1

9.2 Diod Semikonduktor

Semiconductor Diode

Aktiviti 1 / Activity 1: Aktiviti 2 / Activity 2:

Tujuan: Perbandingan konduktor, semikonduktor Tujuan: Huraikan ciri-ciri atom silicon
dan penebat Aim: Describe characteristics of a silicon atom
Aim: Comparison Between konduktor, semikonduktor
and Insulator

1. Lengkapkan jadual di bawah.

Complete the table below.

Penebat Semi- Konduktor

insulator konduktor conductor
Semi-
conductor

Contoh bahan 1. Namakan dua bahan semikonduktor tulen.

Example of Name two pure semiconductor.
material
…………………………………………………………
Pembawa cas 2. Berapakah elektron yang terdapat pada petala
Charge- paling luar bagi satu atom silicon?
carriers What is the value of electrons in the outermost
shell of a silicon atom?

Rintangan ………………………………………………………….
Resistance
3. Apa yang berlaku apabila setiap atom silicon
Kekonduksia berkongsi empat elektron valensnya dengan
n empat elektron valens dari atom-atom silicon
Elektrik yang lain?
Electricity What happen when each siicon atom share its
conductivity four valence electrons with another four valence
electrons of other silicon atom?

2. Terangkan mengapa penebat tidak ………………………………………………………….

mengalirkan elektrik.
Explain why insulator does not conduct electricity. ………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………… 4. Terangkan mengapa pada suhu yang rendah

semikonduktor tulen menjadi penebat.
……………………………………………………………… Explain why at low temperature a pure silicon is
an insulator.
3. Terangkan mengapa konduktor mengalirkan
elektrik dengan baik. …………………………………………………………
Explain why konduktor is a good electric
conductor. …………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………… 5. Apa yang boleh dikatakan tentang rintangan

semikonduktor pada suhu yang rendah?
……………………………………………………………… What can you say about the resistance of the
semiconductor at low temperature?
4. Definasikan semikonduktor.
Defination of Semiconductors: …………………………………………………………
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6. Terangkan mengapa pada suhu yang tinggi 10. Nyatakan dua cara untuk meningkatkan
semikonduktor tulen menjadi konduktor. kekonduksian elektrik bagi semikonduktor.
Explain why at high temperature a pure silicon State two ways to increase the electricity
becomes a conductor. conductivity of a semiconductor.

………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………. 11. Apakah proses pendopan?

What is doping process?
7. Apa yang boleh dikatakan tentang rintangan
semikonduktor pada suhu yang rendah?
What can you say about the resistance of the
semiconductor at low temperature?

…………………………………………………………

8. Namakan dua jenis pembawa cas dalam

semikonduktor. Aktiviti 3 / Activity 3
Name two types of charge carriers in Tujuan: Huraikan dua jenis semikonduktor
semiconductor. Aim: Describe two types of semi-conductor

……………………………………………………….

9. Apa yang akan berlaku jika satu beza

keupayaan dikenakan merentasi
semikonduktor seperti ditunjukkan dalam
Rajah 9.2.2?
What will happen if a potential difference is
applied across a semiconductor as shown in
Diagram 9.2.2?

1. Rajah 9.2.3 menunjukkan pendopan

semikonduktor jenis-n. Lengkapkan jadual
di bawah.
Diagram 9.2.3 shows the doping of n-type
semiconductor. Complete the table below.

2. Apa itu semikonduktor jenis-n?

Elektron bebas akan tertarik pada terminal ………. What is a n-type semiconductor?
Elektron daripada atom jiran ditolak untuk
………………………………………………………………
mengisi ……………. dan proses ini menghasilkan
lohong yang lain yang seterusnya akan diisi oleh ………………………………………………………………
…………… lain. Pergerakan elektron adalah
…………………. dengan arah ‘pergerakan lohong’.
Pergerakan elektron dan ‘lohong’ menyumbang
kepada pengaliran …………….
The free electrons are attracted to the …………
terminal. The valence electrons in the neighbouring
atoms are then pushed to occupy these ……….. but
in the process create other holes which will later be
occupied by other ……………
Movement of electrons is in the …………….. direction
as ‘movement of holes’. The movement of electrons
and ‘holes’ contribute to the flow of …………………
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Aspek Semikonduktor jenis-n

Aspect n-type Semiconductor
Semikonduktor tulen
Pure semiconductor

Atom bendasing
Impurity atom

Contoh bahan
pendopan
Example of dopants
material
Fungsi bahan
pendopan
Function of the
dopants material
Elektron valens
bahan pendopan
Aktiviti 4 / Activity 4
Valens electrons of the
Tujuan: Huraikan diode semikonduktor
dopant material
Aim: Describe semiconductor diodes
Pembawa cas
majority
Majority charge
carriers
Pembawa cas 1. Apa itu diod?
minority What is a diode?
Minority charge
carriers ………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
3. Rajah 9.2.4 menunjukkan pendopan
semikonduktor jenis-p.
Diagram 9.2.4 shows the doping of p-type
semiconductor.

