Mechanics Dynamics
TUGAS 1
“MEKANIKA FLUIDA”
Iwan Setyawan,ST,MT
KELOMPOK 6 :
114
Engineering Fluid Compressible Fluid
Mechanics Dynamics
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115
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics
4.1 Assuming the ideal gas model holds, determine the velocity of sound in
4.1Mengasumsikan model gas ideal bertahan, tentukan kecepatan suara
a) Air Udara (mwt 28.96) at 25°C, with γ = 1.4,
b) argon (mwt 39.95) at 25°C, with γ = 1.667.
Ans[346 m/s, 321.5 m/s]
4.3 A low flying missile develops a nose temperature of 2500K when the
ambient temperature and pressure are 250K and 0.01 bar respectively.
Determine the missile velocity and its stagnation pressure. Assume for
air: γ = 1.4. Cp = 1005 J/kgK
4.3 Sebuah rudal terbang rendah mengembangkan suhu hidung 2500K
ketika suhu dan tekanan sekitar 250K dan 0,01 bar. Tentukan kecepatan misil
dan tekanan stagnasinya. Asumsikan adanya udara: γ = 1.4. Cp = 1005 J / kgK
4.4 An airplane is flying at a relative speed of 200 m/s when the ambient air
condition is 1.013 bar, 288 K. Determine the temperature, pressure and
density at the nose of the airplane. Assume for air: γ = 1.4 , density at
ambient condition = 1.2 kg/m3 and Cp =1005 J/kgK.
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5.1 Introduction
Hydraulic Turbines are used for converting the potential energy of water
into useful Mechanical power to drive machines as in Mills or pumps or electrical
energy using electrical generators.
5.1 Pengantar
Turbin Hidraulik digunakan untuk mengubah energi potensial air menjadi
tenaga mekanis yang berguna untuk menggerakkan mesin seperti di Pabrik atau
pompa atau energi listrik menggunakan generator listrik.
• Hydroelectric power stations can be classified according to power
output into micro hydro, mini hydro, small hydro and large hydro
systems. The definitions according to the International Energy
Association are as folloMicro hydro - hydroelectric station with installed
capacity lower than 100 kW
• Mini hydro - hydroelectric station in the range of 100kW to 1 MW
• Small hydro - hydroelectric station in the range of 1 MW to 30 MW
• Large hydro - hydroelectric station with installed capacity of over 30 MW
• Pembangkit listrik tenaga air dapat diklasifikasikan menurut daya keluarnya menjadi
sistem hidro mikro, mini hidro, hidro kecil dan hidro besar. Definisi menurut Asosiasi
Energi Internasional adalah sebagai stasiun hydro-hydroelectric folloMicro dengan
kapasitas terpasang lebih rendah dari 100 kW
• Stasiun hidro-hidroelektrik mini dalam kisaran 100kW hingga 1 MW
• Stasiun hidro-hidroelektrik kecil di kisaran 1 MW hingga 30 MW
• Stasiun hidro-hidroelektrik yang besar dengan kapasitas terpasang lebih dari 30 MW
A Impulse Turbine
This type of turbine is usually selected for high head and low flow rate
conditions. The water is usually directed on to the turbine blades via a nozzle
and the jet will impinge and leaves the turbine at atmospheric condition.
The high velocity jet leaves the nozzle at atmospheric pressure and impinges on to
the wheel blades or buckets.
The tangential force exerted on the buckets is produced by a change in
momentum of the jet, both in magnitude and direction.
The most important type of impulse turbine is the PELTON wheel.
Turbin AImpulse
Turbin jenis ini biasanya dipilih untuk kondisi ketiinggia yang tinggi dan laju aliran
rendah. Air biasanya diarahkan ke bilah turbin melalui nosel dan jet akan merusak dan
meninggalkan turbin pada kondisi atmosfer.
Jet berkecepatan tinggi meninggalkan nosel pada tekanan atmosfer dan menekan
bilah atau bucket roda.
Gaya tangensial yang diberikan pada bucket dihasilkan oleh perubahan momentum
jet, baik dalam magnitude maupun arah.
Jenis turbin impuls yang paling penting adalah roda PELTON.
