Kumpulan Abstrak 2009

ISBN : 978-979-3132-35-8
HASIL PENELITIAN
KETEKNIKAN HUTAN
DAN PEMUNGUTAN HASIL HUTAN
Edisi V
ABSTRAK
HASIL PENELITIAN KETEKNIKAN
HUTAN DAN PEMUNGUTAN
HASIL HUTAN
EDISI V
Penyusun :
Drs. Lukman Nulhakim, M.M.
Drs. Juli Jajuli
Susy Haryati
Penyunting :
Ir. Sukanda, M.Si.
Ir. Sukadaryati, M.Si.
DEPARTEMEN KEHUTANAN
BADAN PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN KEHUTANAN
PUSAT PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN HASIL HUTAN
BOGOR, 2009
Abstrak Keteknikan Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan
ISBN 978-979-3132-35-8
DIPUBLIKASIKAN
Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan
Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5 PO Box 182 Bogor 16610
Telp. (0251) 8633378, 8633413, Fax. (0251) 8633413
DESAIN COVER
Lukmanul Hakim
Percetakan :
CV. Dewi Sri Jaya
KATA PENGANTAR
Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan telah lama

melaksanakan kegiatan penelitian dan pengembangan. Hasil
penelitian dan pengembangan tersebut disampaikan melalui wadah
seperti Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, Info/Buletin Hasil Hutan,
Prosiding Hasil-Hasil Penelitian dll. Substansi hasil penelitian yang
disampaikan terdiri dari berbagai disiplin ilmu seperti disiplin ilmu
keteknikan hutan dan pemungutan hasil hutan, sifat dasar, biologi dan
pengawetan kayu, biodeteriorasi, pengolahan kayu, pemanfaatan hasil
hutan, kimia dan energi serta hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK).
Untuk memudahkan pencapaian informasi tentang gambaran umum
hasil penelitian dan berkaitan dengan pengembangan ilmu
pengetahuan dan teknologi (IPTEK) di bidang Kehutanan terutama
yang menyangkut pemanenan Hasil Hutan, jalan sarad, alat eksploitasi
dll, kami akan menerbitkan informasi hasil penelitian dimaksud, yaitu
Abstrak keteknikan hutan dan pemungutan hasil hutan. Materi dari
abstrak tersebut merupakan hasil penelitian yang telah diterbitkan oleh
P3HH mulai dari tahun 1984 sampai dengan tahun 2008 yang
bersumber dari publikasi Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, Info/Buletin
Hasil Hutan, Prosiding Hasil-Hasil Penelitian, dll.
Untuk perbaikan dan kesempurnaan penyusunan abstrak ini, kritik
dan saran Saudara sangat kami perlukan.
Semoga abstrak ini bermanfaat adanya bagi para pengguna.
Bogor, Juni 2009

Kepala Pusat,
Dr. Ir. Maman Mansyur Idris, MS

NIP. 1950 0703 1979 03 1 01
i
DAFTAR ISI
KATA PENGANTAR i
DAFTAR ISI iii
PETUNJUK PEMAKAIAN xvii
I. PENDAHULUAN 1
II. ABSTRAK 3
A. Keteknikan Hutan 3
001. Ekstraksi Kayu dengan Sistem Kabel Layang Gaya Berat
Ber-Rem di Areal Hutan Tusam KPH Pekalongan Barat
Perum Perhutani Jawa Tengah …............................................. 3
002. Kajian Praktek Pembersihan Tunggak Eucalyptus sp.
dengan Cara Kimia di HPHTI PT Toba Pulp Lestari
Provinsi Sumatra Utara ............................................................. 3
003. Efektivitas Penggunaan Tirfor dan Katrol Tuas pada
Penebangan Jati di Jawa Tengah ............................................ 5
004. Produktivitas dan Biaya Pengeluaran Kayu dengan Sistem
Kabel P3HH 20 ......................................................................... 5
005. Produktivitas dan Biaya Alat Muat Bongkar Exp-2000 ......... 6
006. Peningkatan Produktivitas Kerja Alat Muat-Sarad
Serbaguna Exp-2000 Hasil Perbaikan ...................................... 7
007. Produktivitas dan Biaya Penyaradan Kayu dengan Traktor
Pertanian yang di Lengkapi Alat Bantu ................................... 8
008. Pengeluaran Kayu dari Petak Tebangan menggunakan
Hasil Rekayasa Alat Model Exp-2000 ...................................... 9
009. Perkembangan Teknologi Sistim Kabel pada Kegiatan
Pengeluaran Kayu Bulat di Hutan Pegunungan Pulau Jawa 10
010. Produktivitas dan Biaya Pengeluaran Kayu dari Hutan
Tanaman dengan Sistem Kabel Layang P3HH24 di KPH
Pekalongan Barat ....................................................................... 11
iii
011. Pengeluaran Kayu dengan Sistem Kabel Layang P3HH24
di Hutan Tanaman KPH Sukabumi ......................................... 12
012. Produktivitas dan Biaya Pengangkutan Bibit pada Medan
Sulit dengan Sistem Kabel Layang ........................................... 13
013. Uji Coba Alat Kabel Layang P3HH24 untuk Mengeluarkan
Kayu Pinus Hasil Penjarangan di Areal Berbukit ................... 13
014. Uji Coba Pengeluaran Kayu di Hutan Tanaman Pulau Laut
dengan Sistem Kabel Layang P3HH24 yang
Disempurnakan ......................................................................... 14
015. Analisis Produktivitas Kerja Extraksi Kayu dengan Sistim
Kabel Layang dalam Sistim Tebang Habis di Hutan Jawa
Timur ........................................................................................... 15
016. Kajian Operasi Pengeluaran Kayu Sistem Kabel Layang
Expo-2000 dengan Penggunaan Alat Pendukung ................. 16
017. Kajian Pengeluaran dan Pembuatan Kayu dengan Alat
Expo-2000 yang Disempurnakan ............................................. 16
018. Perbaikan Kontrol dan Drum Balik Sistem Kabel Layang
Expo-2000 untuk Ekstraksi Kayu ............................................. 17
B. Pemanenan Hasil Hutan 19

a. Perencanaan 19
019. Pengaruh Lama Teresan dan Diameter Tegakan Jati
terhadap Persentase Kerusakan Kayu ..................................... 19
020. Beberapat Catatan Tentang Eboni di Sulawesi ....................... 19
021. Faktor Eksploitasi di Hutan Alam Dipterokarpa Pulau
Laut .............................................................................................. 20
022. Faktor Eksploitasi Kayu Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus Miq)... 21
023. Faktor Eksploitasi Meranti di Sumatra Barat, Kalimantan
Barat dan Kalimantan Selatan .................................................. 22
024. Faktor Konversi Produksi Dolok Pinus dari Hutan Alam
(Studi Kasus di Satu Perusahaan Hutan di Aceh) ................... 22
025. Penggunaan Foto Udara dalam Penilaian Kerusakan Tajuk
Akibat Eksploitasi Hutan .......................................................... 23
iv
026. Peranan Kegiatan Pemanenan Kayu dalam Meningkatkan
Pendapatan Masyarakat Sekitar Hutan: Kasus di KPH
Sukabumi dan KPH Cianjur ..................................................... 24
027. Faktor Eksploitasi Beberapa Jenis Kayu Hutan Produksi
Alam dan Penyebaran Limbah Pembalakannya .................... 24
028. Faktor Eksploitasi Kayu Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) .. 26
029. Faktor Eksploitasi (Fe) untuk Hutan Produksi Alam Lahan
Kering ......................................................................................... 26
030. Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Kelompok Peneliti Keteknikan
Hutan dan Pemanenan Hasil Hutan, P3THH, Bogor, Tahun
2000-2002 .................................................................................... 28
031. Beberapa Aspek Penting Penerapan Reduced Impact
Logging (RIL) dalam Pengolahan Hutan di Indonesia .......... 30
032. Kajian Faktor Eksploitasi Berdasarkan Jenis Pohon: Studi
Kasus di Satu Perusahaan HPH di Kalimantan Barat ............ 31
033. Kecenderungan Meningkatnya Nilai Faktor Eksploitasi di
Hutan Produksi Alam ............................................................... 31
034. Faktor Eksploitasi Beberapa Jenis Kayu Hutan Produksi
Alam dan Penyebaran Limbah Pembalakannya .................... 33
035. Pengaruh Lama Teresan dan Diameter Tegakan Jati
terhadap Persentase Kerusakan Kayu ..................................... 35
036. Usaaha Meminimasi Limbah Eksploitasi dalam Rangka
Peningkatan Nilai Faktor Eksploitasi ...................................... 35
037. Potensi dan Biaya Pemungutan Limbah dan Penebangan
Kayu Mangium Sebagai Bahan Baku Serpih ........................... 36
038. Analisis Kerapatan Jalan Hutan berdasarkan Hasil
Penafsiran Foto Udara dan Survey Lapangan: Study Kasus
PT. INHUTANI II ....................................................................... 36
039. Pengkajian Parameter Fungsi Volume Pohon Melalui Foto
Udara di Kalimantan Timur ..................................................... 37
040. Faktor Eksploitasi Jenis Meranti di Jambi, Kalimantan
Tengah dan Kalimantan Timur ................................................ 38
041. Pendugaan Volume Tegakan Berdasarkan Jumlah dan
Kerapatan Tajuk pada Foto Udara ........................................... 38
v
042. Pendugaan Potensi Hutan Sagu dengan Menggunakan
Teknik Penginderaan Jauh ........................................................ 39
043. Penerapan Sistem Mekanisasi dalam Kegiatan Penebangan
Jati untuk Mengurangi Ketergantungan Terbatasnya
Penyediaan Tenaga Blandong di Jawa .................................... 40
044. Identifikasi Permasalahan yang di Hadapi Dewasa ini
dalam Pemanenan Hutan di Luar Jawa ................................... 40
045. Kemungkinan Subtitusi Kayu Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus)
dengan Jenis Lain Sebagai Penghara Penggergajian .............. 41
046. Kajian Pemanenan terhadap Kerapatan Tegakan di Bagian
Hutan Alam Tropis Propinsi Lampung .................................. 42
047. Kajian teknis Praktek Uji Coba Sistem Tebang Jalur dan
Tanaman Indonesia ................................................................... 43
048. Application of Band Ratios to Landsat Thematic Mapper
Digital data (Tm) and Their Role for Discriminating Land
Covers ......................................................................................... 44
049. Klasifikasi Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal, Erosi tanah Hutan
dan Iklim Mikro untuk Penetapan Ambang Batas dalam
Pemanenan Tebang Pilih di Hutan Alam ................................ 45
050. Analisis Produktivitas Kerja Ekstraksi Kayu dengan Sistem
Kabel Layang dalam Sistem Tebang Habis di Hutan Jawa
Timur ........................................................................................... 45
051. Hubungan Kerapatan Jalan Hutan dengan Intensitas
Pemungutan Kayu ..................................................................... 46
052. Analisis Biaya Pemanenan Kayu Bulat Sistem Kemitraan
HPH-Koperasi Desa di Kalimantan Tengah ........................... 47
053. Kajian Penggunaan Lahan Hutan dan Perubahannya
Menggunakan Data Citra Spot Landsat dan Radar ............... 48
054. Produktivitas dan Biaya Peralatan Pemanenan Hutan
Tanaman: Studi Kasus di PT Musi Hutan Persada,
Sumatera Selatan ........................................................................ 49
055. Kajian Pemanenan Jenis Ramin di PT Diamon Raya Timber. 50
056. Penggunaan Peralatan Pemanenan Kayu yang Efisien pada
Perusahaan Hutan Tanaman di Kalimantan Selatan ............. 51
vi
057. Kajian Penggunaan Lahan Hutan dan Perubahannya
Menggunakan Data Citra Spot Landsat dan Radar ............... 52
058. Kecenderungan Meningkatnya Nilai Faktor Eksploitasi di
059. Teknik Zonasi Lahan dalam Manajemen Kawasan Hutan
yang Berkesinambungan dengan GIS (Geographic
Information System) .................................................................. 54
060. Kajian Praktek Pembangunan Hutan Tanaman Industri di
PT Riau Andalan Pulp dan Paper ............................................. 55
b. Pembukaan wilayah hutan (PWH) 56
061. Intensitas Pembukaan Wilayah Hutan dan Ekstraksi Kayu