Aspek Semikonduktor jenis-p

Aspect p-type Semiconductor
Semikonduktor tulen
Pure semiconductor

Lengkapkan jadual di bawah. Atom bendasing

Complete the table below. Impurity atom

4. Apa itu semikonduktor jenis-p? Contoh bahan

What is a p-type semiconductor? pendopan
Example of dopants
……………………………………………………………… material
Fungsi bahan
……………………………………………………………… pendopan
Function of the
……………………………………………………………… dopants material

Elektron valens
bahan pendopan
Valens electrons of the
dopant material
Pembawa cas
majority
Majority charge
carriers
Pembawa cas
minority
Minority charge
carriers

2. Rajah 9.2.5 menunjukkan semikonduktor jenis
p dan jenis-n. Apa akan berlaku apabila
semikonduktor jenis-p dan jenis-n bercantum
bersebelahan?
Diagram 9.2.5 shows a p-type and n-type
semiconductors. What happen when the p-type
and the n-type semiconductors completely touch
each other on the sides?
…………………………………………………………
3. Rajah 9.2.6 menunjukkan simpang p-n.
Diagram 9.2.6 shows a p-n junction.
Apa yang berlaku pada simpang?
What happens at the junction?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
4. Rajah 9.2.7 menunjukkan penyatuan elektron
bebas dengan lohong pada simpang yang
menghasilkan lapisan susutan.
Diagram 9.2.7 shows the recombination of free
electrons and holes at the junction produces a
depletion layer.
(a) Apakah lapisan susutan?
What is the depletion layer?
………………………………………………………………
4
………………………………………………………………
(b) Apakah fungsi lapisan susutan?
What is the function of depletion layer?
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
5. Rujuk Rajah 9.2.7.
Refer to Diagram 9.2.7.
i. Di simpang, apakah jenis ion yang
dihasilkan pada kawasan jenis-n yang
disebabkan oleh kehilangan elektron?
At the junction, what type of ions forms at the
n-type region due to lost of electrons?
…………………………………………………………...
ii. Apakah yang boleh ion-ion ini lakukan
kepada lohong daripada kawasan jenis-p
di sebelah kiri simpang?
What can these ions do to the holes from the
p-type region on the left side of the junction?
………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………
iii. Di simpang, apakah jenis ion yang
dihasilkan di kawasan jenis-p yang
disebaban oleh berlebihan elektron?
At the junction, what type of ions forms at the
p-type region due to an excess of electrons?
…………………………………………………………..
iv. Apakah yang boleh ion-ion ini lakukan
terhadap elektron daripada kawasan jenis-
n di sebelah kanan simpang?
What can these ions do to the electrons from
the n-type region on the right side of the
junction?
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………….
v. Ini menghasilkan satu beza keupayaan
yang bertindak daripada jenis-n ke jenis-p
merentasi simpang. Namakan beza
keupayaan ini.
This results in a potential difference acting
from the n-type to p-type material across the
junction. Name the voltage.
………………………………………………………….
vi. Berapakah nilai voltan merentasi simpang
bagi silicon dan germanium?
 5

What is the value of the voltage across the

junction for silicon and germanium?

………………………………………………………….

vii. Apakah fungsi voltan merentasi simpang

ini?
What is the function of the voltage across the
junction?

…………………………………………………………
(a) Lukis rajah litar dalam ruangan di bawah.
………………………………………………………… Draw a circuit diagram in the space below.
viii. Apakah syarat untuk arus elektrik
mengalir merentasi simpang p-n jika ia
disambungkan kepada bateri seperti
dalam Rajah 9.2.8?
What are the conditions for electric current to
flow across the p-n junction if it is connected
to a dry cell as shown in Diagram 9.2.8?

…………………………………………………………... (b) Perhatikan kecerahan mentol.

Observe the brightness of the bulb.
…………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………….