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics
Figure 5.1: Pelton Turbine (Wheel)
Courtesy of: http://re.emsd.gov.hk/english/other/hydroelectric/hyd_tech.html#
B Reaction Turbine
This type of turbine is usually selected for low head conditions, but relatively
higher flow rate than in impulse turbines. In reaction turbines part of the
pressure energy is transformed into kinetic energy in the stationary guide
vanes and the remainder is transferred in the runner wheel. This type of
turbine does not run at atmospheric; in fact the pressure changes continuously
while flowing through the machine. The chief turbines of this type are the
FRANCIS and KAPLAN turbines.
B. Turbin Reaction
Turbin jenis ini biasanya dipilih untuk Ketinggian yang rendah, tetapi laju alir yang
relatif lebih tinggi daripada turbin impuls. Dalam turbin reaksi, bagian dari energi
tekanan diubah menjadi energi kinetik di baling-baling panduan stasioner dan sisanya
ditransfer dalam roda runner. Turbin jenis ini tidak beroperasi di atmosfer; sebenarnya
tekanan berubah terus menerus saat mengalir melalui mesin. Turbin utama dari jenis
ini adalah turbin FRANCIS dan KAPLAN.
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Most reversible-pump turbines are of the Francis type. The complexity of the
unit, however, increases significantly as compared to a turbine alone. In spite of
the higher costs for both hydraulic and electrical controls and support
equipment, the total installed cost will be less than for completely separate
pump-motor and turbine-generator assemblies with dual water passages.
Kebanyakan turbin pompa putaran balik adalah tipe Francis. Kompleksitas unit,
bagaimanapun, meningkat secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan turbin saja.
Terlepas dari biaya yang lebih tinggi untuk kontrol hidrolik dan listrik dan peralatan
pendukung, total biaya pemasangan akan lebih kecil daripada untuk unit pompa-
motor dan turbin yang benar-benar terpisah dengan saluran air ganda.
124
Figure 5.4: Reversible Francis
Turbine/Pump system Courtesy of:
http://oei.fme.vutbr.cz/jskorpik/en_lopatkovy-
stroj.html
P=ρQgh xη (5.1)
Where
Dimana :
125
P = power available (W)
ρ = density (kg/m3) (~ 1000
flow (m3/s)
g = acceleration of
The hydraulic efficiency depends on many factors such as the type of turbine
and the operational conditions. Typical values are between 50% and 75%.
V (5.2)
2.
However real g. hydropower stations have penstock of considerable length
h
incorporating many pipe fittings, bends and valves, hence the effective head is
reduced, and as such the real velocity of water approaching the turbine is less
than that quoted in equation 5.2.
126
Tingkat aliran volume air dihitung dengan persamaan kontinuitas:
Q=VxA (5.3)
The different hydraulic turbines described in the previous section have different
characteristics such as power rating, operating head and rotational speed, the
term specific speed is introduced to group the three terms:
Turbin hidrolik yang berbeda yang dijelaskan pada bagian sebelumnya memiliki
karakteristik yang berbeda seperti peringkat daya, kepala operasi dan kecepatan
rotasi, istilah kecepatan spesifik diperkenalkan untuk mengelompokkan tiga istilah:
1
P 2
Ns N (5.4)
h
5
4
127
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics
The concept of specific speed helps to classify the different turbines according
to the range in which they operate, see Table 5.5.
Specific speed
range
Type Of
Turbine P12
Ns N
5
h
4
Francis 70 – 500
Propeller 600 – 900
Kaplan 350 – 1000
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics
Cross-flow 20 – 90
Turgo 20 – 80
Pelton, 1-jet 10 – 35
Pelton, 2-jet 10 – 45
Pumped storage hydroelectricity was first used in Italy and Switzerland in the
1890’s. By 1933 reversible pump-turbines with motor-generators were
available. Adjustable speed machines are now being used to improve
efficiency.
Pembangkit listrik tenaga air yang dipompa pertama kali digunakan di Italia dan Swiss
pada tahun 1890-an. Pada 1933 turbin pompa reversibel dengan motor generator
sudah tersedia. Mesin kecepatan yang dapat disesuaikan sekarang digunakan untuk
meningkatkan efisiensi.