dalam Pengusahaan Hutan Alam di Luar Jawa ...................... 56
062. Praktek Pembuatan Prasarana Angkutan di Areal Hutan
Rawa Sumatera Selatan ............................................................. 56
063. Stabilisasi Tanah Liat dengan Kapur pada Konstruksi
Badan Jalan Hutan di Pulau Laut ............................................. 57
064. Jenis dan Banyaknya Kayu Arang yang Dipakai dalam
Konstruksi Jalan Rel di Hutan Rawa, Propinsi Riau .............. 58
065. Pengaruh Intensitas Tebang Bayang Terhadap
Kelembaban dan Daya Dukung Jalan Hutan .......................... 59
066. Biaya Konstruksi dan Volume Kayu pada Jalan Rel Kayu
dan Rel Besi ................................................................................. 59
067. Komposisi Jenis Kayu yang Digunakan dalam Konstruksi
Jalan Rel di Hutan Rawa Sumatera dan Kalimantan .............. 60
068. Kemungkinan Penggunaan Latex untuk Stabilisasi Badan
Jalan Hutan ................................................................................. 61
069. Lapisan Perkerasan Komposit Batu Pecah pada Konstruksi
Jalan Hutan ................................................................................. 62
070. Intensitas Tebang Bayang Optimum dalam Pemeliharaan
Jalan Hutan ................................................................................. 63
071. Potensi Jalan Hutan dalam Akselerasi Erosi Tanah di
Kalimantan Barat ....................................................................... 63
vii
072. Keadaan Elemen Jalan Hutan dan Potensinya dalam
Mempercepat Erosi Tanah ........................................................ 64
073. Beberapa Aspek Geometrika Jalan Hutan dan
Hubungannya dengan Erosi Tanah ......................................... 65
074. Efektivitas Jalan Hutan di Suatu Perusahaan Hutan di Riau 65
075. Perkembangan Keadaan Jalan Hutan Menurut Waktu dan
Hubungannya dengan Potensi Erosi Tanah ........................... 66
076. Praktek Pembuatan Jembatan Kayu Bulat Sederhana di
Beberapa Konsesi Hutan di Kalimantan ................................. 67
077. Penggunaan Tanah Liat Sebagai Bahan Konstruksi Lapisan
Aus Jalan Hutan ......................................................................... 68
078. Keadaan Jalan Hutan di Hutan Jati dan Potensinya dalam
Akselerasi Erosi Tanah .............................................................. 69
079. Praktek Pembuatan Jalan Hutan dan Permasalahannya di
Daerah Propinsi Jambi ............................................................... 70
080. Intensitas Penggunaan Jalan Hutan sebagai Prasarana
Pengangkutan Kayu di Tiga Perusahaan Hutan di Jambi
dan Kalimantan Selatan ............................................................ 70
081. Keadaan Jalan di Daerah Hutan Non-Jati Jawa Tengah dan
Potensinya dalam Akselerasi Erosi Tanah ............................. 72
082. Studi Kasus Kerapatan Jalan Hutan di Dua Perusahaan
Hutan di Jambi ........................................................................... 72
083. Kajian Jalan Hutan di Wilayah Hutan Cepu Jawa Tengah .... 73
084. Analisis Perkiraan Biaya Pembuatan Jembatan Kayu Bulat:
Studi Kasus di Perusahaan HPH PT Serestra II di Propinsi
Jambi ............................................................................................ 74
085. Analisis Pembangunan Prasarana Angkutan dan ekstraksi
Kayu serta Dampaknya terhadap Lingkungan Hutan di
Propinsi Riau .............................................................. 75
086. Intensitas Pembukaan Wilayah Hutan dan Ekstraksi Kayu
dalam Pengusahaan Hutan Alam di Luar Jawa ...................... 75
087. Pengusaha Nipah dan Permasalahannya ............................... 76
088. Hubungan Kerapatan Jalan Hutan dengan Intensitas
Pemungutan Kayu ..................................................................... 77
viii
c. Penebangan
089. Pengaruh Pembuangan Banir dalam Penebangan Pohon
terhadap Efisiensi Pemungutan Kayu: Studi Kasus di Suatu
Perusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Barat ................................ 79
090. Produktivitas dan Efisiensi Pemanenan Kayu dengan
Teknik Penebangan Pohon Serendah Mungkin di Hutan
Produksi Alam: Studi Kasus di Tiga Perusahaan Hutan di
Kalimantan Tengah ................................................................... 79
091. Pengaruh Penebangan Terkendali dan Konvensional
terhadap Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal dan Produktivitas
Kerja ............................................................................................ 80
092. Peranan Kegiatan Pemanenan Kayu dalam Meningkatkan
Pendapatan Masyarakat Sekitar Hutan: Kasus di KPH
Sukabumi dan KPH Cianjur ..................................................... 81
093. Peningkatan Produktivitas dan Efisiensi Penebangan Kayu
Mangium di Satu Perusahaan Hutan Tanaman di Propinsi
Jambi ............................................................................................ 82
094. Produktivitas dan Biaya Produksi Penebangan Hutan
Tanaman Industri di PT Inhutani II Pulau Laut ...................... 83
095. Efisiensi Penebangan Pohon Secara Konvensional dan
Terkendali di PT Asialog Jambi ................................................ 83
096. Produktivitas dan Biaya Penebangan Gergaji Rantai Stihl
070 di Satu Perusahaan Hutan Tanaman Industri di Jambi .. 84
097. Praktek Penebangan Pohon di Hutan Rakyat (Penggunaan
Kulit Batang Pohon Pisang dan Tambang untuk Sarana
Pemanjat) .................................................................................... 85
098. Perbaikan Teknik Penebangan untuk Minimasi Limbah
Pembalakan dengan Cara Penurunan Tinggi Mulut Takik
Rebah ........................................................................................... 85
099. Penebangan Serendah Mungkin untuk Meningkatkan
Produksi Kayu: Studi Kasus di Dua Perusahaan Hutan di
Kalimantan Timur ..................................................................... 86
100. Efisiensi Penebangan Kayu di Kawasan Hutan dengan
Sistem Tebang Pilih Indonesia .................................................. 87
ix
101. Efisiensi Penggunaan Chainsaw pada Kegiatan
Penebangan: Studi Kasus di PT Surya Hutani Jaya,
102. Volume dan Klasifikasi Limbah Penebangan pada
Beberapa Pengusahaan Hutan di Aceh dan Kalimantan
Timur ........................................................................................... 88
103. Masalah Kepecahan Kayu dalam Penebangan di Hutan Jati 89
104. Peningkatan Pemanfaatan Kayu Rasamala dengan
Perbaikan Teknik Penebangan dan Sikap Tubuh Penebang:
Studi Kasus di KPH Cianjur, Perhutani Unit III Jawa Barat .. 90
105. Efisiensi Pemanfaatan Kayu Mangium pada Berbagai
Teknik Penebangan, Sikap Tubuh dan Kelerengan
Lapangan: Studi Kasus di Satu Perusahaan Hutan di
Kalimantan Selatan .................................................................... 91
d. Penyaradan 92
106. Sistem Penyaradan pada Eksploitasi Hutan Pinus di Jawa
Tengah ......................................................................................... 92
107. Pengaruh Jarak Sarad dan Volume Kayu yang Disarad
terhadap Produktivitas Traktor Penyaradan ......................... 92
108. Penyaradan yang Direncanakan untuk Minimasi
Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal: Studi Kasus di Dua
Perusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Timur ................................ 93
109. Studi Kasus Produktivitas dan Biaya Pengeluaran Kayu
dengan Sistem Kabel Layang Koller 300 ................................. 94
110. Perbandingan Penyaradan Kayu dengan Sistem Manual
dan Eksavator di Hutan Rawa Bagian III: Kajian Teknis,
Ekonomis dan Ekologis ............................................................ 95
111. Produktivitas dan Biaya Penyaradan Kayu dengan Kerbau
di Jambi ....................................................................................... 96
112. Produktivitas Pengeluaran Dolok Kayu Tusam dengan
Sistem Kabel Layang Iwafuji 115 ............................................. 97
113. Produktivitas dan Biaya Penyaradan Kayu dengan Traktor
Pertanian Type Ford 5660 di Hutan Tanaman Semaras,
Pulau Laut ................................................................................... 98
x
114. Produktivitas dan Biaya Penyaradan Skyline Isuzu 240 di
Satu Perusahaan Hutan Tanaman Industri di Jambi .............. 98
115. Perbandingan Penyaradan Kayu dengan Sistem Manual
dan Eksavator di Hutan Rawa Bagian 1: Produktivitas Kerja 99
116. Produktivitas Traktor Caterpillar D7G di Suatu Perusahaan
Hak Pengusahaan Hutan di Jambi ........................................... 100
117. Kajian Penggunaan Kapasitas Traktor Komatsu D85e-Ss
dalam Upaya Peningkatan Produktivitas Penyaradan ......... 100
e. Muat bongkar
118. Efisiensi Pengangkutan dan Muat Bongkar Kayu di Suatu
Pengusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Tengah ........................... 101
119. Kajian Produktivitas Alat Muat Kayu KPH2 di BKPH
Gunung Halu, KPH Bandung Selatan Perum Perhutani
Unit III Jawa Barat ...................................................................... 102
120. Produktivitas dan Biaya Muat Bongkar Kayu Bulat dengan
Menggunakan Alat Mekanis ................................................... 103
f. Pengangkutan
121. Produktivitas Angkutan Lori Dorong di Hutan Jati .............. 103
122. Produktivitas Angkut Truk dan Truk Semi Trailer di
Sumatera dan Kalimantan Selatan ........................................... 104
123. Pengaruh Jumlah Tenaga Pendorong terhadap Kecepatan
Lori pada Pengangkutan Kayu ................................................. 105
124. Produktivitas dan Biaya Angkutan Truk di Tiga KPH
Perum Perhutani Jawa Tengah ................................................. 105
125. Produktivitas dan Biaya Angkutan Kayu dengan Rel Baja
dan Rel Kayu .............................................................................. 106
126. Studi Kasus Produktivitas dan Biaya Angkutan dengan
Truk Isuzu di Dua Hak Pengusahaan Hutan di Sumatera
Barat ............................................................................................. 107
127. Produktivitas dan Biaya Pengangkutan Tiga Jenis Truk
Angkutan Kayu di Tiga Hak Pengusahaan Hutan di
xi
128. Prestasi Pengemudi Truk Angkutan di Suatu Pengusahaan
Hutan di Kalimantan Barat ....................................................... 108
129. Penilaian Jumlah Penggunaan Truk Angkutan di Dua
Perusahaan Hutan di Sumatera Barat ...................................... 109
130. Evaluasi Jumlah Penggunaan Truk Angkutan di Suatu
Perusahaan Hutan di Riau ....................................................... 110
131. Prestasi Pengemudi Truk Angkutan Kayu dari Berbagai
Kelompok Umur ........................................................................ 111
132. Studi Penggunaan Truk Colt Diesel 100 PS untuk
Pengangkutan Bibit dalam Pembangunan Hutan Tanaman
Industri ........................................................................................ 111
133. Pengangkutan Kayu dengan Truk di KPH Bojonegoro dan
Saradan ....................................................................................... 112
134. Pengaruh Kerusakan dan Kelerengan Jalan Hutan terhadap
Produktivitas Pengangkutan Kayu: Studi Kasus di
135. Pengaruh Tanjakan dan Volume Muatan terhadap
Produktivitas Lori Dorong di Hutan Jati ................................. 114
136. Evaluasi Logging Truk Berdasarkan Umur Pakai,
Produktivitas dan Biaya Angkutan ......................................... 115
137. Produktivitas dan Biaya Traktor Pertanian untuk
Pengangkutan Bibit dalam Pembangunan Hutan Tanaman
Industri ........................................................................................ 115
g. Hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK) 116

