14/02/2021

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK GEOLOGI
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO

GEOKIMIA
(2 SKS)
Semester Genap 2020‐2021

Dosen Pengampu
Jenian Marin, ST, M.Eng
Reddy Setyawan, ST, MT

Kontrak Kuliah
1. Jumlah kehadiran: minimal 75% pada SIAP (JM: minimal kehadiran sebelum UTS= 5 
Pertemuan)
2. Sistem perkuliahan daring: Ms Teams dan Kulon (Tatap muka, tugas, diskusi dan 
presentasi, kuis, dan ujian)
3. JM: Selain kormat, pertanyaan di luar jadwal perkuliahan dan konfirmasi 
tugas/presensi kepada Dosen Pengampu melalui pesan di Ms Teams atau email
4. Mute jika tidak sedang presentasi/bertanya, mengangkat tangan jika hendak 
bertanya
5. Penilaian (berdasarkan komposisi SIAP semester lalu):
TUGAS : 50%
UTS     : 25%
UAS     : 25% 
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GEOKIMIA (TGL21‐326)
DESKRIPSI SINGKAT
Geokimia membahas hubungan proses geologi dengan kelimpahan, 
penyebaran, dan perpindahan unsur‐unsur kimia di dalam ruang dan 
waktu.
CAPAIAN PEMBELAJARAN
Mahasiswa memahami hubungan kelimpahan dan distribusi unsur
kimia tertentu dengan proses geologi yang mengontrolnya

Materi (Sebelum UTS) Materi (Setelah UTS)

1. Pendahuluan 1. Aplikasi termodinamika 
2. Konsep dasar termodinamika,  dalam proses geologi
larutan dan termodinamika  2. Kimia air, reaksi fluida‐
multikomponen mineral
3. Metode analisis geokimia 3. Kosmokimia
4. Unsur oksida utama 4. Geokimia bumi
5. Geokimia organik
5. Unsur jejak
6. Geokimia hidrokarbon
6. Isotop radioaktif
7. Isotop stabil
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Referensi
• McDonough, W. F., 2001, The composition of the Earth. In 
Earthquake Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations in the 
Earth’s Interior, Academic Press, San Diego
• Rollinson, H., 1993, Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, 
Presentation, Interpretation Longman Singapore Publisher, 351p.
• Killops, S. dan Killops, V., 2005, Introduction to Organic 
Geochemistry, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
• Waples, D.W, 1985, Geochemistry in Petroleum Exploration. 
International Human Resources Development Co., Boston.
• White, WM, 2013, Geochemistry, Wiley‐Blackwell

What is Geochemistry?

• The term “geochemistry” was first used by the Swiss chemist

Schönbein in 1838.
• V.M. Goldschmidt  founder of modern geochemistry,
characterized geochemistry in 1933 with the following words:
 “The major task of geochemistry is to investigate the composition of the Earth as a
whole and of its various components and to uncover the laws that control the
distribution of the various elements.
 needs a comprehensive collection of analytical data of terrestrial material, i.e. rocks,
waters and atmosphere.
 composition of other cosmic bodies and geophysical data about the nature of the
Earth’s inside.
 the synthesis of minerals in the lab and from the observation of their mode of
formation and stability conditions.”
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Definition and Sub-disciplines

Geochemistry uses the tools of chemistry to understand processes on Earth.

The wide field of Geochemistry includes:

 Trace element geochemistry  Planetary geochemistry and

 Isotope geochemistry Cosmochemistry
 Petrochemistry  Geochemical thermodynamics and
kinetics
 Soil geochemistry
 Aquatic chemistry
 Sediment geochemistry
 Inorganic geochemistry
 Marine geochemistry
 Organic geochemistry
 Atmospheric geochemistry  Biogeochemistry
 Environmental geochemistry

Solar System:

– Sun
– Inner rocky planets
(Mercury, Venus, Earth, 
Mars, asteroid belt)
– Outer gas‐giant planets
(Jupiter, Saturn)
– Outer ice‐giant planets
(Uranus, Neptune)
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Chemical reservoirs resulting from chemical 
differentiation
• Sun: H, He
• Earth: Fe, O, Si, Mg (Ni, Ca, S, Al)
• Oceans: H, O (Cl, Na, Mg, S, Ca, K)
• Atmosphere: N, O (Ar, H2O, CO2)
• Life: H2O, C (N, P)
• This implies CHEMICAL DIFFERENTIATION.

Chemical Differentiation
• Large‐scale separation of chemical elements on the basis of their physical 
and chemical properties, by a variety of processes
• EARTH is initially molten
• Iron, nickel and sulfur sank to the center due to their high density forming 
the solid CORE
• Lighter elements like O, Si, Al, Mg, Ca, K and Naf loated to the surface
• As Earth began to cool the outer layer became the solid CRUST
• Between the crust and core lies the partially molten MANTLE rich in O, Si, Fe 
and Mg with a density intermediate between the crust and the core
• Most of the Earth’s solid compounds are composed of silicate minerals (Si 
and O)
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Early Earth Current Earth

rocky mixture Denser

mostly of Fe, elements sink Earth is compositionally
O, Si, Mg to center layered in concentric
no continents spheres from dense core
no oceans Lighter to thick mantle
no atmosphere elements to light crust
float to top

Internal Structure of Earth
• Earth: 
– Atmosphere
– Oceans
– Lithosphere (cool, hard/rigid rock)   crust, 
lithospheric mantle
– Asthenosphere (weak, ‘soft’ rock)  upper 
mantle
– Mesosphere (dense, rigid rock)  lower 
mantle
– Outer core (liquid nickel and iron)
– Inner core (solid nickel and iron)

• (*How do we know? Meteorites, bulk 
density, seismic waves, sampling)
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Bulk Composition of Earth
Eight most abundant elements account 
for 98‐99% of total Earth mass:
• Fe 36.0 wt%
• O 28.7
• Si 14.8
• Mg 13.6
• Ni 2.0 
• Ca 1.7
• S 1.7
• Al 1.3

Sun: 75% H and 23% He

Element Abundance in the Universe

Element Abundance in Solar System
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Summary of Earth Differentiation
(nucleosynthesis, mixing)

Solar Nebula
(volatiles) (gas-solid equilibria)
(refractories)

(late veneer)
Condensation and Accretion (continuing
cometary
(siderophile & (melting; gravity and geochemical affinity)
flux?)
chalcophile)
(lithophile) (atmophile)
(lost due to
Core Silicate Earth Primitive Atmosphere impacts)
(freezing)
(catastrophic
Primitive Mantle impact) Moon
Inner Outer
Core Core
(partial melting;
liquid-crystal partitioning)
degassing
Upper Mantle
Lower Mantle Continental Crust
(plate tectonics: partial
(hotspot plumes) melting, recycling) degassing
Modern Ocean &
Oceanic Crust Atmosphere