TK3105 – Pengendalian Lingkungan Industri Kimia

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2020/2021 1

 TK3105 – Pengendalian Lingkungan Industri Kimia

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Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2020/2021 2

 TK3105 – Pengendalian Lingkungan Industri Kimia

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2020/2021 3

 TK3105 – Pengendalian Lingkungan Industri Kimia

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2020/2021 4

 TK3105 – Pengendalian Lingkungan Industri Kimia

TK3015-Pengendalian Lingkungan Industri Kimia Latihan Semester 1 2019/2020

Dosen : Prof. Dr. Tjandra Setiadi dan Dr. Retno Gumilang Dewi

1. Apabila anda memilih off-site treatment untuk penanganan limbah lumpur dari industri kertas
tersebut, apakah yang menjadi pertimbangan utama pemilihan off-site treatment?. Tentukan apakah
perusahaan pengolahan limbah atau industri yang dapat memanfaatkan limbah lumpur tersebut
berikut penjelasan alasan pemilihannya. Pilihan terhadap off-site treatment menunjukkan anda
mengikuti kuliah dengan baik atau tidak selama ini.

2. Global Energy Balance: No Atmosphere (adapted from Wallace and Hobbs, 1977)
The figure below is a schematic diagram of the earth in radiative equilibrium with its surroundings
assuming no atmosphere. Radiative equilibrium requires that the rate of radiant (solar) energy
absorbed by the surface must equal the rate of radiant energy emitted (infrared). Let S be the incident
solar irradiance (1360 Watts/meter2), E the infrared planetary irradiance (Watts/meter2), RE the
radius of the earth (meters), and A the planetary albedo (0.3). The albedo is the fraction of total
incident solar radiation reflected back into space without being absorbed.

(a) Write the steady-state energy balance equation assuming radiative equilibrium as stated above.
Solve for the infrared irradiance, E, and show that its value is 241 W/meter2
(b) Solve for the global average surface temperature (K) assuming that the surface emits infrared
radiation as a black body. In this case, the Stefan-Boltzman Law for a blackbody is 𝐸 = 𝜎𝑇 4 , 𝜎
is the Stefan-Boltzman Constant (5.67 𝑥 10−8 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠/(𝑚2 . 𝐾 4 ), and T is absolute temperature
(K). Compare this temperature with the observed global average surface temperature of 180 K.
discuss possible reason for the difference.

3. Global Energy Balance: with a Greenhouse Gas Atmosphere (adapted from Wallace and
Hobbs, 1977). Refer to the schematic diagram below for energy balance calculations on the
atmosphere and surface of the earth. Assume that the atmosphere can be regarded as a thin layer
with an absorptivity of 0.1 for solar radiation and 0.8 for infrared radiation. Assume that the earth
surface radiates as a black body (absorptivity = emissivity – 1.0)
Let x equal the irradiance (W/m2) of the earth surface and y the irradiance (both upward and
downward) of the atmosphere. E is the irradiance entering the earth atmosphere system from space
averaged over the globe (E = 238 W/m2 from problem 2). At the earth’s surface, a radiation balance
requires that
0.9 𝐸 + 𝑦 = 𝑥

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 TK3105 – Pengendalian Lingkungan Industri Kimia

(irradiance in = irradiance out)

While for the atmosphere layer, the radiation balance is
𝐸 + 𝑥 = 0.9 𝐸 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑥

(a) Solve these equations simultaneously for y and x

(b) Use the Stefan-Boltzman Law (see problem 2) to calculate the temperatures of both the surface
and the atmosphere. Show that the surface temperature is higher than when no atmosphere is
present (problem 2)
(c) The emission into the atmosphere pf infrared absorbing chemicals is a concern for global
warming. Determine by how much the absorptivity of the atmosphere for infrared radiation must
increase in order to cause a rise in the global average temperature by 1°C above the value
calculated in part b.