138. Studi Perbaikan Cara Penyadapan Kopal di KPH Sukabumi 116
139. Beberapa Macam Perlakuan terhadap Penyadapan Agathis
spp. untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Getah ................................... 117
140. Penyadapan Getah Pinus merkusii dengan Menggunakan
Beberapa Pola Sadap dan Tingkat Konsentrasi Zat
Perangsang ................................................................................. 118
141. Manipulasi Pola Sadap untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Getah
Pohon Agathis (Agathis spp.) .................................................... 119
xii
142. Hubungan antara Diameter Pohon dan Produksi Getah
dalam Penyadapan Getah Agathis spp. .................................... 119
143. Perbaikan Sistem Pemungutan Lak dalam Rangka
Peningkatan Produksi ............................................................... 120
144. Cara Pengusahaan Hutan Nipah (Nypa fructicans) di Batu
Ampar Kalimantan Barat .......................................................... 121
h. Ergonomi 121
145. Kecelakaan Kerja dalam Kegiatan Eksploitasi Hutan di
146. Penyakit Pekerja dalam Kegiatan Eksploitasi Hutan di
147. Perbaikan Beban Kerja antara Kegiatan Penebangan Secara
Mekanis Melalui Penerapan Prinsip Ergonomi .......... 123
148. Antropometrik Penebang Jati di BKPH Bandungsari KPH
Purwodadi Perum Perhutani Unit I Jawa Tengah .................. 124
149. Produktivitas dan Beban Kerja Operator Gergaji Rantai
pada Kegiatan Penebangan Pohon Berbanir Tinggi di
Hutan Alam di Kalimantan Tengah ........................................ 124
150. Penggunaan Gergaji Rantai pada Penebangan Jati dan
Dampaknya terhadap Kebisingan dan Beban Kerja .............. 125
151. Pengaruh Latihan Kerja terhadap Volume Limbah
Eksploitasi .................................................................................. 126
152. Beberapa Masalah Ergonomik dalam Kegiatan Penebangan
di Kalimantan Barat ................................................................... 127
153. Kondisi Ruangan Kerja pada Tiga Pabrik Kayu Lapis di
Sumatera Selatan ........................................................................ 127
154. Tingkat Kebisingan di Industri Penggergajian Kayu: Studi
Kasus Dua Penggergajian Kayu di Kalimantan Selatan ........ 128
C. Dampak Pemanenan 129

155. Kerusakan Tegakan Sisa Akibat Eksploitasi Hutan dengan
Sistem Traktor dan Highlead .................................................... 129
xiii
156. Pengaruh Intensitas Penebangan dan Lereng terhadap
Keterbukaan Tanah ................................................................... 130
157. Tingkat Kerusakan Tegakan Hutan akibat Operasi
Penebangan pada Dua Hak Pengusahaan Hutan di
158. Pembalakan Ramah Lingkungan untuk Minimasi
Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal: Kasus di Satu Perusahaan
Hutan di Kalimantan Timur ..................................................... 131
159. Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal dan Produktivitas Kerja pada
Tebang Penjarangan secara Selektif: Kasus di Satu
Perusahaan HTI di Sumatera Selatan ...................................... 132
160. Dampak Pembalakan Berwawasan Lingkungan (PBL)
terhadap Kerusakan Tegakan dan Biaya Penyaradan di
161. Pengaruh Penyaradan terhadap Kerusakan Tegakan
Tinggal pada Berbagai Tingkat Kelerengan ............................ 134
162. Pengaruh Penyaradan Kayu dengan Traktor Rantai
Kelabang terhadap Penggeseran dan Pemadatan Tanah
Hutan ........................................................................................... 135
163. Pengaruh Penyaradan Kayu dengan Traktor Rantai
Kelabang terhadap Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal ................... 135
164. Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal Akibat Kegiatan Penebangan
dan Penyaradan: Kasus di Suatu Perusahaan Hutan di Riau 136
165. Dampak Penyaradan Kayu terhadap Terjadinya
Keterbukaan Lahan di Kawasan Dua Perusahaan Hutan di
Riau .............................................................................................. 137
166. Minimasi Keterbukaan Lahan melalui Penyaradan yang
Direncanakan: Kasus di Dua Perusahaan Hutan di
167. Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal Akibat Penyaradan dengan
Traktor pada Berbagai Tingkat Kerapatan Tegakan .............. 138
168. Keadaan Jalan Sarad dan Pohon Ditebang pada Tegakan
Tinggal di Kawasan Sebuah Perusahaan Hutan Riau ............ 139
xiv
169. Limbah Kayu Akibat Pembuatan Jalan Hutan dan Tebang
Bayang pada Enam Hak Pengusahaan Hutan di
170. Pengaruh Penggunaan Traktor terhadap Tegakan Tinggal
pada Beberapa Pengusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Timur .. 140
171. Volume dan Klasifikasi Limbah Eksploitasi Hutan ............... 141
172. Kerusakan Tegakan dan Limbah Pemanenan Hutan Rawa
pada Kawasan Suatu Perusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan
Barat ............................................................................................ 142
173. Kajian Keberadaan Tegakan Tinggal dan Keterbukaan
Lahan pada Kegiatan Penebangan dan Penyaradan di
Suatu Perusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Tengah ................... 143
174. Pengaruh Pemanenan Hasil Hutan terhadap Tingkat
Kerusakan Tegakan pada Dua Hak Pengusahaan Hutan
(HPH) di Kalimantan Barat ....................................................... 144
175. Klasifikasi Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal, Erosi Tanah Hutan
dan Iklim Mikro untuk Penetapan Ambang Batas dalam
Pemanenan Tebang Pilih dan Hutan Alam ............................. 144
176. Kondisi Tegakan Tinggal di Kawasan Dua Perusahaan
Hutan di Riau ............................................................................. 145
III. PENUTUP 147

INDEKS PENGARANG 149
INDEKS KATA KUNCI 151
INDEKS GEOGRAFI 157
xv
PETUNJUK PEMAKAIAN
CONTOH:
001 1 /1,2005 2
Ekstraksi Kayu dengan sistim Kabel Layang Gaya Berat Ber-rem di
Areal Hutan Tusam KPH Pekalongan Barat Perum Perhutanai Jawa
Tengah (Wood Ekstraktion Using Gravity Skyline With Brake System
in The Pine Forest of West Pekalongan District, Perum Perhutani
Central Java)3. Oleh/By: Zakaria Basari, Wesman Endom & Marolop
Sinaga4. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 15 (6) 1998 : 371 - 3845. Pusat
Penelitian dan Pengembangan hasil Hutan6. Bogor 7.
Pine forest in Java are mostly found on mountainous areas. To make

down hill wood extraction easier, a study of using gravity skyline cable with
brake system was counducted. The objective of this study is find the real
working productivity and cost of the operation.
The result of the study showed thet an average working productivity was
3 3
0.22 m /trip or 2.27 m /hour. Fixed cost was Rp 3855,00/hour, variable cost was
38
Rp 6444,44/hour, and therefore, the extraction cost was Rp 3855,70/ m
9
Keyword: Skyline system, pine forest, productivity and cost
Keterangan:
1. Nomor urut abstrak
2. Edisi tahun terbit Abstrak
3. Judul bahasa Indonesia atau bahasa Inggris
4. Pengarang
5. Nama Terbitan, volume (nomor) tahun: halaman
6. Penerbit
7. Kota terbitan
8. Abstractk (Abstrak)
9. Kata kunci
xvii
I. PENDAHULUAN
Pada buku abstrak hasil penelitian Keteknikan Hutan dan

Pemungutan Hasil Hutan dibagi kedalam 3 kelompok besar, yaitu
Keteknikan Hutan, Pemanenan Hasil Hutan, Khusus untuk kelompok
pemanenan hasil hutan dibagi lagi ke dalam 7 sub kelompok, yaitu
perencanaan, pembukaan wilayah hutan (PWH), penebangan,
penyaradan, muat bongkar dan ergonomi.
Kegiatan keteknikan Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan
dimaksud adalah :
1. Keteknikan hutan adalah disiplin ilmu yang mencakup semua
seluk beluk penerapan teknik sipil, teknik mesin dan keteknikan
lainnya dalam penyediaan sarana dan prasarana pengelolaan hutan
seperti jalan, jembatan, bangunan pengendali erosi, tempat
pengumpulan/penimbunan kayu dan lain-lain atau berupa
kegiatan seperti persiapan lahan untuk penanaman hutan,
pembuatan teras dan bangunan lainnya yang menunjang kegiatan
produksi hasil hutan dan melindungi kualitas sumberdaya hutan..
2. Pemungutan hasil hutan adalah serangkaian kegiatan yang
dimaksudkan untuk mempersiapkan dan memindahkan kayu dari
hutan ke tempat penggunaan (pemasaran) atau pengolahan.
- Perencanaan hutan: Kegiatan penataan hutan sebelum
dilakukan pemanenan meliputi inventarisasi hutan, penataan
blok tebangan dan perencanaan penebangan.
- Pembukaan wilayah hutan: Kegiatan yang dilakukan sebelum
penebangan dimulai dengan kegiatan perencanaan pembuatan
jaringan jalan, pembuatan jalan, pembuatan TPN dan
pembuatan TPK serta log pond.
- Penebangan: Kegiatan merobohkan pohon dengan
menggunakan gergaji rantai (chin sow). Kegiatan ini dimulai
dengan penentuan arah rebah pohon, pembuatan takik rebah
Pendahuluan 1
dan takik balas serta pembagian batang sesuai peruntukan
pemanfaatannya.
- Penyaradan: Kegiatan mengeluarkan kayu dari tempat
tebangan ke tempat pengumpulan kayu (TPN) dengan
menggunakan alat sarad seperti traktor, exavator dan manual
(tenaga manusia).
- Muat bongkar: Kegiatan pemuatan dan pembongkaran kayu di
TPN atau TPK dengan menggunakan weel loader atau exavator.
- Pengangkutan: Kegiatan pemindahan kayu dari TPN ke Log
pond atau industri pengolahan kayu dengan menggunakan
logging truk, dan poonton yang ditarik oleh tug boat.
- Ergonomi: Kegiatan yang berhubungan dengan kenyamanan
kerja,keselamatan kerja dan kebisingan dalam kegiatan
pemanenan kayu.
3. Dampak pemanenan yaitu pengamatan dan evaluasi terhadap
suatu yang diakibatkan karena adanya kegiatan pemanenan pada
suatu areal blok tebangan dari kawasan hutan baik terhadap
masyarakat maupun kawasan hutan itu sendiri.
2 ABSTRAK Hasil Penelitian Keteknikan Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan

