Medan
Jl. Setiabudi Kompleks Setiabudi Square No. 15 Kel. Tanjung
Sari, Kec. Medan Selayang 20132 WA/Line 082122727364
w w w. o p t i m a p r e p . c o . i d
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Ny. Alluka Zoldyk, 25 tahun, datang ke RS dengan keluhan nyeri sendi sejak
3 bulan lalu. Pasien mengatakan nyeri sendi berpindah-pindah namun
paling sering di pergelangan tangan dan lutut. Pasien juga mengeluh lesu,
lemah, berat badan turun sebanyak 3 kg dalam 4 bulan terakhir dan lebih
sensitif terhadap cahaya, terutama cahaya matahari. Pada pemeriksaan
fisik didapai ruam malar dan ruam diskoid pada wajah. Pemeriksaan
lab didapati ANA dan anti dsDNA lebih tinggi dari normal. Reumatoid
Faktor (-). Apakah kemungkinan diagnosis pasien tersebut?
A. Rheumatoid Arthritis
B. SLE
C. Gout Arthritis
D. Spondiloarthritis
E. Osteoarthritis
SLE
• Merupakan penyakit inflamasi autoimun kronis peradangan pada
kulit, sendi, ginjal, paru-paru, sistem saraf dan organ tubuh lainnya
• Kebanyakan mengenai
– wanita : pria 9-14:1
– usia reproduksi, 20 sampai 30 tahun
– kelompok kulit hitam dan Asia.
• Predisposisi yang ada pemicu kacaunya sistem toleransi
imunologis sehingga respon imun melawan antigen diri sendiri.
– Faktor genetik
– imunologik
– hormonal serta
– Lingkungan
SLE
TANDA DAN GEJALA
• Kompleks imun beredar dan menimbulkan kerusakan pada berbagai target
organ:
– Muskuloskeletal: sering dijumpai nyeri pada sendi,
– Kulit : reaksi fotosensitifitas, diskoid LE, subacute cutaneus lupus
erythematosus, lupus profundus, telangiektasia, fenomena raynaud.
– Paru : pneumonitis lupus dengan gejala sesak, batuk kering, ronki di basal
– Kardiologi : perikarditis, miokarditis, lesi katup endokarditis Libman- Sacks dan
penyakit jantung koroner.
– Renal : kerusakan ginjal disertai proteinuria.
– Gastrointestinal : gejalanya tidak khas ; dispepsia, vaskulitis mesentrik dapat
menyebabkan perforasi, IBD, pankreatitis, hepatomegali.
– Neuropsikiatri : masih belum diketahui dengan pasti; mikroinfark serebral
– Hemik-limfatik: limfadenopati splenonegali, anemia.
(Diagnosis harus memenuhi 4 dari 11 kriteria)
Diagnosis
Immunologic Criteria
• ANA
• Anti-dsDNA (>2× laboratory reference range)
• Anti-Smith
• Antiphospholipid antibodies (lupus anticoagulant,
RPR, anti-cardiolipin IgA, IgG,IgM, anti-β2
glycoprotein IgA, IgG, IgM)
• Low complement
• Direct Coombs test in the absence of hemolytic
anemia.
Pemeriksaan Serologi pada SLE
• Tes imunologik awal yang diperlukan untuk menegakkan diagnosis
SLE adalah tes ANA.
• Tes ANA dikerjakan/diperiksa hanya pada pasien dengan tanda dan
gejala mengarah pada SLE.
– Pada penderita SLE ditemukan tesANA yang positif sebesar 95-100%,
– akan tetapi hasil tes ANA dapat positif pada beberapa penyakit lain
yang mempunyai gambaran klinis menyerupai SLE misalnya
• infeksi kronis (tuberkulosis),
• penyakit autoimun (misalnya Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD),
• artritis rematoid, tiroiditis autoimun),
• keganasan
• pada orang normal.
– Jika hasil tes ANA negatif
• pengulangan segera tes ANA tidak diperlukan
• tetapi perjalanan penyakit reumatik sistemik termasuk SLE seringkali dinamis dan
berubah, mungkin diperlukan pengulangan tes ANA pada waktu yang akan datang
terutama jika didapatkan gambaran klinis yang mencurigakan.