Listrik tenaga air adalah produk untuk mengubah energi potensial yang disimpan
dalam air dalam reservoir yang ditinggikan menjadi energi kinetik dari air yang
mengalir, kemudian energi mekanik dalam turbin yang berputar, dan akhirnya energi
listrik dalam sebuah alternator atau generator. Hydropower adalah teknologi
pembangkit listrik terbarukan yang matang yang menawarkan dua karakteristik yang
sangat diinginkan dalam sistem kelistrikan saat ini: penyimpanan internal yang
meningkatkan fleksibilitas sistem dan waktu respons yang cepat untuk memenuhi
fluktuasi pasokan atau permintaan yang cepat atau tidak terduga. Tenaga air
berjumlah 65% dari listrik yang dihasilkan dari sumber energi terbarukan di Eropa
pada 2007 atau 9% dari total produksi listrik di EU-27. Kapasitas terpasang saat ini di
EU-27 untuk pembangkit listrik tenaga air adalah sekitar 102 GW, tanpa penyimpanan
yang dipompa dengan tenaga air. Sekitar 90% dari potensi ini ditutupi oleh
pembangkit listrik tenaga air yang besar. Lebih dari 21.000 pembangkit listrik tenaga
air kecil mencakup kapasitas terpasang di atas 12 GW di EU-27.
Dinorwig is the largest scheme of its kind in Europe. The station’s six powerful
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics
generating units (6x288 =1728 MW) stand in Europe’s largest man-made
cavern. Adjacent to this lies the main inlet valve chamber housing the plant
that regulates the flow of water through the turbines.
Studi kasus - pembangkit listrik Dinorwig
Dinorwig adalah skema terbesar dari jenisnya di Eropa. Enam unit pembangkit kuat
stasiun (6x288 = 1728 MW) berdiri di gua buatan manusia terbesar di Eropa.
Bersebelahan dengan ini terletak ruang katup inlet utama yang menampung pabrik
yang mengatur aliran air melalui turbin.
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133
Terminal voltage(Tegangan terminal) 18kV
Excitation(Penyearah) Thyristor rectifier(thyristor
eksitasi)
Starting equipment(Peralatan starting) Static variable
frequency(Frekuensi variabel
statis)
Generator-Motor Transformer:(Generator-Motor Transformer):
Number Six
Approximate rating(Perkiraan peringkat) 340 MVA
Voltage ratio(Rasio tegangan) 18 kV/420 kV
Underground Caverns(Gua Bawah Tanah):
Distance of power station inside 750 metres
mountain(Jarak pembangkit listrik di
dalam gunung)
Depth of turbine hall below top level of 71 metres
Llyn Peris(Kedalaman ruang turbin di
bawah tingkat teratas Llyn Peris)
Machine Hall(Ruang mesin):
Length(Panjangnya) 180 metres
Width(Lebar) 23 metres
Height(Tinggi maksimal) 51 metres max
Transformer Hall(Balai Transformer):
Length(Panjangnya) 160 metres
Width(Lebar) 23 metres
Height(Tingginya) 17 metres
Diversion tunnel length(Panjang 2,208 metres
terowongan pengalihan)
Width(Lebar) 6.5 metres
Height(Tingginya) 5.5 metres
Maximum flow(Aliran maksimum) 60 cubic m/s
Normal flow(Aliran normal) 1-8 cubic m/s
Fall(Jatuh) 1:1500
Pump/Turbines(Pompa / turbin):
Type Reversible Francis
Number 6
Plant orientation(Perencanaan Orientasi) Vertical spindle(Spindle vertikal)
Average pump power input(Input daya 275 MW
pompa rata-rata)
Pumping period (full volume)(Periode 7 hours
134
pemompaan (volume penuh))
Synchronous speed(Kecepatan sinkron) 500 rpm
Average full unit over all heads (declared 288 MW Generation potential at
capacity)(Unit penuh rata-rata di atas full load
semua kepala (kapasitas dinyatakan))
Output(pembangkitan pada beban penuh) 5 hours
Station power requirements when 12 MW
generating
Standby operational mode
Synchronised and spinning-in-air 0 to 1,320 MW in 12 seconds
emergency load pick-up rate from
standby
Transmission Switchgear:
Type SF6 metal clad
Breaking capacity 35,000 MVA
Current rating 4,000 A
Voltage 420 kV
135
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics
Excavations:
Main underground excavation 1 million cubic metres (approx.