II. ABSTRAK
A. Keteknikan Hutan
001/5, 2009
Ekstraksi Kayu dengan Sistem Kabel Layang Gaya Berat Ber-Rem di
Areal Hutan Tusam KPH Pekalongan Barat Perum Perhutani Jawa
Tengah = Wood Extraction Using Gravity Skyline With Brake System
in the Pine Forest of West Pekalongan Districct, Perum Perhutani
Central Java Oleh/By: Zakaria Basari, Wesman Endom & Marolop
Sinaga. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 15 (6) 1998: 371-384. Pusat
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Pine forest in Java are mostly found on mountaineus areas. To make

down hill wood extraction easier, a study of using Gravity Skyline Cable with
Brake System was counducted. The objective of this study is find the real
working productivity and cost of the operation.
The result of the study showed that an average working productivy was
3 3
0.22 m /trip or 2.27 m /hour. Fixed cost was Rp.3855,00/hour, variabel cost
3
was Rp. 6444,44/hour, and, therefore, the extraction cost was Rp. 3855,70/ m .
Keyword: Skyline sistem, pine forest, productivity and cost.
002/5, 2009
Kajian Praktek Pembersihan Tunggak Eucalyptus sp. dengan Cara
Kimia di HPHTI PT Toba Pulp Lestari Propinsi Sumatra Utara. Oleh:
Zakaria Basari. INFO Hasil Hutan 13(1) 2007: 61- 69. Pusat Penelitian
dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Salah satu cara untuk mempermudah penanaman bibit pohon

pada daerah bekas tebangan di hutan alam adalah dengan cara
melakukan pembersihan areal tanaman dari sampah/limbah tebangan
Keteknikan Hutan 3
dan pembongkaran tunggak pohon. Cara ini, bagi para pengelola hutan
alam/tanaman di luar Jawa masih jarang dilakukan, dikarenakan
belum diketahui pemanfaatannya. Sehingga bagi sebagian pengelola
hutan ada yang merasakan bahwa limbah tunggak yang masih berada
di areal bekas tebangan tersebut dapat merupakan masalah yaitu, di
satu pihak jika limbah tunggak bekas tebangan tersebut tetap berada di
lapangan akibatnya dapat mengganggu kegiatan kehutanan lainnya
seperti untuk kegiatan panyaradan pengangkutan dan penanaman,
tetapi di lain pihak jika dilakukan pencabutan/pembersih aspek teknis
dan ekonomisnya belum banyak diketahui.
Salah satu solusi untuk memecahkan masalah diatas, perusahaan
HPHTI PT Toba Pulp Lestari (TPL) yang berada di propinsi Sumatra
Utara, mencoba melakukan teknis pembersihan tunggak secara
sederhana, yaitu dengan cara melakukan penyemprotan larutan kimia
sehingga diharapkan tunggak akan mengalami pembusukan dan
selanjutnya hancur secara alam.
Lokasi perusahaan yang dijadikan sebagai ajang kegiatan
penelitian tersebut adalah di wilayah kerja Dinas Kehutanan
Kabupaten Toba Samosir. Teknis pem-bersihan/pembusukan tunggak
di gunakan dengan alat semprotan (sprayer) ukuran volume 20 liter.
Jenis obat yang di gunakan adalah larutan obat roundup dicampur
dengan air (H2O) dan larutan obat Ally.
Tujuan penelitian adalah ingin memberikan informasi tentang
teknis dan ekonomis pembersihan/pembusukan tunggak Eucalyptus
sp. diareal bekas tebangan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa secara teknis yang
mengalami pembusukan ringan 64%, pembusukan sedang 22% dan
yang mengalami pembusukan berat 14%. Produktivitas pembersihan
tunggak Eucalyptus sp. rata-rata mencapai 100 tunggak/jam. Sedang
biaya operasi rata-rata sebesar Rp. 848.23/tunggak.
Kata kunci: Hutan, tunggak, teknik pembersihan, Eucalyptus sp.

003/5, 2009
Efektivitas Penggunaan Tirfor dan Katrol Tuas pada Penebangan Jati

di Jawa Tengah = Effectivenees of Using Tirfor and Lever Block on Teak
Felling in Central Java. Oleh/By: Maman M. Idris, Zakaria Basari &
Soenarno. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 2 (4) 1985: 8-13. Pusat
The study of tirfor and lever block effectiveness in teak felling was
conducted at the Perum Perhutani (The Forest State Corporation) Unit I
Central Java on June 1982 and July 1983. Both felling equipments were used
cut the press down to the desired directions.
The purpose of the study is to find out the effects of tirfor and lever block
on log damages in felling actives. The study was carried out in a three locations
with different slopes i.e. 0 10% and 11 30%.
The result indicates that on the 11-30% slope, the tirfor reduces 5.25%
log damages compared with that of the lever block. It is conclude that in sloped
areas tirfor is more efective then lever block.
004/5,2009
Produktivitas dan Biaya Pengeluaran Kayu dengan Sistem Kabel
P3HH20 = Productivity and Cost of Log Extraction By Using P3HH 20
Skyline System. Oleh/By: Dulsalam, Maman M. Idris & Wesman
Endom. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 15 (3) 1997: 151-161. Pusat
An investigation of productivity and cost PF log extraction by using

P3HH 20 skyline system was carried out at Segaranten sub Forest Distric,
Sukabumi Forest Disrict, Unit III Perum Perhutani West Java, in 1995 . The
objective is to try out the skyline system made by Forest Products and Forestry
Socio-Ekonomic Research and Development Centre and to know its
producivity and cost. Data on Spesification of skyline system, the size of
extracted logs, working times, fuel and oil consumption and labor wages were
collected. The results are as follow:
Keteknikan Hutan 5
1. Simple skyline system made by forest product and forestry Socio-Economic
research and Development centre showed promising result in extracting
logs up hill.
3
2. Logs volume extracted varied from 0.061 to 0.308 m /trip with an average
3
of 0.141 m /trip.
3. The productivity of P3HH 20 Skylines system ranged between 0.575 and
3 3
5.508 m /hour with an average of 1.856 m /hour.
4. Average cost of log extraction by using P3HH 20 Skyline system was
3
Rp. 9.51/ m
5. Average cost of log extraction by using P3HH 20 Skyline system was
3
cheaper than that by using Koller 300 skyline system i.e : Rp. 9,531/ m and
3
Rp. 33,322/ m , consecutively.
6. It is suggested that carriage and brake mechanisms be improved.
Keywords: Productivity, cost, log extraction, skyline system.
005/5, 2009
Produktivitas dan Biaya Alat Muat Bongkar Exp-2000 = Productivity
and Cost of Loading/Unloading Equipment Exp-2000. Oleh/By:
Wesman Endom, Zakaria Basari & Ishak Sumantri. Buletin
Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 21 (1) 2003: 67-81. Pusat Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Loading and unloading works are intermediary activities in the logging

operation. The logs after being felled/cut down in the forest will be of economic
values when they cannot be brought to the inherent processing industry. Light-
weight and small-size logs favor manual work in their handling as long as man
power is available. Heavy-weight and large-size logs, however, necessitate an
auxiliary heavy-duty equipment, since the manual work is sometimes no longer
effective for loading-related operation, e.g. hoisting, placing, regulating their
position, etc. the unloading of such as logs, conversely, turns out to be easier,
but can pose a dangerous threat. Therefore, cautious care is necessary.

In dealing with loading/unloading problems as such particularly in
plantation forest, a special equipment that is simple in design has been devised,
called as Exp-2000. The equipment, which is powered by 11-HP's diesel engine,
can also perform the skidding-operation. The overall cost in devising the Exp-
3
2000' equipment was Rp. 50,000,000. The trial test as performed on the m /
hour the equipment revealed the following results:
3
1. The average loading and loading productivities were consecutively 9.54 m
3
per hour and 13.18 m per hour.
3.
2. Cost of loading as well as unloading was Rp. 1.597,48 per m
3.
3. The average skidding productivity was 0.5053 m hm/hour with skidding
3
cost at Rp. 30.160 per m
3
4. The skidding cost might be reduced to Rp. 21.165 per m and concurrently
3
the productivity increased to 2.25 m per hour, if the more powerful diesel
engine, e.g. 25 HP were used.
Keywords: Log loading/unloading, equipment, productivity, cost.
006/5, 2009
Peningkatan Produktivitas Kerja Alat Muat-Sarad Serbaguna Exp-
2000 Hasil Perbaikan = The Increase in Productivity of The Exp-2000
Multipurpose Leader-Skidder Equipment. Oleh/By: Wesman Endom,
Semedi Tohdjaya & Yayan Sugilar. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan,
21 (3) 2003: 277-289. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan.
Bogor.
The Exp-2000 is a multipurpose equipment designed for use in logging

operation, especially for loading and skidding of logs. In the first trial conducted
3
in 2001, the productivity of Exp-2000 turned out to be very low i.e. 0.872 m
hm/hour. The investment cost of Exp-2000 was about Rp. 67.5 million so the
cost of operation was Rp. 28,736.25 per hour. After improvement in the
performance bas been improved: skidding productivity was increased to 3.293
3 3
m .hm/hour and production cost of was reduced Rp. 8,725.29 per m .
Keteknikan Hutan 7
In loading operation, the performance of Exp-2000 has been improved by
3 3
increasing productivity from 3.293 m /hour to 34.705 m /hour and decreasing
the cost from Rp. 5,315 per m3 to Rp. 828,03 per m3. It means that the
implementation of a new improved Exp-2000 is promising both technically and
economically due to higher productivity compared to that of using animal
(buffalo) and conventional skyline system previously developed by the Research
and Development Center for Forest Product Technology, Bogor-Indonesia.
Keywords: Multipurpose loader-skidder, loading, skidding, productivity, and

improved performance.
007/5, 2009
Produktivitas dan Biaya Penyaradan Kayu dengan Traktor Pertanian
yang di Lengkapi Alat Bantu = Productivity and Cost of Log Skidding
Using Agriculture Tractor with Auxiliary Equipment. Oleh/By:
Sukadaryati, Dulsalam & Djaban Tinambunan. Jurnal Penelitian
Hasil Hutan, 23 (4) 2005: 283-297. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
A study on productivity and cost of log skidding using agricultural

tractor with auxiliary equipment was carried out at a mangium forest
plantation in Bogor. The study aimed at gathering technical and financial
information about of log skidding using agricultural tractor with auxiliary
equipment. Data on skidded log length and diameter as well as skidded working
time and cost were collected.
The result revealed the for agricultural tractor with simple auxiliary
3
equipment, could produce approximately 3 logs/trip and 2.075 m .hm/hour.
Agricultural tractor with winch could perform a better skidding productivity
3
i.e. 2.32 m .hm/hour. However, cost of log skidding using agricultural tractor
with simple auxiliary equipment was of log slighty lower than that of winch
attachment. It is recommended that auxiliary equipment of agricultural tractor
for log skidding be improved. Beside that, log skidding in areal were manual
skidding is not possible, the use of agricultural tractor with auxiliary

equipment is one potential alternative.
Keywords: Agricultural tractor, productivity, cost, simple auxiliary

equipment, winch
008/5, 2009
Pengeluaran Kayu dari Petak Tebangan Menggunakan Hasil
Rekayasa Alat Model Exp-2000. Oleh: Wesman Endom, Zakaria
Basari, Sumedi Tohdjaya & Yayan Sugilar. Prosiding Bogor, 19
Desember 2002: 179-192. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Teknologi Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Pengeluaran kayu dari petak tebangan ke pinggir jalan angkutan

atau ke tempat pengumpulan sementara (TPn) merupakan kegiatan
pengangkutan yang bersifat minor. Kegiatan ini lebih dikenal dengan
sebutan penyaradan. Sekalipun bersikap minor tetapi peranannya
dinilai penting dengan alasan: (1) Pengeluaran kayu dari hutan melalui
proses penyaradan dan pengangkutan perlu secepatnya dilakukan,
karena kayu cepat menurun kualitasnya bila lama tertimbun di hutan.
(2) Mudah terkena serangan jamur biru, bubuk basah, bubuk kering
atau serangan penggerek lain, (3) Kegiatannya perlu memperhatikan
aspek lingkungan, sosial dan pendidikan disamping aspek teknis dan
ekonomisnya sendiri. Oleh karena itu, pengeluaran kayu harus
mendapat perhatian serius.
Sebagai antisipasi kendala lapangan antara lain mengurangi
beban kayu saat cara manual penyaradan dan mengurangi kesulitan
saat diperlukan pengadaan tenaga kerja, maka dirancang rekayasa alat
Exp-2000 sedemikian rupa, sehingga yang pada mulanya dibangun
hanya untuk muat/bongkar, kemudian diperbaiki dan dapat
difungsikan sebagai alat sarad. Alat ini cukup sederhana dilengkapi
dengan mesin diesel bertenaga 11 PK. Hasil uji coba sebagai berikut:
Keteknikan Hutan 9
3
- Produktivitas muat rata-rata 3,986 m .m/jam, sedang biaya muat
3
sebesar Rp. 5,315/m ,
- Produktivitas bongkar rata-rata 5,025 m3.m/jam sedang biayanya
sebesar Rp. 4,216/m3
- Produktivitas penyaradan rata-rata 0,8721 m3.hm/jam sedang
biayanya sebesar Rp. 24,294/m3.
009/5, 2009
Perkembangan Teknologi Sistim Kabel pada Kegiatan Pengeluaran
Kayu Bulat di Hutan Pegunungan Pulau Jawa. Oleh: Zakaria Basari.
Prosiding Seminar Hasil Penelitian Hasil Hutan Bogor, 19 Desember
2002: 220-232. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.
Dewasa ini penggunaan teknologi tepat guna di bidang