• Beberapa tes lain yang perlu dikerjakan setelah tes ANA positif
adalah tes antibodi terhadap antigen nuklear spesi ik, termasuk
anti-dsDNA, Sm, nRNP , Ro(SSA), La (SSB), Scl-70 dan anti-Jo.
Autoantibodies and Clinical Signifcance in Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus (SLE)
Autoantibody Prevalence in SLE Clinical Significance
ANA Screening test; sensitivity 95%; not diagnostic without clinical
features
Anti-dsDNA 60% 95% specificity for SLE; fluctuates with disease activity;
sensitivity only 70%; level is variable based on disease activity
Anti-Smith 20%-30% 99% specificity for SLE (Most specific antibody for SLE); only
30-40% sensitivity; associated with anti-U1RNP antibodies
Anti-U1RNP 30% Antibody associated with mixed connective tissue disease and
lower frequency of glomerulonephritis
Anti-U1RNP 30% Antibody associated with mixed connective tissue disease and
lower frequency of glomerulonephritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ulnar deviation of the fingers with wasting
Rheumatoid nodules &
of the small muscles of the hands and
olecranon bursitis.
synovial swelling at the wrists, the extensor
tendon sheaths, MCP & PIP.
Pemeriksaan Laboratorium
• RF (sensitivity ∼60%; specificity ∼80%)
– False positives are seen with hepatitis C, subacute
bacterial endocarditis, primary biliary cirrhosis, sarcoidosis,
malignancy, Sjögren’s syndrome, SLE, and increasing age.
• Anti-CCP antibodies
– Sensitivity is similar to RF, but it is more specific for RA
than RF (up to 95%-98%).
• The presence of either RF or anti-CCP (“seropositive
RA”) is associated with more severe disease, more
extraarticular manifestations, and worse prognosis.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Pilar Pengelolaan Artritis Reumatoid
– Edukasi
– Program/Latihan Rehabilitasi
– Pilihan Pengobatan
• DMARD
• Agen Biologik
• Kortikosteroid
• Obat Anti Inflamasi Non Steroid
– Pembedahan
2. Biologic DMARDS
O’Dell J. et al. Rheumatoid Arthtritis in Imboden JB. et al. Current Diagnosis and Treatment Rheumatology. 3rd edition. 2013
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Kompetensi Dokter Umum
O’Dell J. et al. Rheumatoid Arthtritis in Imboden JB. et al. Current Diagnosis and Treatment Rheumatology. 3rd edition. 2013
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ulnar deviation of the fingers with wasting
Rheumatoid nodules &
of the small muscles of the hands and
olecranon bursitis.
synovial swelling at the wrists, the extensor
tendon sheaths, MCP & PIP.
Pemeriksaan Laboratorium
• RF (sensitivity ∼60%; specificity ∼80%)
– False positives are seen with hepatitis C, subacute
bacterial endocarditis, primary biliary cirrhosis, sarcoidosis,
malignancy, Sjögren’s syndrome, SLE, and increasing age.
• Anti-CCP antibodies
– Sensitivity is similar to RF, but it is more specific for RA
than RF (up to 95%-98%).
• The presence of either RF or anti-CCP (“seropositive
RA”) is associated with more severe disease, more
extraarticular manifestations, and worse prognosis.
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Definisi
• Merupakan penyakit inflamasi pd
sendi yang disebabkan oleh infeksi
bakteri, virus atau jamur.
Rute Infeksi
• Penyeberan patogen dari darah, from distant
site…. (most common)
• Penyebaran dari acute osteomylitic focus
• Penyebaran dari infeksi jaringan lunak sekitar
• entry via penetrating trauma
• entry via iatrogenic means
Etiologi
Pathology
• There is an acute synovitis with a purulent joint effusion and
Synovial membrane becomes edematous, swollen and
hyperemic, and produces increase amount of cloudy exudates
contains leukocytes and bacteria
• As infection spread through the joint, articular cartilage is
destroyed by bacterial and cellular enzymes.
• If the infection is not arrested the cartilage may be completely
destroyed.
• Pus may burst out of the joint to form abscesses and sinuses.
• The joint may be become pathologically dislocated.
Gejala Klinis
• Riwayat trauma atau infeksi sebelumnya
• Sering mengenai sendi panggul dan lutut
• Sendi sakroiliaka dapat terinfeksi pada brucellosis
• Interphalangeal joints: human and animal bites
• Demam, malaise, anoreksia, nausea
• Inflamasi lokal
Pemeriksaan Fisik
1. Berkurangnya atau absent of ROM
2. Tanda-tanda inflamasi: pembengkakkan sendi,
hangat, nyeri tekan and eritem.