2. Katod satu diod disambung ke terminal +ve

bekalan kuasa a.t. seperti dalam Rajah 9.2.10.
The cathode of the diode is connected to the +ve
terminal of the d.c. power supply as in Diagram
9.2.10

Eksperimen 1 / Experiment 1
Tujuan; Memerhati arus mengalir melalui diod
semikonduktor sewaktu pincang ke depan atau
pincang songsang.
Aim: To observe current flow through a
semiconductor diode in forward bias or reverse (a) Lukis rajah litar dalam ruangan di bawah.
bias Draw a circuit diagram in the space below.
Radas: mentol, bekalan kuasa a.t, dawai
penyambung, diod
Apparatus: light bulb, dc power supply, connecting
wires and diod.

1. Katod satu diod disambung ke terminal –ve

bekalan kuasa a.t. seperti dalam Rajah 9.2.9.
The cathode of the diode is connected to the –ve
terminal of the d.c. power supply as in Diagram
9.2.9.
(b) Perhatikan kecerahan mentol.
Observe the brightness of the bulb.

………………………………………………………….
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Kesimpulan / Conclusion
1. Perhatikan Rajah 9.2.9 dan Rajah 9.2.10. (a) Nyatakan cara sambungan
Observe Diagram 9.2.9 and Diagram 9.2.10. semikonduktor jenis-p dan jenis-n ke
Nyatakan perbezaan di antara: terminal battery.
State the difference between: State the way to connect the p-type and n-
type semiconductor to the terminals of the
(a) Sambungan diod itu battery.
The connection of the diodes.
………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………
(b) Bandingkan voltan bateri dengan voltan
(b) Kecerahan kedua-dua mentol simpang.
Brightness of the bulbs. Compare cell battery with junction cell.

………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….. (c) Huraikan gerakan elektron dan lohong di

dalam sambungan pincang ke depan.
2. Dalam keadaan yang manakah diod akan Describe the movement of the electrons and
mengalirkan arus? holes in the forward biased connection.
In which state will a diode conduct a current?
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………….
3. Terangkan fungsi diod.
Explain a function of diode. ………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………… (d) Apa berlaku kepada lapisan susutan dan

rintangan diod?
……………………………………………………………… What happen to the depletion layer and the
diod resistance?

Aktiviti 5 / Activity 5 ………………………………………………………….

Tujuan; Huraikan pincang ke depan dan pincang
songsang ………………………………………………………….
Aim: Explain forward biased and reverse biased

1. Rajah 9.2.11 menunjukkan sambungan diod

secara pincang ke depan.
Diagram 9.2.11 shows the forward biased diode
connection. (e) Mengapa arus boleh mengalir melalui
diod dalam sambungan pincang ke
depan?
Why current can flow through the diode in
the forward biased connection?

………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

2. Rajah 9.2.12 menunjukkan sambungan diod

secara pincang ke depan.
Diagram 9.2.12 shows the forward biased diode
connection.
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………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

Eksperimen 2 / Experiment 2
Tujuan: Membina litar rektifikasi separuh
gelombang dan rektifikasi penuh gelombang.
Aim: To build a half-wave rectifier circuit and a full-
wave rectifier circuit.

1. Susun radas seperti dalam litar di Rajah 9.2.13.

Set up the apparatus as in the circuit shown in
Diagram 9.2.13.

(a) Nyatakan cara sambungan

semikonduktor jenis-p dan jenis-n ke
terminal battery.
State the way to connect the p-type and n- (a) Lukis isyarat input untuk arus ulang-alik.
type semiconductor to the terminals of the Draw the input a.c current signal.
battery.

………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

(b) Bandingkan voltan bateri dengan voltan

simpang.
Compare cell battery with junction cell.

………………………………………………………….

(c) Huraikan gerakan elektron dan lohong di

dalam sambungan pincang songsang.
Describe the movement of the electrons and
holes in the reverse biased connection.

………………………………………………………….
(b) Lukis isyarat output yang dipaparkan
…………………………………………………………. pada skrin O.S.K.
Draw the output signal shown on the C.R.O
(d) Apa berlaku kepada lapisan susutan dan screen.
rintangan diod?
What happen to the depletion layer and the
diode resistance?

………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………….

(e) Mengapa arus tidak boleh mengalir

melalui diod dalam sambungan pincang
songsang?
Why current cannot flow through the diode in
the reverse biased connection?
(c) Terangkan mengapa isyarat output yang
………………………………………………………….
dihasilkan seperti ditunjukkan di atas.
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Explain why the output signal is produced as

shown above.
Dalam separuh kitar pertama:
in the first half cycle:

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
Dalam separuh kitar kedua:
in the second half cycle:
(a) Nyatakan arah arus dalam separuh kitar
……………………………………………………………… pertama:
State the direction of current in the first half
……………………………………………………………… cycle:

(d) Apakah peranan diod dalam litar ………………………………………………………………

rektifikasi?
What is the function of diode in the Nyatakan arah arus dalam separuh kitar
rectification circuit? kedua:
State the direction of current in the second
……………………………………………………………… half cycle:

……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………

2. Susun radas seperti dalam litar di Rajah 9.2.14.
Set up the apparatus as in the circuit shown in
Diagram 9.2.14.
(b) Nyatakan arah arus mengalir melalui
perintang R bagi setiap separuh kitaran.
State the direction of current passing
through resistance R for each hal of the
cycle.