kehutanan merupakan suatu alternatif. Di hutan produksi P Jawa yang
bertopografi berat, teknik pengeluaran kayu bulat dengan cara manual
adalah tidak efisien. Oleh karena itu diperlukan alat bantu tepat guna.
Berdasarkan hasil uji coba di beberapa tempat di hutan P Jawa mulai
dari tahun 1976-2000, beberapa alat bantu yang dipandang secara
teknis, ekonomis dan ergonomis layak digunakan dalam pengeluaran
kayu bulat yaitu dengan sistem kabel. Alat sistem kabel tersebut
diantaranya: (1) Unimog, (2) Sistem kabel layang gaya berat ber-rem
(GSS), (3) Sistem kabel layang P3HH20, (4) Sistem kabel layang Iwafuji
115, dan (5) Alat serbaguna exp 2000.
Produktivitas kerja Unimog tipe 411 rata-rata mencapai 2,93
m /jam dan Unimog tipe 406 rata-rata 3,18 m3/jam. Produktivitas
3
sistem kabel layang gaya berat ber-rem rata-rata mencapai 2,27 m3/jam
dengan jarak bentangan kabel 300 m. produktivitas sistem kabel layang
P3HH20 rata-rata mencapai 1,96 m3hm/jam dan Iwafuji rata-rata
mencapai 33,33 m3hm/jam. Sedang produktivitas alat serba guna expl

3
2000 rata-rata sebesar 6,44 m /jam. Biaya operasi dari masing-masing
3 3 3
alat rata-rata adalah Rp. 21,057/m , Rp. 3,855,70/m , Rp. 25,235/m ,
Rp.16,879/ m3 dan Rp. 6000/m3.
Kata kunci: Produktivitas, biaya operasi, unimog, sistem kabel layang.
010/5, 2009
Produktivitas dan Biaya Pengeluaran Kayu dari Hutan Tanaman
dengan Sistem Kabel Layang P3HH24 di KPH Pekalongan Barat =
Productivity and Cost of Log Extraction Using P3HH24 Skyline
System in Plantation Forest of West Pekalongan Forest District.
Oleh/By: Dulsalam & Djaban Tinambunan. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil
Hutan 24 (1) 2006: 77-88. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.
A study on productivity and cost of log extraction using P3HH24

skyline system was carried out in plantation forest of West Pekalongan Forest
District. The objective is to find out the productivity and cost, as well as various
operational aspects of log extraction using P3HH24 skyline system. The study
results revealed that:
1. Operating P3HH24 skyline system for log extraction in plantation forest of
West Pekalongan Forest District was running well.
2. Extracted log diameter ranged from 20 to 51 cm with an average of 36 cm
while the average number of logs per turn varied from 1 to 3 logs with the
3
volume varied from 0.040 to 0.500 m / turn with an average of 0.163
3
m /turn.
3
3. The productivity of log extraction varied from 1.527 to 5.656 m /hour with
3
an average of 2.519 m /hour while an average cost of log extraction was
3
Rp.15,713/ m .
4. Compared to local standard cost of log extraction, the cost of log extraction
using P3HH24 skyline system was cheaper and, therefore, it was feasible to
be applied.
Keteknikan Hutan 11
5. In the forest areas having slopes of 15% and up, it is recommended to use
P3HH24 skyline system for log extraction.
Keywords: Plantation forest, P3HH24 skyline system, productivity, cost.
011/5, 2009
Pengeluaran Kayu dengan Sistem Kabel Layang P3HH24 di Hutan
Tananam KPH Sukabumi = Log Extraction Using P3HH24 Skyline
System in Plantation Forest of Sukabumi Forest District. Oleh/By:
Sukadaryati & Dulsalam. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 24 (2) 2006:
157-169. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Log extraction in plantation forest with relative smaller log dimension

needs specific attention. The centre for forest products research and
development had engeneered P3HH24 Skyline System designed for log
extaction for that specific forest condition. The research objective was to obtain
technical and financial information of using P3HH24 skyline system for log
extraction in hilly plantation forest. The results showed that volume of wood
3 3
and working time ranged from 0.012 to 0.144 m with an average of 0.046 m
and from 77.0 to 215.8 second/turn with an average of 161.0 second/turn,
3
respectively. The productivity varied from 1.665 to 8.018 m /hour with an
3 3
average of 3.562 m /hour while the average cost was Rp. 16,300/m . Log
extraction using P3HH24 skyline system was economicaly feasible with pay
back periode = 1.39 year; NPV = Rp.75,175.045; IRR=66.4%; and B/C
ratio=1.51.
Keywords: Plantation forest, P3HH24 skyline system, log extraction,

productivity, cost.

012/5, 2009
Produktivitas dan Biaya Pengangkutan Bibit pada Medan Sulit
dengan Sistem Kabel Layang = Productifity and Cost of Seedling
Transportation on Heavy Terrain Using Skyline Cable System.
Oleh/By: Wesman Endom, Yayan Sugilar & Silvanus Suprapto.
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 25 (1) 2007: 1-14. Pusat Penelitian dan
This study examined performances of the improved equipment, namely

Semanggi-I, in conveying seedling around the heave terrain. Result indicated
that Semanggi-I performed better than the first prototype. Semanggi-I could
convery approximately 5,000 - 6,000 seedling.hm/hour wich is twice as much
the productivity of prototype-I. Although the fix and operating cost of
Semanggi-I is somewhat higher than the first prototype, the average
trasportation cost of Semanggi-I is only Rp. 7/seedling which is about half of the
cost when using prototype-I.
Keyword: Forest and land rehabilitation, field constraints, seedling

transportation, skyline system.
013/5, 2009
Uji Coba Alat Kabel Layang P3HH24 untuk Mengeluarkan Kayu
Pinus Hasil Penjarangan di Areal Berbukit = Trial of P3HH24 Skyline
for Extracting Pine Logs of Thinning Activity in Hilly Area. Oleh/By:
Sukadaryati. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 26(1) 2008: 57-69. Pusat
The extraction of pine logs of thinning activity in plantation forest area

is usually caried out manually by manpower. However, it is inefficient to be
applied in hilly areas or in the field with difficult topography. Therefore, the
trial of P3HH24 skyline for extracting pine logs of thinning aktivity was caried
out in those areas. During the trial, any difficulties were observed and tried to
be solved. The paper aimed to provide technical and financial information in the
Keteknikan Hutan 13
using of P3HH24 skyline to extract pine logs from thinning activity.
The result showed that the productivity in extracting logs are ranging
3 3
from 0.674 to 1.458 m /hour with an average of 0.950 m /hour and the cost is
3
Rp.81,030/m . Futher analysis showed that P3HH24 skyline was not
economically fesiable to use in extracting log of thinning activity in plantation
forest of RPH Kalirajut.
Keywords: Skyline, thinning, pine, productivity and cost.
014/5,2009
Uji Coba Pengeluaran Kayu di Hutan Tanaman Pulau Laut dengan
Sistem Kabel Layang P3HH24 yang Disempurnakan = Log Extraction
Trial in Plantation Forest Pulau Laut Using Improved P3HH20 Skyline
System. Oleh/By: Dulsalam & Djaban Tinambunan. Buletin
Log extraction in undulating forest areas needs special attention. Forest

Products Research Centre has made improvement on P3HH20 skyline system
designed for extracting log on undulating area. The equipment consists of three
main parts such as power machine unit, wire rope and its auxillary and carriage
intended to guide log movement. At the firs time, the capacity of the equipment
3
was only 0.308 m /round trip. In 1998, the equipment was improved and then
in 1999 was tried to extract logs in forest plantation of PT Inhutani II, Pulau
Laut, South Kalimantan. The coice of the location was done purposively. The
objective is to prove whether the impoved P3HH20 skyline system is suitable
for extracting log in plantation forest area having undulating terrain. The
research results showed that:
1. The use of improved P3HH20 skyline cable system for log extraction in
plantation forest Pulau Laut provides promising suitability with still
relatively low productivity.
2. Log diameter extracted ranged from 17 to 43 cm with an average of 23 cm
while log length extracted ranged from 8 m to 12 m with an average of 11 m.

3
3. Log volume extracted varied from 0.026 to 0.309 m /round trip with an
3
average of 0.160 m /round trip.
4. Effective log extraction productivities ranged from 1.404 to 2.810 m3/ hour
with an average of 1.980 m3/hour while the total log extraction
productivities varied from 0.485 to 1.080 m3/hour with an average of 0.885
m3/hour.
5. The average of log extraction cost was Rp. 23,572/m3.
6. To increase log extraction proctivity, it is suggested that further
improvement on ballast and endless cable need to be done, as well as further
trial in field operations.
Keywords: Log extraction, skyline system, productivity, cost, plantation forest.
015/5, 2009
Analisis Produktivitas Kerja Extraksi Kayu dengan Sistem Kabel
Layang dalam Sistim Tebang Habis di Hutan Jawa Timur =
Produktivity Analisis of Wood Extraction Using Skyline System on
Clear Cutting in East Java Forest. Oleh/By: Zakaria Basari, Djoko
Sumanto & Wesman Endom. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 15 (3)
1997: 169-189. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan.
Bogor.
One of more productive log extraction techniques on hilly area is a

skyline system. Skyline system observed in the study by using a 115 HP of
Isuzu yarder. The objective of the study was to measure its work productivity,
extraction cost and ecological aspect.
The system productivity was evaluated by calculating skyline
productivity on each line, its extraction cost consisting of fixed and operational
cost. Ecological aspect was calculated by measuring area of forest floor
exposured by the system. The result showed that average productivity was 2.17
3
m /day with its effetive working hours was 5.77 ha/day. Cost of extraction was
3 2
Rp. 18,596/m . Exposured forest floor was 295.8 m /ha or 1.75%.
Keteknikan Hutan 15
Keywords: Forest harvesting, skyline, impact of logging, productivity, cost of
operation.
016/5, 2009
Kajian Operasi Pengeluaran Kayu Sistem Kabel Layang Expo-2000
dengan Penggunaan Alat Pendukung = Study of Applying Expo-2000
Skyline wich Auxiliaries for Extracting Logs. Oleh/By: Wesman
Endom. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 24 (4) 2006: 339- 357. Pusat
Expo-2000 exemplifies prototype designed and built foe yhe extraction of

log. In 2005, Expo-2000 was improved and equipped with three simple tools,
i.e.: modified mini truck, support for Expo-2000 and model KM Exp-I carriage.
The experiment of using Expo-2000 for log extraction showed the
3
productivity varied from 5.18 to 19.5 m .hm/hour, depending on hauling
distance, log size, ground surface condition and tree desity. The result revealed
that expo-2000 productivity increased through the use of an additional tool
such as KM Exp-I carriage that equipped with braking system. In this way, the
investment was Rp.100 milion (including cable and other auxiliary items), and
3
log extraction cost was Rp. 60,175 /hour or about Rp. 11,620/ m .
Financial analysis by using bank interes at 18% year and cost projection
of 6 year, the Expo-2000 skyline has the net present value (NPV) of Rp. 8 milion
Rp. 81 milion with the internal rate of return (IRR) of 22- 52%. In this case,
3
local wage of workers is Rp. 35,000/ m .
Keyword: Wood-constructed carriage, Expo-2000, auxiliary tool,

harvesting, skyline & productivity.
017/5, 2009
Kajian Pengeluaran dan Pemuatan Kayu dengan Alat Expo-2000 yang
Disempurnakan = Study on Logs Extraction and Loading Using
Improved Expo-2000. Oleh/By: Wesman Endom, Sukanda, Yayan