3. Joint orientation as to minimize pain (position of
comfort):
Hip: abducted, flexed and externally rotated.
Knee, ankle and elbow: partially flexed.
Shoulder: abducted and internally rotated
Pemeriksaan
Laboratorium
• The diagnosis can usually be confirmed by joint aspiration and
immediate microbiological investigation of the fluid.
• Blood culture may be positive in about 50% of proven cases.
• Non specific features of acute inflammation-leucocytosis,ESR,CRP-
are suggestive but not diagnostic .
• leukocyte count:
generally higher than 50,000/µL, with a predominance of
neutrophils more than 75%
gram stain:
are positive in approximately 75% of patients with
staphylococcal infections; however, results are positive in only
50% of patients with gram-negative infections
Pemeriksaan
crystal examination:
exclude crystal-induced arthritis (may coexist)
culture:
The definitive method
for aerobic and anaerobic organisms.
are positive in 85-95%
(McPherson dkk. Cerebrospinal, Synovial, Serous Body Fluids, and Alternative Specimens. In: McPerson M A, Pincus
MR. Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis And Management by Laboratory Result 22nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011:490)
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Inflamasi - + + +
Temuan Sendi Bouchard’s nodes Ulnar dev, Swan Kristal urat En bloc spine
Heberden’s nodes neck, Boutonniere enthesopathy
Perubahan Osteofit Osteopenia erosi Erosi
tulang erosi ankilosis
Penipisan kartilago
Sklerosis
Penipisan kartilago
Sklerosis
Penipisan kartilago
Sklerosis
Penipisan kartilago
Sklerosis
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135208-treatment?src=refgatesrc1
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• Biconcave
fractures – collapse of
the central portion of
both vertebral body
endplates
• Crush fractures –
collapse of entire
vertebral body
Gambaran Rontgen Pada Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
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• Lama kelamaan
menjadi chronic gouty
arthritis & muncul
tophi.
– leading eventually to
chronic gouty arthritis &
the appearance of tophi.
• Agen penurun asam urat tidak diberikan saat serangan akut, kecuali
sudah rutin diminum dari sebelum serangan.
Buku ajar ilmu penyakit dalam. Edisi IV.
Current diagnosis & treatment in rheumatology. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill; 2007.
Physician drug handbook.
Indikasi Urate
Lowering Therapy
• Urate lowering therapy
diindikasikan pada pasien
dengan
– Terdapatnya tofus
– Serangan akut >2 kali/tahun
– CKD stage 2 ke atas
– Riwayat urolithiasis
• Initiation of ULT is
recommended close to the
time of first diagnosis in
patients
– presenting at a young age
(<40 years),
– very high serum uric acid level
(>8 mg/dL; 480 mmol/L)
– Comorbidities (renal
impairment, hypertension,
ischaemic heart disease, heart
failure)
Urate Lowering Therapy
• Indicated in all patients with
– recurrent flares
– Tophi
– urate arthropatyh and/or renal stone.
• Target:
– serum uric acid < 6 mg/dL or < 5 mg/dL in patients with severe
gout
• Start at low dose and titrated until target reached.
• Normal kidney function
– allopurinol 100 mg/day increasing by 100 mg increments every
2-4 weeks if required.
• Renal impairment
– adjust allopurinol to creatinine clearance.
• Flare prophylaxis (colchicine 0,5-1 mg/day) can be initiated within 6
months of urate lowering therapy.
CARA KERJA ALLOPURINOL
Inflamasi - + + +
Temuan Sendi Bouchard’s nodes Ulnar dev, Swan Kristal urat En bloc spine
Heberden’s nodes neck, Boutonniere enthesopathy
Perubahan Osteofit Osteopenia erosi Erosi
tulang erosi ankilosis
• Erythema marginatum:
– 5% of patients.
– The rash is serpiginous and long lasting.