………………………………………………………………

Apakah inferens yang boleh dibuat

mengenai arah arus ulang-alik?
What inference can be made about the
direction of the alternate current?

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

(a) Lukis isyarat input untuk arus ulang-alik.

Draw the input a.c current signal.

3. Dengan menggunakan litar rektifikasi separuh

(b) Lukis isyarat output/Draw the output signal
gelombang yang dibina dalam soaan 1,
sambung suatu kapasitor secara selari dengan
perintang R seperti dalam Rajah 9.2.15.
With the use of the half wave rectification circuit
built in question 1, connect a capasitor parallel to
the resistance R as in Diagram 9.2.15.
 9

(a) Apakah peranan kapasitor dalam litar

rektifikasi?
What is the function of capacitor in the
rectification circuit?
(a) Lukis bentuk gelombang yang dihasilkan.
……………………………………………………………… Draw the wave form produced.

(b) Terangkan dengan bantuan Rajah 9.2.16

bagaimana kapasitor digunakan untuk
meratakan arus.
Explain with the help of Diagram 9.2.16, how
a capacitor is used to smooth the current.

TUTORIAL 9.2

Kapasitor dicaskan kapasitor dinyahcaskan

Capacitor charge up capacitor 1. Diagram 35 shows an electronic symbol
discharge representing an electronic component.

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
What is the electronic component?(2010)
……………………………………………………………… A. Diode C.
Resistor
(c) Lukis bentuk gelombang yang dihasilkan. B. Inductor D.
Draw the wave form produced. Transistor

2. The adding of impurity into pure

semiconductor material is known as ____
(2006)
A. doping
B. rectification
C. amplification
D. thermionic emission

4. Dengan menggunakan litar rektifikasi penuh

gelombang yang dibina dalam soaan 2,
sambung suatu kapasitor secara selari dengan 3. Which of the following is correct about n-type
perintang R seperti dalam Rajah 9.2.17. semiconductor and p-type semiconductor?
With the use of the full wave rectification circuit n-type semicon- p-type
built in question 2, connect a capasitor parallel to ductor semicon-
the resistance R as in Diagram 9.2.17. ductor
 10

A Dopant Antimoni Gallium

B Fuction of Acceptance Donor atom

dopant atom
C Valentce of Trivalents Penta-
dopant valents
D Majority
charge holes electron
carrier

3. Which of the following diagrams is an n-type

semiconductor? (2006)
When the diode is in reverse biased, the
depletion layer widens because…(2009)
A. The electrons and holes are pulled away
from the p-n junction
B. The electrons from the n-type are pulled
across the p-n junction
C. The negative charges flow from the
negative terminal to the p-type
semiconductor.
D. The positive charges flow from the
positive terminal to the n-type
semiconductor

8. Which of the following resistance, R, versus

temperature, T, graphs is correct for a pure
semiconductor?

4. Which statement is correct about n-type

semiconductor? (2012)
A. Doped with pentavalent atom
B. Doped with trivalent atom
C. More free electrons than holes.
D. Holes are the majority charge carrier.

5. Which of the following pairs of atoms can act

as an impurity to produce an n-type
semiconductor when doped into a pure
semiconductor? (2004) 9. Which circuit will light up only one light bulb?
A. Boron and phosphorus
B. Arsenic and antimony
C. Indium and gallium
D. Antimony and gallium

6. What is the function of a diode? (2007)

A. Acts as a current amplifier
B. Acts as an automatic switch
C. Stores electric charge
D. Allows the current to pass in one
direction only

7. Diagram 28 shows a p-n junction diode.

 11

10. A CRO is connected to a circuit as shown in 13. Two diodes are connected in a circuit as
diagram 1. The input terminal, PQ, is shown in Diagram 3.
connected to an ac power supply.

Which of the following is the output wave form

from resistor P?
Which of the following is the output wave form
displayed on the screen?

14. Diagram 4 shows a full-wave rectifier.

11. Which of the following traces displayed on a

CRO is the rectification of an ac current?