Sugilar & Hasan Basri. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 24 (5) 2006: 449-
461. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
As an attempt to over come difficulty in manual collection of wood logs

from felling of particular forest stands locsted on steep or inclined area, it is
necessary to find out a breakthrough by providing extraction equipment which
should be inexpensive, easily operable, productive, and low in operation as well
as maintenance cost. As the relevance, trial on collecting and loading/
unloading of wood logs using the improved Expo-2000 equipment was carried
out at Sub Forestry District of Ciguha, administratively under Forestry
District of Sukabumi (West Java).
The Expo-2000, following its improvement that incorporated the use of
andless cables, afforded the statisfactory productivity in wood gathering at 5
3 3
m .hm/hour with loading/unloading performance of about 50 m .m/hour. As
such the investement cost was Rp. 100 milions, so the total ownership and
operation cost amounted to Rp. 60,175 per hour. Therefore, the expenses of
3
wood colleting was Rp. 12,305 per m .hm, and wood loading cost was Rp. 1,135
3
per m .m These expenses were quite effective and efficient compared to those
implementing the conventional system, which incurred the corresponding cost
i.e. Rp. 35,000 and Rp. 15,000 respectively.
Keywords: Logs extraction, effective, efficient, Expo-2000.
018/5, 2009
Perbaikan Kontrol dan Drum Balik Sistem Kabel Layang Expo-2000
untuk Ekstraksi Kayu = Improvement of Snatch Block and Haulback
Drum Expo-2000 Skyline Using for Logs Extraction. Oleh/By: Wesman
Endom. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 25 (4) 2007: 342-361. Pusat
There are two problems noticed in Expo-2000 skyline trial in 2005 i.e. 1)
haulback drum needs stonger locking system, and 2) the snatch block for
transferring the cable very often stuck in between the frame.
Keteknikan Hutan 17
In 2006 the improvement of haulback drum with locked system as well as
on the car i.e. disk lock system were complated so that log extraction can be done
uphill or downhill. Other improvement was done by making new small snatch
block to subtitute the old one.
3
The improved Expo-2000 achieved the productifity 5-19 m .hm/ hour,
depends on hauling distance, log size, field surface situation and tree density.
The cost of Expo-2000 about Rp. 100 milions, and log extraction opertion cost
3
was found Rp. 60,175 /hour or about Rp. 11,620 / m .
Calculation at 18% /year interest rate and 6 years cost projection showed
that at increasing cost operation of 10% may reduce the profit earn, that is
reflected on NPV and IRR that become positive at the rental cost of Rp. 25,000
3
per m meanwhile if the opertion cost was not increasing at even the rental cost
3
of Rp. 22,500 per m , the value of NPV and IRR were positive.
Keyword: Skyline, performance, improvement, haul back drum, snatch block.

B. Pemanenan Hasil Hutan
a. Perencanaan
019/5,2009
Pengaruh Lama Teresan dan Diameter Tegakan Jati terhadap
Persentase Kerusakan Kayu = Effect of Girdling Duration and
Diameter on The Teak Wood Damages. Oleh/By: Soenarno & Maman
Mansyur Idris. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 7 (3) 1990: 101-105.
Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Girdling treatment of teak stand before felling not only intended to

reduce the teak wood damage but also aimed at reducing log transport costs. On
the other hand, prolonged girldling treatment could generate significant
disadvantage effect, among others: decreasing total wood volume, degrade
forest land fertility, and often inducing wild under growth, etc.
This study deals with a research on the exent of the effect of girdling and
size of diameter on the logging damages of teak wood. The study was carried out
at Pasar Sore Sub Forest District, at Cepu, Central Java.
Tis study reveals that the extent of the damages are inversely
proportional to the girdling time and diameter of the trees. The average damage
percentages per trees on one year girdling duration with diameter classes 50-
59 cm, 60-69 cm, 70-79 cm are 3.02%, 4.17% and 7.41%, while on the two
years girdling duration the damage for the same diameter classes are 5.62%,
6.76%, and 7.08%, respectively.
020/5, 2009
Beberapa Catatan Tentang Eboni di Sulawesi = Some Notes on Eboni
in Sulawesi. Oleh/By: Wesman Endom. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil
Hutan. 12 (3) 1994: 89-95. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.
Central Sulawesi is one of the areas where Eboni species (Ebony spp)
grows naturally. The other areas are North Sulawesi and North Maluku. The
Pemanenan Hasil Hutan 19

species have valuable wood and many people like them due to their artistic and
black appearance.
In the last few year,the species have been decreasing and today they can
be categorized as endangered or at least as in vulnerable condition. Since
1988,in accordance to the Ministry of Foresty Decision No 988/Menhut-
IV/1988,the harvesting of Eboni had been banned.
The observation of the logged forest area shows that the number of Ebony
trees in the field is very small. To protect the species from their extinction,the
strict regulations are required and the activities of the planting and lending
need to be intensifed.
The other observation result are as follow:
1. Most felling activity had been out on the small diameter of 35 cm while trees
are still growing well to reach larger diameter (60 cm or more).
2. Part of the wood utilized was only heartwood that had the volume of about
42% ot total volume. Therefore,to have larger volume,it better to harvest
only big trees of diameter 60 cm or more.
021/5, 2009
Faktor Eksploitasi di Hutan Alam Dipterokarpa Pulau Laut =
Eksploitation Factor in The Pulau Laut Dipterocarp Fortest. Oleh/By:
Apul Sianturi, Ishemat Soerianegara, Rahardjo S. Suparto dan Syafii
Manan. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 1(1) 1984: 1-10. Pusat Penelitian
An investigation on the “exploitation factor“ in the natural

dipterocarp forest of Pulau Laut, South Kalimantan was carried out in
1981. Sixty trees with a diameter at breast height from 50 to 160 cm were
selected as a sample from the stands in north and central pulau laut.
From the investigation the following conclusions are in order:
1. The logging waste in the natural dipterocarp forest of Pulau Laut is 20
percent, with a standard error of 1,4 percent.
2. Exploitation factor in the Pulau Laut natural dipterocarp forest ranges
from 76.8 to 82.4 percent, averaging 80 percent.

3. The volumes of the trees obtained by estimating the diameters at breast
height and the heights of the clear boles are consistantly smaller than
those obtained by measuring the diameters and lengths of the clear
boles after the trees were cut especially in hilly forests.
4. Both diameter and clear bole lenght have significant effect on
exploitation factor, their relationship being quadratic.
5. Optimum dimeter for highest yield is approximately 77 cm. This
however, requires further research especially in relation with
silviculture and felling cycle.
022/5, 2009
Faktor Eksploitasi Kayu Ramin (Gonystylus Bancanus Miq) =
Exploitation Factor For Ramin (Gonystylus Bancanus Miq). Oleh/By:
Marolop Sinaga, Dulsalam dan Sampe Radja Simarmata. Jurnal
Penelitian Hasil Hutan 2(3) 1985: 19-22. Pusat Penelitian dan
This investigation is carried out in the Central Kalimantan and West

Kalimantan areas at three logging companies. The purpose of this investigation
is to determine the exploitation factor for Gonystylus bancanus Miq.
The knowledge of exploitation factor will help logging companies in the
planning and control of production. The exploitation factor is the ratio of stem
volume utilized to the stem volume that actually could be utilized. The latter
represents part of the stem from its lowest point to its first branch. The part of
the stem considered utilized is that part which reached the log pond or other
point for marketing.
Exploitation waste in the areas of the forest companies observed ranges
from 11.1% to 21.2%. This means that the exploitation factor ranges from
78.8% to 88.9%. The average of exploitation waste is 16.7%, consisting of parts
from stumps 2.9% and parts from stems 13.8% and hence the exploitation
factor is 0.81.
Exploitation waste can be kept at a minimum by better planning and
improving skill of the workers.

The Exploitation factors among provincial regions and logging
companies are not significantly. Among diameter class, however, they differ
highly significantly. Therefore, the exploitation factor reported here should be
used with great care.
023/5, 2009
Faktor Eksploitasi Meranti di Sumatra Barat, Kalimantan Barat
dan Kalimantan Selatan = Logging Recovery of Meranti in West
Sumatra, West Kalimantan and South Kalimantan. Oleh/By:
Dulsalam. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 5(2) 1988: 47-49. Pusat
A study on recover in Meranti logging operation was carried out in West

Sumatra and West Kalimantan in 1948, and in South Kalimantan in 1985. The
purpose of this study is to determine recovery figures for Meranti at these
particular locations, which may be usefull in the planning efforts of logging
companies.
The study comes to the following conclusions :
1. Average logging recovery for Meranti in West Sumatra, West Kalimantan
and South Kalimantan is 0.84.
2. Recovery among provinces and among forest companies do not differ
significantly.
3. Recovery between diameter classes differs significantly. It is suggested that
logging of small diameter trees be done with care, to avoid leaving relatively
small timber in the forest.
024/5, 2009
Faktor Konversi Produksi Dolok Pinus dari Hutan Alam (Studi
Kasus di Satu Perusahaan Hutan di Aceh) = Conversion Factor of Log
Production of Pine From Natural Forest (A Case Study at a Logging
Company in Aceh). Oleh/By: Maman Mansyur Idris & Sona
Suhartana. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 13 (4) 1995: 162-168. Pusat

This paper is presenting the result of the study on conversion factor of log
production of pine (Pinus merkusii) from natural forest. Study carried out at
logging company in Aceh in 1991. The aim of the study was to know the
conversion factor of pine log production from natural forest including volume
and mass units of measurement.
The data were analised statistically by t-test. The results of this study
showed that the conversion factor of pine log production unit were : (1) for fresh
3 3
cut, 1 month and 2 months duration was 0.985 m /ton or 1.0152 ton/m , (2) for
3 3
3 and 4 months was 1.086 m /ton or 0.9208 ton/m and (3) for 1 year was 1.239
3 3
m /ton or 0.8071 ton/m .
025/5, 2009
Penggunaan Foto Udara dalam Penilaian Kerusakan Tajuk Akibat
Eksploitasi Hutan = The Assesment of Crown Damage Due to Logging
by Means of Aerial Photograph. Oleh/By : Ishak Sumantri & Wesman
Endom. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 5(2) 1988 : 85 - 92. Pusat
An investigation of the impact of logging operations on crown damage by

using the areal photograph of forest areas of PT. INHUTANI II in Pulau Laut,
South Kalimantan was carried out.
The results of the investigation lead to the following conclusions :
1. Panchromatik black and white aerial photograph of 1 : 20,000 scale is good
Panchromatic enough to use for evaluating the damage of dominant and
codominant crowns and crown closure of the trees. It is found that the
crown of 11 trees/ha were damaged, consisted of 9 tree crowns were
damaged partially and 2 tree crowns were damaged totally.
2. Steeper terrains caused larger decrease of crown closure of the trees. On the
slope of 0- 15%, 25- 45% and 45% and above, the crown closure reductions
were 61%, 76% and 80%, respectively.