HbA1c>
7%
Perkeni 2019
Diabetes Melitus
(Perkeni 2015)
• Modifikasi Gaya hidup • Mulai
HbA1c
monoterapi oral
<7.5%
HbA1c ≥9%
dan obat lain 7%
dengan mekanisme
kerja yang berbeda
Metformin + Insulin
>10% atau GDS
basal + insulin
>300 dengan
prandial atau Target HbA1C <7% atau individual
gejala
Metformin + insulin
metabolik
basal + GLP-1 RA
AACE Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan. 2015
AACE Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan. 2015
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Sitagliptin 25-100 24
Saxagliptin 5 24
Linagliptin 5 24
Penghambat SGLT-2 Dapagliflozin 5-10 24
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Tidak menyebabkan
Berat badan naik, edema,
Menambah hipoglikemia,
Thialozidi gagal jantung, risiko
Pioglitazone sensitivitas meningkatkan HDL,
nedione fraktur meningkat pada
terhadap insulin menurunkan trigliserida,
wanita menopause
menurunkan kejadian CVD
Efektivitas penurunan
Tidak menyebabkan
Penghambat HbA1C sedang, efek
Menghambat hipoglikemia, menurunkan
alfa Acarbose samping gastrointestinal,
absorpsi glukosa gula darah postprandial,
glukosidase penyesuaian dosis harus
menurunkan kejadian CVD
sering dilakukan
Kelas Obat Cara Kerja Keuntungan Kerugian
Angioedema, urtica,
Meningkatkan efek dermatologis lain
Penghamb Sitagliptin, vildagliptin, sekresi insulin, Tidak menyebabkan dimediasi imun,
at DPP-4 saxagliptin, linagliptin menghambat sekresi hipoglikemia, toleransi baik pankreatitis akut,
glukagon hospitalisasi akibat
gagal jantung
Infeksi urogenital,
Menghambat Tidak menyebabkan
Dapaglifozin, poliuria,
Penghamb penyerapan kembali hipoglikemia, BB turun, TD
canaglifozin, hipovolemi/hipotensi,
at SGLT-2 glukosa di tubulus turun, efektif untuk semua
empaglifozin pusing, LDL naik,
distal ginjal fase DM
kreatinin naik
Efek samping GI,
Liraglutide, exanatide, Meningkatkan Tidak menyebabkan
Agonis meningkatkan heart
albiglutide, sekresi insulin, hipoglikemia, menurunkan
reseptor rate, hiperplasia c-cell,
lixisenatide, menghambat sekresi GDPP, menurunkan
GLP-1 pankreatitis akut,
dulaglutide glukagon beberapa risiko CV
bentuk injeksi
Rapid acting (lispro,
aspart, glulisine)
Short acting (human
Menekan produksi Hipoglikemia, BB naik,
reguler) Respon universal, efektif
gluksoa hati, efek mitogenik?,
Intermediate acting menurunkan GD,
Insulin stimulasi sediaan injeksi, Tidak
(human NPH) menurunkan komplikasi
pemanfaatan nyaman, perlu
Basal insulin analogs mikrovaskuler
glukosa pelatihan pasien
(glagine, detemir,
degludec)
Premixed
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PERKENI. Konsensus pengelolaan dan pencegahan diabetes melitus tipe 2 di indonesia. 2006.
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• Moderate
– Autonomic and neuroglycopenic symptoms
– Individual is able to self-treat
• Severe
– Requires the assistance of another person
– Unconsciousness may occur
– Plasma glucose is typically < 50 mg/dL
TATALAKSANA
Hipoglikemia ringan Hipoglikemia berat (PERKENI 2015)
• Konsumsi makanan tinggi • Terdapat gejala neuroglikopenik
karbohidrat dextrose 20% sebanyak 50 cc (jika
• Gula murni tidak ada bisa diberikan dextrose
• Glukosa 15-20 g (2-3 sdm) 40% 25 cc), diikuti infus D5% atau
dilarutkan dalam air D10%
• Pemeriksaan glukosa darah • Periksa GD 15 menit, jika belum
dengan glukometer setelah mencapai target dapat diulang
15 menit upaya terapi
• Monitoring GD tiap 1-2 jam
• Kadar gula darah normal,
pasien diminta untuk makan
atau konsumsi snack untuk
mencegah berulangnya
hipoglikemia.