.
Which of the following is the correct path of
the current through diodes K, L, M and N and
resistor R?
A. L ⇒ R ⇒ N
B. M ⇒ R ⇒ N
C. K ⇒ R ⇒ M
12. Diagram 2 shows a rectification circuit for an D. N ⇒ R ⇒ L
ac current.
15. Diagram 5 shows a circuit of four diodes
which are connected to batteries and a
resistor.

When an output resistor is connected to a

CRO, the shape of the wave form on the
screen is __

Which of the following is the correct path for

the current?
A. L ⇒ M ⇒ T ⇒ S ⇒ U
⇒ L ⇒ M ⇒ N ⇒ O
B. L ⇒ M T R  Q ⇒ O
⇒ N ⇒ M ⇒ L
C. L ⇒ M ⇒ T ⇒ R ⇒ Q
⇒ O ⇒ N ⇒ S ⇒ U
 12

D. U ⇒ S ⇒ T ⇒ R ⇒ Q
20. The diagram shows a circuit consisting of a
⇒ O ⇒ N ⇒ M ⇒ L diode and a bulb. When the switch is on, the
bulb does not light up.
16. Diagram 6 shows a circuit which has three
identical resistors P, Q and R, four diodes and
an ac power supply.

What needs to be done to light up the bulb?

(2005)
A. Replace with a new bulb
B. Increase the number of dry cells
C. Reverse the diode connection
D. Connect a resistor parallel to the
Which resistor permitted only direct current bulb
through it?
(a) P C. Q 21. Diagram below shows a circuit connected to
(b) R D. P ,Q dan R the cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO).

17. The function of capacitor in diagram below is

Which of the following traces is the correct

one shown on the CRO? (2007)
A. Rectifier
B. Flows alternating current
C. AC and DC filter
D. Voltage smoother

18. In which circuit the bulb does not light up?

22. Diagram 28 shows an electric circuit which

contains 4 identical bulbs, W, X, Y and Z.
Three of the bulbs light up continuously.

19. The diagram shows a circuit containing bulbs

X, Y and Z.

Which bulbs light up continuously? (2008)

A. W, Y, Z
B. W, X, Z
C. X, W, Y
D. X,Y, Z
Which bulb in the circuit will light up when
the switch is on? (2003)
A. Z only
B. X and Y only
C. Y and Z only
D. X, Y and Z only
 13

23. Diagram 27 shows a full wave rectifier circuit. PAPER 2 SECTION A

1. Figure (a) shows an arrangement of
apparatus to study the conductivity of
semiconductor diode by a student. When
the switch is closed by the student the
bulb does not light up.

The output wave form is smoothen

because….. (2009)
A. The resistance of the resistor is always
increasing and decreasing
B. The charges in the capacitor is always
increasing and decreasing (i) In the space below draw a circuit diagram
C. The number of electrons in the CRO is for Figure (a)
always increasing and decreasing
D. The current flows through the diode is
always increasing and decreasing.
(ii) State the characteristic of the
24. Diagram 30 shows a circuit for the diode causes the bulb does not light up?
rectification of an alternating current.
………………………………………………………

(iii) State the correction should be done to the

connection of the circuit in Figure (a) to
make the bulb is lighted up.

……………………………………………………………

(b) Figure (b) shows circuit X is connected to a

Which is the correct trace on the screen of transformer, resistor R and a cathode-ray
the CRO? (2012) oscilloscope. When the switch is opened the
waveform as shown in Figure (b) is formed on
the CRO screen.

(i) In the space below draw a circuit diagram

for circuit X.

(ii) In the space below draw a

waveform is produced in the CRO screen
when a capacitor is connected parallel to
resistor R.

(iii) Give the reason for your answer in b(ii).

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
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(iii) Give two reasons that cause the difference

2. SPM 2008: A6 between the reading of the ammeters in
Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2 show two circuits Diagram 6.1 and in Diagram 6.2. [2 marks]
with identical components. Each circuit contains
an ammeter, a cell and a semiconductor diode. 1. …………………………………………………

2. …………………………………………………

(iv) Based on the answers in 6(b) and 6(c), what

is the function of the diodes in these
circuits? [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………

(v) Diagram 6.3 shows the output signal

(i) Give one example of a semiconductor displayed on the screen of a cathode ray
material. [1 mark] oscilloscope (CRO) when a diode is
connected to an a.c. power supply.
……………………………………………………

(ii) Observe Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2. State

the difference between:
(i) The connection of the diodes. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………

(ii) The reading of the ammeters.
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
[1 mark] Explain why the output signal is produced as
shown.
…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………