026/5, 2009
Peranan Kegiatan Pemanenan Kayu dalam Meningkatkan
Pendapatan Masyarakat Sekitar Hutan: Kasus di KPH Sukabumi dan
KPH Cianjur = The Role of wood activity to Increase Earnings of
People Lived Around the Forest: Casses in Sukabumi Forest District
and Cianjur Forest District. Oleh/By: Ishak Sumantri & Sukadaryati.
Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 21 (2) 2003: 139-153. Pusat Penelitian
Timber harvesting activities in Perhutani areas are with the

involvement of people living around the forest. An investigation was conducted
to find out the role of timber harvesting activities in increasing the income of
people involved.
The results showed that 1) People living around the forest were involved
in felling, skidding, and collecting log in temporary logyard; 2) Workers
involvement were temporary and their wage system were differed from location
to location. In Sukabumi, the whole work contract system was applied with the
income ranging from Rp. 109.800 to 187.417/person/compartment or
Rp. 13.725 to Rp.23.500/person/day. In Cianjur, the piece work system was
applied with the income ranging from Rp. 97.788 to 179.166/person/
compartment or Rp. 5.750 to Rp. 10.500/ person/day; and 3) The income
obtained from timber harvesting activities still can not significantly increse
worker's income and, therefore, it is necessary to furthur seek a proper model
suitable for the need of temporary and low income workers to participate in
managing forest in Perhutani areas.
Keywords: Timber harvesting, wage system, worker's income, temporary

workers
027/5, 2009
Faktor Eksploitasi Beberapa Jenis Kayu Hutan Produksi Alam dan
Penyebaran Limbah Pembalakannya. Oleh: Wesman Endom.
Prosiding Ekspose Hasil Penelitian dan Pengembangan, Bogor, 27

Maret 1995: 133-143. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil
Hutan Bogor dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan.
Pembangunan kehutanan di indonesia kini memasuki tahap
jangka panjang ke II, dengan orientasi program lebih mengarah kepada
hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan efisiensi, peningkatan produktivitas
kerja, peningkatan kualitas, pendisiplinan pengusaha, peningkatan
kesadaran masyarakat melalui kegiatan penyuluhan serta peningkatan
IPTEK.
Dibanding dengan program pembangunan tahun-tahun
sebelumnya, maka semenjak pertengahan Pelita III, produksi kayu
bulat tahunan yang di produsir melalui pembalakan para pengusaha
hutan, jumlahnya sudah jauh berkurang. Hal tersebut di pengaruhi
oleh berbagai faktor, antara lain adanya kebijakan larangan ekspor log
(1985) lokasi tebangan yang sudah semakin jauh dan lebih berat,
peralatan sudah tua, dan perhatian terhadap kelestarian sumber daya
hutan lebih besar. Oleh karena itu sudah sewajarnya pengusahaan
hutan yang kini sedang di benahi, memperhatikan cara pengelolaan
dan pemanfaatan hutan yang lebih efisien yang berkesinambungan.
Dalam makalah ini, disajikan gambaran nilai FE dan limbah
beberapa jenis kayu hutan produksi alam dari suatu pengusahaan
hutan tanah kering daerah bukit, di propinsi Kalimantan Barat.
Sebagai gambaran dalam ringkasan seminar Eksploitasi Hutan
yang di selenggarakan tahun 1980, di sebutkan bahwa limbah
ekploitasi saat itu masih besar, masih lebih dari 40%. Hal ini juga di
tunjang oleh karateristik hutan tropis yang heterogen baik jenis,
ukuran, komposisi dan penyebarannya, sehingga nilai tegakan
menjadi lebih terbatas, karena kayu berharga sangat sedikit. Dengan
demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa nilai FE saat itu masih sangat rendah
(0,6).

028/5, 2009
Faktor Eksploitasi Kayu Sungkai (Peronema Canescens Jack). Oleh:
Dulsalam. Prosiding Ekspose Hasil Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Bogor, 27 Maret 1995: 144-172. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Hasil Hutan Bogor dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan.
Penelitian faktor eksploitasi kayu sungkai (Peronema canesoens

Jack) telah di lakukan di Jasinga, Bogor, Jawa Barat pada tahun 1993.
Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui besarnya faktor eksploitasi kayu
sungkai. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut data panjang dan diameter
batang dengan minimal 10 cm serta tinggi tunggak dikumpulkan.
Penebangan dilakukan secara tradisional dengan menggunakan
gergaji tarik, hasil dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Panjang batang kayu sungkai yang dapat di manfaatkan di kebun
rakyat Jasinga, Bogor berkisar antara 3,70 - 9,60 m/pohon dengan
rata-rata 6,69 m/pohon sedang diameter pohon setinggi dada
untuk pohon yang ditebang berkisar antara 17 - 31 cm dengan rata-
rata 21 cm.
2. Volume kayu yang dapat dimanfaatkan berkisar antara 0,51- 0,301
m3/pohon dengan rata-rata 0,150 m3/pohon.
3. Besarnya volume kayu yang seharusnya dapat dimanfaatkan
berkisar antara 0,055-0,305 m³/pohon dengan rata-rata 0,160 m³/
pohon.
4. Besarnya faktor eksploitasi kayu sungkai berkisar antara 0,72-0,97
dengan rata-rata 0.90.
029/5, 2009
Faktor Eksploitasi (Fe) untuk Hutan Produksi Alam Lahan Kering).
Oleh: Haryono & Wesman Endom. Prosiding Ekspose Hasil
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bogor, 27 Maret 1995: 173-192. Pusat
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan Bogor dan Sosial
Ekonomi Kehutanan.

Hutan merupakan sumber daya yang dapat diperbaharui dapat
dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan manusia. Hal ini
sesuai dengan tujuan pembangunan nasional pada umumnya dan
pembangunan kehutanan pada khususnya. Untuk mencapai tujuan
tersebut, sumber daya hutan harus dikelola dengan sebaik-baiknya.
Pengelolaan hutan Indonesia menganut prinsip kelestarian hasil dan
pemungutan hasilnya diusahakan dengan prinsip maksimal (INTAG
1985). Sedangkan menurut Buschhel & Hus 1986 dalam Maman
Sutisna, 1990 menyatakan bahwa dalam pengusahaan hutan produksi,
kedua azas tersebut diartikan hutan harus menghasilkan hasil hutan
sebanyak-banyaknya namun tanpa merusak kesehatan hutan itu
sendiri sehingga hutan yang diusahakan dapat menjalankan
peranannya secara terus menerus. Hal ini akan terlaksana apabila ada
keseimbangan antara hasil produksi dengan pertumbuhan hutan.
Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut dalam pelaksanaannya, oleh
pemerintah dalam hal ini Departemen Kehutanan yang menetapkan
jatah produksi tebangan persatuan waktu sesuai siklus tebang yang
telah ditetapkan dalam pedoman sistem silvikultur TPTI (Tebang Pilih
Tanam Indonesia). Pelaksanaan pengelolaan hutan alam produksi
dikerjakan oleh para pemegang HPH swasta maupun pemerintah.
Dalam penetapan jatah produksi tebangan tahunan, lima tahunan, dan
dua puluh tahunan untuk masing-masing konsesi hutan, Departemem
Kehutanan menetapkan Angka Eksploitasi Hutan (AE) untuk kayu
pertukangan sebesar 0,56 atau 56%.AE tersebut gabungan antara nilai
Faktor Eksploitasi (FE) dan Faktor pengaman (FP) yang besar nilai
tersebut berturut-turut yaitu 0,7 dan 0,8 (Dirjen Pengusaha Hutan
1994).
Nilai Faktor Eksploitasi (FE) 0,7 tersebut pertama kali ditetapkan
berdasarkan surat keputusan Direktur Jendral Bina Program
Kehutanan tahun 1981. Dasar penetapannya adalah hasil penelitian
Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan (LPHH) pada 24 perusahaan
pengusaha kayu (HPH) yang terbesar di 11 (sebelas) propinsi (LPHH
1980). Kondisi pengelolaan hutan alam pada saat itu masih berorientasi

kepada eksport kayu bulat (log), ketrampilan pekerja pembalakan
belum begitu tinggi serta pengolahan kayu di dalam negeri masih
terbatas pada kayu gergajian. Akan tetapi dengan adanya larangan
ekspor kayu bulat dan makin meningkatnya keterampilan para pekerja
pembalakan, disamping adanya perkembangan yang pesat industri
hasil hutan, maka dipandang perlu diadakan penelitian kembali
terhadap besarnya Faktor Eksploitasi tersebut.
Yang dimaksud Faktor Eksploitasi (FE) merupakan
perbandingan antara bagian batang yang dapat dimanfaatkan dengan
bagian batang yang diperkirakan seharusnya dapat dimanfaatkan
(Soenarso S dan Sampe Radja S 1970 dan 1980). Batang yang dapat
dimanfaatkan adalah bagian batang yang telah diangkut atau di
keluarkan dari areal hutan dan siap di pasarkan. Secara garis besar
Faktor Eksploitasi (FE) di pengaruhi oleh kondisi medan dan tegakan
hutan, tehnis eksploitasi, orientasi pemanfaatan kayu dan jenis kayu.
Berdasarkan batasan diatas maka pada hakekatnya faktor eksploitasi
(FE) erat hubungannya dengan limbah eksploitasi dimana semakin
besar limbah yang terjadi berarti faktor eksploitasi semakin kecil.
Dengan demikian upaya pengurangan limbah eksploitasi dapat
meningkatkan besarnya faktor eksploitasi. Sejak dimulainya
pengelolaan hutan alam di luar pulau Jawa sampai sekarang nilai faktor
eksploitasi (FE) yang digunakan dalam penetapan jatah volume dan
areal tebangan belum pernah di tinjau kembali (Anonymous, 1994).
Padahal orientasi eksploitasi sudah mengalami perubahan. Pada era
sebelum tahun delapan puluhan orientasi untuk ekspor log sedangkan
sesudahnya ditujukan untuk bahan baku industri dalam negeri,
dengan tujuan untuk menaikan nilai tambah dan devisa, disamping itu
juga dapat menyerap tenaga kerja dan menghemat sumberdaya hutan.
030/5, 2009
Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Kelompok Peneliti Keteknikan Hutan dan
.
Pemanenan Hasil Hutan, P3THH, Bogor, Tahun 2000-2002 Oleh:

Dulsalam, Djaban Tinambunan, Ishak Sumantri dan Marolop
Sinaga.Prosiding Ekspose Hasil Penelitian dan Pengembagan Bogor,
19 Desember 2002: 15-35. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Makalah ini menyajikan hasil-hasil penelitian Kelompok Peneliti

Keteknikan Hutan dan Pemanenan Hasil Hutan tahun 2000-2002.
Tujuannya adalah memberi gambaran tentang hasil-hasil penelitian
Kelompok Peneliti Keteknikan Hutan dan Pemanenan Hasil Hutan
tahun 2000-2002. Hasil penelitian yang dirangkum adalah hasil
penelitian tentang: (1) Penebangan pohon di hutan alam produksi yang
efisien dengan kerusakan tegakan tinggal minimal, (2) Penyaradan
berwawasan lingkungan untuk minimasi kerusakan tegakan tinggal,
(3) Kajian efektivitas jaringan jalan dengan sistem informasi geografi,
(4) Zonasi lahan dalam manajemen kawasan hutan yang
berkesinambungan dengan sistem informasi geografi, (5) Penggunaan
data satelit untuk mengevaluasi perubahan penggunaan lahan, (6)
Produktivitas dan biaya penebangan dengan gergaji rantai di hutan
tanaman, (7) Produktivitas dan biaya pengeluaran kayu dengan kabel
layang (skyline) Isuzu 240 di hutan tanaman, (8) Pengeluaran kayu di
hutan tanaman dengan sistem kabel layang P3HH24 dan, (9)
Pengeluaran kayu dengan alat muat serba guna (Exp. 2000). Hasil-hasil
penelitian ini diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan acuan oleh
pengguna dan penentu kebijakan di bidang keteknikan hutan dan
pemanenan hasil hutan.
Kata kunci : Keteknikan hutan, kerusakan tegakan, efisiensi

penebangan, produktivitas, biaya, kerapatan jalan, data
satelit, pemanenan hasil hutan.