• Moderate
– Autonomic and neuroglycopenic symptoms
– Individual is able to self-treat
• Severe
– Requires the assistance of another person
– Unconsciousness may occur
– Plasma glucose is typically <2.8 mmol/L (< 50.4 mg/dL)
TATALAKSANA
Hipoglikemia ringan Hipoglikemia berat (PERKENI 2015)
• Konsumsi makanan tinggi • Terdapat gejala neuroglikopenik
karbohidrat dextrose 20% sebanyak 50 cc (jika
• Gula murni tidak ada bisa diberikan dextrose
• Glukosa 15-20 g (2-3 sdm) 40% 25 cc), diikuti infus D5% atau
dilarutkan dalam air D10%
• Pemeriksaan glukosa darah • Periksa GD 15 menit, jika belum
dengan glukometer setelah mencapai target dapat diulang
15 menit upaya terapi
• Monitoring GD tiap 1-2 jam
• Kadar gula darah normal,
pasien diminta untuk makan
atau konsumsi snack untuk
mencegah berulangnya
hipoglikemia.
243
Characteristics of DKA and HHS
244
Diabetic Hyperglycemic Crises
No hyperosmolality Hyperosmolality
Acidosis No acidosis
245
Diabetic Ketoacidosis:
Pathophysiology
Unchecked gluconeogenesis Hyperglycemia
246
Pathogenesis of Hyperglycemic Crises
DKA HHS
Increased
glucose
Increased
production
ketogenesis
Insulin Counterregulatory
Deficiency Hormones
Decreased
glucose Metabolic
uptake acidosis
Electrolyte Hypertonicity
abnormalities
Hyperglycemia Lipolysis
Hyper-
osmolality
Glycosuria FFAs
Δ MS Ketones
Dehydration
Acidosis
Electrolyte
Renal Failure Losses
Shock CV
Collapse 248
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251
Characteristics of DKA and HHS
252
Diabetic Hyperglycemic Crises
No hyperosmolality Hyperosmolality
Acidosis No acidosis
253
Diabetic Ketoacidosis:
Pathophysiology
Unchecked gluconeogenesis Hyperglycemia
254
KETOASIDOSIS DIABETIK
• Pencetus KAD:
– Insulin tidak
adekuat
– Infeksi
– Infark
• Diagnosis KAD:
– Kadar glukosa 250
mg/dL
– pH <7,35
– HCO3 rendah
– Anion gap tinggi
– Keton serum (+)
Harrison’s principles of internal medicine
Ketoasidosis Diabetik
Akut Kronik
Krisis
Hipoglikemia Makroangiopati
hiperglikemia
Ketoasidosis
Mikroangiopati
diabetikum
• Diagnosis KAD:
– Kadar glukosa 250
mg/dL
– pH <7,35
– HCO3 rendah
– Anion gap tinggi
– Keton serum (+)
Harrison’s principles of internal medicine
ADA Diagnostic Criteria for
DKA and HHS
DKA
Parameter Mild Moderate Severe HHS
Plasma glucose, mg/dL >250 >250 >250 >600
Arterial pH 7.25-7.3 7.0-7.24 <7.0 >7.30
Serum bicarbonate, mmol/L 15-18 10 to <15 <10 >15
Serum ketones† Positive Positive Positive Small
Urine ketones† Positive Positive Positive Small
Effective serum osmolality,*
Variable Variable Variable >320
mOsm/kg
Alteration in sensoria or mental
Alert Alert/drowsy Stupor/coma Stupor/coma
obtundation
*Calculation: 2[measured Na+ (mEq/L)] + glucose (mg/dL)/18.
† Nitroprusside reaction method.
Trias:
• Hipertirioidsme: pembesaran tiroid hiperfungsional difus.
• Optalmopati infiltratif menghasilkan exophthalmos.
• Dermopati infiltratif terlokalisasi disebut mixedema pretibial.
Klasifikasi Struma
Struma
Difusa Nodosa
Konsumsi goitrogen :
Hashimoto Tiroidiitis,
PTU atau litihium dan Adenoma toksik,
Iodium Defisiensi Grave’s Disease
Iodium defisiensi (late Plummer’s Disease
(Early), Paparan radiasi
stage)
HIPERTIROID
Hipertiroidisme
Kalra S, Khandelwal SK, Goyal A. Clinical scoring scales in thyroidology: A compendium. Indian J Endocr
Metab 2011;15, Suppl S2:89-94
Faktor Risiko & Etiologi Patofisiologi
Trias:
• Hipertirioidsme: pembesaran tiroid hiperfungsional difus.