4. Global Carbon Dioxide Mass Balance. Recent estimates of carbon dioxide emission rates to and
removal rated from the atmosphere result in the following schematic diagram (EIA, 1998a)
The numbers in the diagram have units of 109 metric tons of carbon per year, where a metric ton is
equal to 1000kg. To calculate the emission and removal rates for carbon dioxide, multiply each
number by the ratio of molecular weights (44 g CO2/12 g C).
(a) Write a steady state mass balance for carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and calculate the rate of
accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere in units of kg/yr. Is the accumulation rate positive or
negative?
(b) Change the emission rate due to fossil fuel combustion by + 10% and recalculate the rate of
accumulation of CO2 in units of kg/yr. Compare this to the change in the rate of accumulation
of CO2 in the atmosphere due to a +1% change in carbon dioxide release by micro-organisms.
(c) Calculate the rate of change in CO2 concentration in units of ppm per year and compare this
number with the observed rate of change stated in section 1.4.2. Recall the definition of parts
per million (ppm), which for CO2, is the mole fraction of CO2 in the air. Assume that we are
only considering the first 10 km in height of the atmosphere and that its gases are well mixed.
Take for this calculation that the total moles of gas in the first 10 km of the atmosphere is
approximately 1.5 x 1020 moles.
𝐶𝐶𝑂2
(Note: ppmv = 𝐶
𝑥 106 , where 𝐶𝐶𝑂2 is the number of moles of CO2 and C is the total moles of
air.)
(d) Describe how the rate of accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere, calculated in parts b and c,
would change if processes such as carbon dioxide fertilization and first growth increase as CO2

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 TK3105 – Pengendalian Lingkungan Industri Kimia

concentrations increase. What processes releasing CO2 might increase at atmospheric

concentrations increase? (Hint: assume that temperature will rise as CO2 concentrations rise)

5. Suatu pabrik memiliki emisi gas H2S 500 kg/hari. Jika receptor terletak 2000 m dari source dan
konsentrasi ground level di receptor yang dijinkan 30x10-9 kg/m3, serta memiliki karakteristik emisi
dan kondisi ambient sebagai berikut ini
- stack diameter D= 1,5 m dengan kecepatan emisi keluar stack, W= 5 m/s
- temperatur keluar stack, Ts = 90 oC, Temperatur udara ambient = 27 oC, kecepatan angin = 3
m/s; gradien temperatur udara (temperature lapse rate) = 6 oC/km (slightly stable, category E)
Tentukan tinggi stack minimum pabrik kertas jika diasumsikan kondisi stabil dan netral.
Gunakan Cheat sheet berikut untuk soal di atas:

Plume diffusion equation

2
𝑄 𝑦 𝑍−𝐻 2 𝑍+𝐻 2
𝑐= exp [−0,5 ( ) ] {exp [−0,5 ( ) ] + exp [−0,5 ( ) ]}
2𝜋𝑢𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑧
kg
𝑐 = konsentrasi polutan (m3 ) pada 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑟 terletak di (x, y, z)
𝑘𝑔
𝑄 = 𝑙𝑎𝑗𝑢 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑖 ( 𝑠 )
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ∶ 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑠 + Δ𝐻 Δ𝐻 = 𝑃𝑙𝑢𝑚 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝐻𝑠 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
For stable and neutral condition:
1
𝐹 3 𝑔(𝑇𝑠 −𝑇𝑎 )𝑊 𝐷 2 𝑔 Δ𝑇𝑎 𝐶
Δ𝐻 = 2,6 ( ) 𝐹= ( ) 𝑆= ( + 0,01° )
𝑢𝑆 𝑇𝑠 2 𝑇𝑎 Δ𝑧 𝑚

Dimana:
Δ𝐻 = plume rise (m)
u = kecepatan angin (m/s)
W = kecepatan keluar cerobong (m/s)
D = diameter cerobong (m)
S = stability parameter (1/𝑠 2 )
F = initial buoyancy flux (m3/s3)
𝑇𝑠 = temperatur fas cerobong (K)
𝑇𝑎 = temperatur ambient (K)
g = gravity acceleration = 9,81 m/s2
𝐷𝑇
( 𝐷𝑧𝑎) = gradien temperature

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