan berat
total penerjun payung dan parasut (lubang berongga Diameter 5m) Asumsikan udara
pada kondisi sekitar, Kepadatan = 1,2 kg / m3 dan Cd = 2,3

For correct body force diagram(Untuk diagram gaya tubuh yang benar )
/3marks

For correct use of formula(Untuk penggunaan rumus) / 3 marks

For correct answer(Untuk jawaban) /4 marks

Total (10 marks)


Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper

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was
Engineering Fluid Formulae
Mechanics Sheet

Formulae Sheet
Lembar Rumus

FLUID STATICS (STATISTIK CAIR):

P=ρgh

CONTINUITY EQUATION (PERSAMAAN KONTINUITAS):

mass flow rate m = ρ

A V volume flow rate

Q=A

laju aliran massa m = ρ A V

laju aliran volume Q = A V

ENERGY EQUATION

(PERSAMAAN ENERGI)

(P/ρ g) + ( V2/ 2g ) + Z = constant

DARCY’S EQUATION(PERSAMAAN DARCY)

Hf = (4 f L /D) ( V2/ 2g )

FRICTION FACTOR FOR A SMOOTH PIPE


FAKTOR GESEKAN UNTUK PIPA HALUS

f = 16/ Re if Re < 2000

f = 0.079 / Re0.25 if Re > 4000

MOMENTUM EQUATION(PERSAMAAN MOMENTUM)

F = m ( V2 cosθ - V1 )

DRAG FORCE = Cd x

(1/2) x ρ. A.V2 FLUID


POWER
Engineering Fluid Formulae
Mechanics Sheet
E = ρ Q g h x η for a tur bine

E = ρ Q g h / η for a pump

140

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