• Optalmopati infiltratif menghasilkan exophthalmos.
• Dermopati infiltratif terlokalisasi disebut mixedema pretibial.
Pemeriksaan Histopatologi
• tall, crowded follicular epithelial cells;
scalloped colloid
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Ross et al 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelinesfor Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other
Causes of Thyrotoxicosis 2016
GRAVES DISEASE
• Tirotoksikosis: manifestasi peningkatan hormon
tiroid dalam sirkulasi.
• Hipertiroidisme: tirotoksikosis yang disebabkan
oleh kelenjar tiroid hiperaktif.
Trias:
• Hipertirioidsme: pembesaran tiroid hiperfungsional difus.
• Optalmopati infiltratif menghasilkan exophthalmos.
• Dermopati infiltratif terlokalisasi disebut mixedema pretibial.
Indeks Wayne utk pasien dengan
hipertiroidisme
• Skor>19
hipertiroid
• Skor<11 eutiroid
• Antara 11-
19equivocal
Kalra S, Khandelwal SK, Goyal A. Clinical scoring scales in thyroidology: A compendium. Indian J Endocr
Metab 2011;15, Suppl S2:89-94
Faktor Risiko & Etiologi Patofisiologi
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/thy.2016.0229
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• Imaging
Twenty-four–hour radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) is useful to
distinguish Graves’ disease (increased RAIU) from thyroiditis
(normal or low RAIU).
Tiroiditis Subakut
• Didahului oleh infeksi virus
• Lebih sering terjadi pada wanita (3:1)
Patofisiologi
Adanya patchy inflammatory infiltrate pd folikel
tiroid dan multinucleated giant cell pd beberapa
folikel.
Perubahan folikular akan berkembang menjadi
granuloma yg diikuti dengan fibrosis.
Tiroiditis Subakut
Tiroiditis
Tatalaksana
The duration of the thyrotoxic phase of thyroiditis is usually 3 to
6 wk.
This phase is followed by a hypothyroid phase typically lasting up to
12 wk.
Treat hypothyroid phase with levothyroxine 25 to 50 mcg/day
initially and monitor serum thyroid-stimulating hormone initially
every 6 to 8 wk.
Control symptoms of hyperthyroidism with beta-blockers (e.g.,
propranolol 20-40 mg PO q6h).
Control pain in patients with subacute thyroiditis with
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Prednisone 20 to 40 mg
qd may be used if nonsteroidals are insufficient, but it should be
gradually tapered off over several weeks.
Use IV antibiotics and drain abscess (if present) in patients with
suppurative thyroiditis.
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• Penyebab:
– Sekresi ACTH berlebih dari hipofisis
anterior (penyakit Cushing).
– ACTH ektopik (C/: ca paru)
– Tumor adrenokortikal
– Glukokorticod eksogen (obat)
Chvostek sign
• Tap facial nerve
twitching of lip and
spasm of facial muscles
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Chvostek sign
• Tap facial nerve
twitching of lip and
spasm of facial muscles
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• Patofisiologi
Central diabetes insipidus
rendahnya sekresi ADH (vasopresin) oleh pituitari posterior
Nephrogenic diabetes inspidus
Sekresi ADH normal tp tubulus tidak respon thd ADH
Transient diabetes insipidus
pd kehamilan terjadi peningkatan metabolisme ADH
Primary polidipsia (psychogenic)
intake cairan terlalu banyak sehingga BAK akan sering (respon
fisiologis)
Manifestasi Klinis Diabetes Insipidus
• Poliuria
Frekuensi berkemih
Enuresis,
Nokturia mengganggu tidur lelah pada siang hari
atau somnolen
• Peningkatan osmolaritas plasma
Haus polidipsia
• Tanda klinis dehidrasi
Tanda yang jelas jarang ditemukan kecuali pada pasien
dengan asupan air yang terganggu.
• Patofisiologi
Central diabetes insipidus
rendahnya sekresi ADH (vasopresin) oleh pituitari posterior
Nephrogenic diabetes inspidus
Sekresi ADH normal tp tubulus tidak respon thd ADH
Transient diabetes insipidus
pd kehamilan terjadi peningkatan metabolisme ADH
Primary polidipsia (psychogenic)
intake cairan terlalu banyak sehingga BAK akan sering (respon
fisiologis)
Manifestasi Klinis Diabetes Insipidus
• Poliuria
Frekuensi berkemih
Enuresis,
Nokturia mengganggu tidur lelah pada siang hari
atau somnolen
• Peningkatan osmolaritas plasma
Haus polidipsia
• Tanda klinis dehidrasi
Tanda yang jelas jarang ditemukan kecuali pada pasien
dengan asupan air yang terganggu.