3 million tonnes)
Total scheme excavations 12 million tonnes
Dinorwig power station has a head of 500m between the upper and the lower
reservoir.
Solution
a) kecepatan pendekatan
V 2 2x 99 m/ s
. 9.8
g 1x
. 50
b) The flow ratehof water b)
0 Laju aliran air Q = V x A ; Hence
Engineering Fluid Hydroelectric Power
Mechanics
360
°thinking
.
4 4
D 4.553 m
/ /
A 0
.
c) The effective head is the actual head minus the friction head loss
6
0
hf = 10% of h = 6
(10/100)x500 = 50m
Effective head = h – hf =
450 m
Hence
c) Head efektif adalah head aktual dikurangi kehilangan head gesekan
Karenanya
2x9
V .81 93.96 m / s
x45
Q 0
A
60 2
0.638 m
V 93.
96
128
4 4
D
4.436 m
/ /
A 0
Worked Example 5.2 .
6
The average head of the water stored 3 in the upper reservoir of the Dinorwig pumped
storage system in Wales is 500 metres.8
Solution
Solusi
a) Daya output dalam kilowatt diberikan oleh P = 9,81 Q H η
Jadi dalam hal ini kita memiliki 300.000 = 9,81 x Q x 500 x 0,94 Yang berarti bahwa Q
= 65 m3 s-1
b) Laju aliran untuk 6 turbin adalah 6 x 65 = 390 m3 s-1
7,200,000/390 = 18,442
seconds,
Calculate the specific speeds for Dinorwig power station described in the table
below and recommend an appropriate type of turbine.
Contoh yang Dikerjakan 5.3
Hitung kecepatan spesifik untuk pembangkit listrik Dinorwig yang dijelaskan dalam
tabel di bawah ini dan rekomendasikan jenis turbin yang sesuai.
Solution
The last two columns are the solution to this question; the specific speeds are
calculated using the definition of specific speed and the type of turbine/s were
chosen according to table1.
Larutan
Dua kolom terakhir adalah solusi untuk pertanyaan ini; kecepatan spesifik dihitung
menggunakan definisi kecepatan spesifik dan jenis turbin / s dipilih sesuai tabel1.
1
P
Ns N 2 500x300000^0.5 / 500^1.25 116
h
5
4
Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper
Checking the values in the table, this lies in the Francis turbine range
Memeriksa nilai dalam tabel, ini terletak pada rentang turbin Francis
5.2 A hydro-electric power plant based on the Loch Sloy in Scotland has an
effective head of 250 metres. If the flow rate of 16 m3/s can be
maintained, determine the total power input to the turbine assuming a
hydraulic efficiency of 98% ; and
5.2 Sebuah pembangkit listrik tenaga air yang berbasis di Loch Sloy di Skotlandia
memiliki ketinggian efektif 250 meter. Jika laju aliran 16 m3 / dtk dapat
dipertahankan, tentukan total daya input ke turbin dengan asumsi efisiensi hidrolik
98%; dan
132
Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper
a) the pressure difference across the turbine.
a) perbedaan tekanan di seluruh turbin.
Ans: (38 MW, 2.4 MPa)
5.3 A proposed hydropower plant to be built using a reservoir with a typical
head of 18m and estimated power of 15 MW. You are given the task to
select an appropriate type of turbine for this site if the generator requires
the turbine to run at a fixed speed of 120 rpm.
5.3A pembangkit listrik tenaga air yang diusulkan akan dibangun menggunakan
reservoir dengan kepala khas 18m dan daya diperkirakan 15 MW. Anda diberi tugas
untuk memilih jenis turbin yang sesuai untuk situs ini jika generator mengharuskan
turbin berjalan pada kecepatan tetap 120 rpm.