Etiologi
• Prolactinoma
Most common cause of
hyperprolactinemia
Most common type of pituitary
adenoma (up to 40%)
• Medications (e.g., psychiatric
medications, H2 blockers,
metoclopramide, verapamil, estrogen).
• Pregnancy
• Renal failure
• Suprasellar mass lesions (can
compress hypothalamus or pituitary
stalk)
• Hypothyroidism
• Idiopathic
Hyperprolactinemia
Manifestasi Klinis
• Pria
• Hypogonadism, penurunan
libido,infertilitas, impotensi
• Galaktorea or ginekomastia
(uncommon)
• Parasellar signs and symptoms (visual
field defects and headaches)
• Wanita
Premenopausal: mens tidak teratur,
oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea,
anovulasi dan infertilitas, libido turun,
dyspareunia, vagina kering, risk of
osteoporosis, galaktorea
Postmenopausal: parasellar signs and
symptoms (less common than in men)
Hyperprolactinemia
• Pemeriksaan
Peningkatan serum prolaktin
Test kehamilan dan kadar TSH
CT scan dan MRI identifikasi massa
• Tatalaksana
Obati penyakit yg mendasari
Jika penyebab prolactinoma berikan bromokriptin
Operasi
Hyperprolactinemia
46
SOAL
Triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL or drug ≥150 mg/dL or drug or ≥150 mg/dL) ≥150 mg/dL
treatment for elevated treatment for high
triglycerides§ triglycerides
Obesity Waist ≥102 cm (men) or ≥88 Waist/hip ratio >0.9
cm (women)¥ (men) or >0.85
¥ In Asian patients, waist (women) or BMI ≥30
≥90 cm (men) or ≥80 cm kg/m2
(women).
Hypertension ≥130/85 mmHg or drug ≥130/85 mmHg or ≥140/90 mmHg ≥130/85 mmHg
treatment for hypertension drug treatment for
hypertension
Notes
• NCEP: National Cholesterol Education Program; IDF: International Diabetes Federation;
EGIR: Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance; WHO: World Health Organization;
AACE: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; HDL: high density lipoprotein;
BMI: body mass index.
* Most commonly agreed upon criteria for metabolic syndrome (any three of five risk
factors).
• ¶ For South Asia and Chinese patients, waist ≥90 cm (men) or ≥80 cm (women); for
Japanese patients, waist ≥90 cm (men) or ≥80 cm (women).
• ◊ High risk of being insulin resistant is indicated by the presence of at least one of the
following: diagnosis of CVD, hypertension, polycystic ovary syndrome, non-alcoholic
fatty liver disease or acanthosis nigricans; family history of type 2 diabetes,
hypertension of CVD; history of gestational diabetes or glucose intolerance; nonwhite
ethnicity; sedentary lifestyle; BMI 25 kb/m2 or waist circumference 94 cm for men and
80 cm for women; and age 40 years.
Complex multidirectional interactions between testosterone and obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes
mediated by cytokines and adipokines leading to comorbidities such as ED (endothelial dysfunction) and increased CVD risk.
FFA, free fatty acids; GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; PAI-1, plasminogen activator
inhibitor-1.