133
Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper
MARKING GRID LEAVE BLANK PLEASE
Menandai kotak biarkan kosong
questi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 total
on
1st
Marker
2nd
marke
r
Agreed
percentage
Recommende
d grade
QUESTION ONE
List THREE types of instrument used to measure the pressure of a toxic fluid
contained in a sealed tank. Complete the table below:
PERTANYAAN SATU
Sebutkan TIGA jenis instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengukur tekanan cairan
beracun yang terkandung dalam tangki tertutup. Lengkapi tabel di bawah ini:
/ 3 marks
/ 3 marks
Total ( 9 mark
QUESTION TWO
134
Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper
b) Indicate on the sketch, the direction of the resultant force on the dam?
b) Tunjukkan pada sketsa, arah gaya yang dihasilkan pada bendungan?
(2 marks)
135
Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper
QUESTION THREE
/ 3 marks
/ 3 marks
Total (9 marks)
Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper
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Pertanyaan Empat
40 kPa
2.5 kg
0.5 kg
3
cm
% error / 3 marks
% kesalahan
Total (9 marks)
135
QUESTION FIVE
If the fan, below, circulates air at the rate of 0.30 m3/s, determine the velocity in
each section. Complete the table below.
PERTANYAAN LIMA
Jika kipas, di bawah, mensirkulasi udara pada kecepatan 0,30 m3 / dtk, tentukan
kecepatan di setiap bagian. Lengkapi tabel di bawah ini.
2 0.20 diameter /5
marks
Oil of relative density 0.90 flows at the rate of 100 kg/s in a horizontal pipe of
200 mm diameter, 1 km long. If the friction factor for the pipe is 0.006,
complete the following table:
ENAM PERTANYAAN
Minyak dengan kepadatan relatif 0,90 mengalir pada kecepatan 100 kg / dt dalam
pipa horizontal berdiameter 200 mm, panjang 1 km. Jika faktor gesekan untuk pipa
adalah 0,006, lengkapi tabel berikut:
QUESTION SEVEN
PERTANYAAN TUJUH
dimensionally homogeneous 4
2 marks for the z-term and for stating that all dimensions have/have not the
same dimensions
Tunjukkan bahwa persamaan Bernoulli secara dimensional homogen
4 tanda untuk istilah-p,
4 tanda untuk v-term, dan
2 tanda untuk z-term dan untuk menyatakan bahwa semua dimensi memiliki / tidak
memiliki dimensi yang sama
Total (10 marks)
Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper
QUESTION EIGHT
Oil (relative density 0.85, kinematic viscosity 80cs) flows at the rate of 90
tonne per hour along a 100 mm bore smooth pipe. Determine for the flow:
PERTANYAAN DELAPAN
Oli (densitas relatif 0,85, viskositas kinematis 80cs) mengalir pada kecepatan 90 ton
per jam di sepanjang pipa mulus berlubang 100 mm. Tentukan untuk aliran:
QUESTION NINE
List two instruments for measuring the flow rate of air through a rectangular
duct.
SEMBILAN PERTANYAAN
Sebutkan dua instrumen untuk mengukur laju aliran udara melalui saluran persegi
panjang.
/ 4 marks
Total (8 marks)
QUESTION TEN
PERTANYAAN SEPULUH
Gambarlah diagram kekuatan tubuh untuk jumper parasut.
If the vertical component of the landing velocity of a parachute is 6 m/s, find the total
weight of the parachutist and the parachute (hollow hemisphere Diameter 5m)
Assume for air at ambient conditions, Density = 1.2 kg/m3 and Cd = 2.3
Engineering Fluid Sample Examination
Mechanics paper
Jika komponen vertikal kecepatan pendaratan parasut adalah 6 m / s, temukan berat
total penerjun payung dan parasut (lubang berongga Diameter 5m) Asumsikan udara
pada kondisi sekitar, Kepadatan = 1,2 kg / m3 dan Cd = 2,3
For correct body force diagram(Untuk diagram gaya tubuh yang benar )
/3marks
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Engineering Fluid Formulae
Mechanics Sheet
Formulae Sheet
Lembar Rumus
P=ρgh
Q=A
ENERGY EQUATION
(PERSAMAAN ENERGI)
Hf = (4 f L /D) ( V2/ 2g )
F = m ( V2 cosθ - V1 )
DRAG FORCE = Cd x
E = ρ Q g h / η for a pump
140