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
• Profil lipid, glukosa darah, Tes fungsi hati,
Urine lengkap , Tes fungsi ginjal, TSH, EKG
• Skrining dianjurkan pada semua pasien
berusia ≥ 20 tahun, setiap 5 tahun sekali
Meig JB. The Metabolic Syndrome. April 2018. Available from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-
metabolic-syndrome-insulin-resistance-syndrome-or-syndrome-x
Goals
LIFESTYLE RISK FACTORS
Abdominal obesity Year 1: Reduce body weight 7 to 10 percent
Continue weight loss thereafter with ultimate goal BMI <25 kg/m2
Physical inactivity At least 30 min (and preferably ≥60 min) continuous or intermittent
moderate intensity exercise 5 times per week, but preferably daily
Atherogenic diet Reduced intake saturate fat, trans fat, cholesterol
METABOLIC RISK FACTORS
Dyslipidemia
High risk*: <100 mg/dL; optional <70 mg/dL
Primary target elevated LDL
Moderate risk: <130 mg/dL
cholesterol
Lower risk: <160 mg/dL
High risk*: <130 mg/dL; optional <100 mg/dL
Secondary target elevated
Moderate risk: <160 mg/dL
non-HDL cholesterol
Lower risk: <190 mg/dL
Tertiary target reduced HDL
Raise to extent possible with weight reduction and exercise
cholesterol
Elevated blood pressure Reduce to at least <140/90 (<130/80 if diabetic)
Elevated glucose For IFG, encourage weight reduction and exercise
For type 2 DM, target A1C <7 percent
Prothrombotic state Low-dose aspirin for high-risk patients
Proinflammatory state Lifestyle therapies; no specific interventions
Farmakologis
Tatalaksana
• Golongan statin: Simvastatin 5 – 40
mg/hr (↓kolest; ES: mialgia,
Modifikasi gaya hidup ↑SGOT/PT; KI:kehamilan)
• Golongan resin:Kolestiramin 4 – 16
• Diet, dengan komposisi:Lemak g/hr (kombinasi dgn statin ↓kolest)
jenuh < 7%; PUFA 10%; MUFA • Golongan asam nikotinat:Lepas
10%; Lemak total25 – 35%; cepat 1,5 – 3 g, Lepas lambat 1 –
Karbohidrat 50 – 60%; Protein 2 g (kombinasi dgn statin ↓kolest &
15%; Serat20 – 30 g/hari; TG; Interaksi dgn Aspirin; ES: gout,
Kolesterol< 200 mg/hari ↑glukosa)
• Golongan asam fibrat: Gemfibrazil
• Latihan jasmani dan
2x600 atau1x900 mg/hr (↓TG; jgn
Penurunan berat badan bagi kombinasi dgn statin ↑resiko ES
yang gemuk miopathy)
• Menghentikan kebiasaan • Penghambat absorpsi kolesterol:
merokok, minuman alcohol Ezetimibe 10 mg/hr
Meig JB. The Metabolic Syndrome. April 2018. Available from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-
metabolic-syndrome-insulin-resistance-syndrome-or-syndrome-x
Hiperkolesterolemia Hipertrigliseridemia
• Evaluasi profil lipid tiap 6 minggu • Batas tinggi atau tinggi
– Bila tercapaisetiap 4-6 bulan.
– tujuan utama tata laksana adalah
• 6 minggu modifikasi gaya hidup, target mencapai target kolesterol LDL.
belum tercapai
– intensifkan penurunan lemak jenuh dan
• Pasien dengan trigliserida tinggi:
kolesterol, tambahkan stanol/steroid nabati, – target sekunder kadar
tingkatkan konsumsi serat, dan kerjasama kolesterol non-HDL
dengan dietisien.
• sebesar 30 mg/dL lebih tinggi
• 6 minggu berikutnya non-farmakologis dari target kadar kolesterol LDL
tidak berhasilfarmakologis (lihat tabel di atas).
• Pencegahan primer (tanpa PJK), dimulai • Pendekatan Tata Laksana obat:
dengan nutrisi medis dan latihan fisik3 – Obat penurun kadar kolesterol
bulan tidak mencapai sasaran LDL, atau tambah obat fibrat atau
ditambahkan statin. asam nikotinat
– 6 minggu target belum tercapai naikkan
dosis statin atau kombinasi dengan yang lain.
• Pasien dengan PJK atau yang setara
(pencegahan sekunder), segera diberi tata
laksana non farmakologis dan farmakologis,
jika kolesterol LDL > 100 mg/dL.
Target Tatalaksana
48
SOAL
• Jika timbul nyeri otot, nyeri tekan, atau kelemahan otot, maka CK harus
diperiksa & obat dhentikan jika aktivitas CK meningkat signifikasn di atas
nilai rujukan
Toksisitas Statin
50
SOAL
• Jika timbul nyeri otot, nyeri tekan, atau kelemahan otot, maka CK harus
diperiksa & obat dhentikan jika aktivitas CK meningkat signifikasn di atas
nilai rujukan
Toksisitas Statin
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