031/5, 2009
Beberapa Aspek Penting Penerapan Reduced Impact Logging (RIL)
dalam Pengolahan Hutan di Indonesia. Oleh: Djaban Tinambunan.
Prosiding Hasil Penelitian Hasil Hutan Bogor, 19 Desember 2002: 201-
212. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Hasil Hutan.
Bogor.
Meskipun di Negara-negara maju telah lama menetapkan RIL,

tetapi Indonesia baru dalam tahap awal untuk mengenal dan menerap-
kannya. Pemahaman tentang potensi keuntungannya, hambatan-
hambatan pelaksanannya dan strategi implementasinya masih
memerlukan upaya yang lebih intensif untuk memasyarakatkannya.
Penerapan RIL berpotensi mendatangkan keuntungan berupa
peningkatan laju pertumbuhan tegakan tinggal, pengurangan
kerusakan tegakan tinggal, pengurangan kerusakan tanah, pengecilan
ukuran rumpang, pengurangan kerusakan kanopi, peningkatan
kemungkinan mengubah siklus tebang dan peluang lebih mudah
mendapat sertifikat ekolabel. Namun potensi tersebut belum dapat
direalisasikan di Indonesia karena adanya beberapa hambatan berupa
kurangnya kepastian areal pengusahaan hutan, peraturan pemerintah
dan pelaksanannya kurang efektif, biaya tinggi dan tidak jelasnya
keuntungan finansial daripada RIL, informasi RIL dirasakan masih
kurang, kurangnya pedoman teknis yang memadai dan kurangnya
kemauan yang serius dari para pihak terkait.
Untuk menghadapi hambatan tersebut perlu dikembangkan
suatu strategi implementasi, meliputi pembuatan pedoman yang baik,
peningkatan kegiatan pelatihan, kegiatan program pelaksanaan yang
jelas dan praktikal, pelaksanaan penilaian terhadap pelaksanaan,
penegakan hukum yang tegas dan penerapan sistem sertifikasi.
Dengan strategi ini diharapkan teknologi RIL dapat memasyarakat
dengan segera.
Keywords: Reduced impact logging, pengertian RIL, hambatan RIL,

strategi implementasi.

032/5, 2009
Kajian Faktor Eksploitasi Berdasarkan Jenis Pohon : Studi Kasus di
Satu Perusahaan HPH di Kalimantan Barat = A Study on Exploitation
Factor in Forest Harvesting Based on Trees Species : A Case Study in
One Forest Concession Holder in West Kalimantan. Oleh/By:
Wesman Endom dan Maman Mansyur Idris. Buletin Penelitian Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.
Natural production forests in Indonesia have been harvested since 1970.

In carrying out the harvesting of the forests, the goverment a parameter so
called Exploitation Factor (FE) as a basic calculation of annual allowable
production. Currently the value of FE is 0.7 regaldess the species. The value
means that only about 70% of log volume can be extracted from the forest in the
cutting operation.
In this study an analysis of FE was carried out to see whether it is
necessary to differentiate the value based on tree species. Data were collected
from real logging activity in the forests. An analysis using hones by Significant
Difference test showed that in reality there is no significant difference among
the means of FE. This result justifies the use of single value of FE for all
species.
Keywords: Forest, harvesting, logs, conversion factor
033/5, 2009
Kecenderungan Meningkatnya Nilai Faktor Eksploitasi di Hutan
Produksi Alam. Oleh: Maman Mansyur Idris dan Wesman Endom.
Prosiding Hasil Penelitian Hasil Hutan Bogor, 27 Maret 1995: 111-132.
Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan Bogor dan Sosial
Ekonomi Kehutanan.
Pengusaha hutan produksi alam di Indonesia sampai saat ini

telah berlangsung lebih dari satu dekade. Periode tersebut merupakan

bagian dari wujud pemanfaatan hutan produksi alam, yang diatur
sedemikian rupa dengan sistim silvikultur tebang pilih (TPTI), dengan
siklus tebang 35 tahun. Diharapkan dari areal hutan yang diusahakan
itu dapat diperoleh manfaat sebesar- besarnya secara berkelanjutan.
Untuk melihat tingkat keberhasilan dari pengusaha hutan yang
telah berlangsung, pada dasarnya dapat diukur dengan prinsip ITTO
Guidelines for Sustainable Forest Management (1990), yang mencakup
hal-hal berikut:
1) Socio-economical; di mana selain menjamin tercapainya manfaat
secara ekonomis juga wajib memperhatikan kepentingan
masyarakat lokal.
2) Land-use Planning; yang mencerminkan tata guna lahan suatu
negara yang tepat dalam menjamin berbagai kepentingan.
3) Forest Management; yang mampu menyelenggarakan berbagai
kapentingan fungsi tidak saja produksi, tetapi juga konservasi baik
biodiversity, tata air dan tanah, disamping tentunya masalah
kepentingan masyarakat setempat (penduduk asli).
Dalam pengelolaannya, perencanaan pengusahaan hutan
produksi alam dilakukan secara bertahap. Pertama yaitu rencana
jangka panjang untuk selama periode 20 tahun (RKD), lalu dijabarkan
dalam rencana jangka menengah yang dirinci dalam rencana karya
lima tahunan (RKL), dan kemudian dirinci lagi dalam rencana jangka
pendek yaitu rencana karya tahunan (RKT).
Untuk menjabarkan rencana karya pengusahaan itu, terdapat
salah satu tetapan yang dipergunakan dalam memperhitungkan
besarnya panenan kayu, yaitu yang disebut dengan faktor eksploitasi
(FE). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan
(LPHH) periode 1974-1977, nilai FE ini ditetapkan sebesar 0,7.
Nilai 0,7 diatas, merupakan pencerminan dari tingkat efesiensi
yang dicapai pengusaha dalam memanfaatkan kayu dari pohon yang
dipanen/ditebang, yang besarnya rata-rata 70%. Selebihnya, ditinggal

di hutan yaitu yang disebut dengan limbah pembalakan (logging
waste). Hingga kini nilai FE sebesar itu masih di pakai, karena baru
sekitar 1% dari jumlah HPH yang ada yang telah diteliti FE nya. Di sisi
lain, sejalan dengan perkembangan kemajuan teknologi pemanfaatan
kayu yang semakin baik, meningkatnya pengetahuan dan
keterampilan para pekerja lapangan serta pengawasan lapangan yang
semakin intensif, volume kayu yang dimanfaatkan belakangan ini
semakin besar.
Sebagai gambaran dapat disebutkan bahwa pada tahun delapan
puluhan, venering kayu bulat pada industri kayu lapis masih tersisa
hingga diameter 30 cm, sedangkan saat ini sudah dapat mencapai
hingga diameter 5-10 cm. Dengan demikian, bagian kayu yang dapat
dimanfaatkan dari pohon-pohon yang ditebang juga meningkat. Hal ini
berarti nilai Faktor eksploitasi yang diperhitungkan semula sebesar 0.7,
kini dinilai sudah tidak sesuai lagi, karena tidak mencerminkan
peningkatan efisiensi pemanfaatan kayu yang telah terjadi.
034/5, 2009
Faktor Eksploitasi Beberapa Jenis Kayu Hutan Produksi Alam dan
Penyebaran Limbah Pembalakannya. Oleh: Wesman Endom.
Prosiding Ekspose Hasil Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bogor, 27
Maret 1995: 133-134. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil
Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan.
Pembangunan kehutanan di Indonesia kini memasuki tahap

jangka panjang ke II, dengan orientasi program lebih mengarah kepada
hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan efisiensi, peningkatan produktivitas
kerja, peningkatan kualitas, pendisiplinan pengusaha, peningkatan
kesadaran masyarakat melalui kegiatan penyuluhan, serta
peningkatan IPTEK.

Dibanding dengan program pembangunan tahun-tahun
sebelumnya, maka semenjak pertengahan Pelita III produksi kayu
bulat tahunan yang di produksi melalui pembalakan para pengusaha
hutan, jumlahnya sudah jauh berkurang. Hal tersebut dipengaruhi oleh
berbagai: faktor, antara lain adanya kebijakan larangan ekspor log
(1985) lokasi tebangan yang sudah semakin jauh dan lebih berat,
peralatan sudah pada tua, dan perhatian terhadap kelestarian sumber
daya hutan lebih besar. Oleh karena itu sudah sewajarnya pengusahaan
hutan yang kini sedang dibenahi memperhatikan cara pengelolaan dan
pemanfaatan hutan yang lebih efisien dan berkesinambungan.
Sebagai gambaran dalam ringkasan seminar Eksploitasi Hutan
yang diselenggarakan tahun 1980, disebutkan bahwa limbah
eksploitasi saat itu masih besar, masih lebih dari 40%. Hal ini juga
ditunjang oleh kerakteristik hutan tropis yang heterogen baik jenis,
ukuran, komposisi dan penyebarannya, sehingga nilai tegakan menjadi
lebih terbatas, karena kayu berharga sangat sedikit.
035/5, 2009
Pengaruh Lama Teresan dan Diameter Tegakan Jati terhadap
Persentase Kerusakan Kayu = Effect of Girdling Duration and
Diameter on The Teak Wood Damages. Oleh/By: Soenarno & Maman
Mansyur Idris. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 7 (3) 1990: 101-105. Pusat
Girdling treatment of teak stand before felling not only intended to

reduce the teak wood damage but also aimed at reducing log trasport costs. On
the other hand, prolonged girldling treatment could generate significant
disadvantage effect, among others: decreasing total wood volume, degrade
forest land fetility, and often inducing wild under growth, etc.
This study deals with a research on the extent of the effect of girdling and
size of diameter on the logging damages of teak wood.The study was carried out
at Pasar Sore Sub Forest District, at Cepu, Central Java.

This study reveals that the extent of the damages are inversely
proportional to the girdling time and diameter of the trees. The average damage
precentages per trees on one year girdling duration with diameter classes 50-
59 cm, 60-69 cm, 70-79 cm are 3.02%, 4.17% and 7.41%, while on the two
years girdling duration the damage for the same diameter classes are 5.62%,
6.76%, and 7.08%, respectively.
036/5, 2009
Usaha Meminimasi Limbah Eksploitasi dalam Rangka Peningkatan
Nilai Faktor Eksploitasi. Oleh: Dulsalam. Prosiding Ekspose Hasil
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bogor, 27 Maret 1995: 162-164. Pusat
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi
Kehutanan.
Limbah pembalakan dapat terjadi di tempat penebangan,

penyaradan, muat bongkar dan sepanjang jalan angkutan. Potensi
limbah pembalakan dari pohon yang di tebang cukup besar yaitu 37,29
m³/ha. Potensi limbah ini cukup potensial untuk diminimalkan untuk
meminimasi terjadinya limbah pembalakan dapat dilakukan dengan
cara sebagai berikut :
1. Peningkatan efisiensi pemungutan melalui perencanaan
pembalakan yang baik.
2. Kerja sama antara regu penebang dan penyarad yang baik.
3. Perbaikan teknik penebangan.
4. Manghindari sistem upah borongan.
5. Tujuan pemanfaatan yang beragam.
6. Peningkatan keterampilan tenaga kerja.
7. Perlu adanya pengawasan yang memadai dan sanksi yang tegas.

037/5, 2009
Potensi dan Biaya Pemungutan Limbah dan Penebangan Kayu
Mangium Sebagai Bahan Baku Serpih = Potency and Harvesting Cost
of Wastes from Mangium Stand Felling as Rawmaterial for Wood
Chip. Oleh/By: Sukadaryati, Dulsalam & Osly Rachman. Jurnal
Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 23(4) 2005: 327-337. Pusat Penelitian dan
Harvesting of plantation forest so far is still not yet performed optimally

as proved by substantial amount of wood-waste generation. Wates from
plantation forest tree felling with minimum 15 cm diameter can by volume
reach 57%. An appropiate forest management should be strictly enforced to
achieve zero waste. One way to enhance harvesting cost of waste harvesting
efficiency is the waste utilization into wood chips.
In relevance, assesment on potency and harvesting cost of waste from
plantation forst's mangium (Acacia mangium) stand as wood chip material
was carried out at sub Forestry Distric of Parung Panjang, Forestry Distric of
Bogor in 2002. in average potency and harvesting cost were consecutively
3
0.079 m per mangium tree stand (15,4%) and Rp. 15.250 /sm. The waste
3
potency feasible for wood chip endeavor was 8,33 sm (4,44 m ) per ha.
Meanwhile, the basic price of mangium wood waste was Rp. 23.375/sm.
Govermental support is urgently needed to implement a policy that can
encaurage motivation of community around forest to utilize plantation forest's
wastes as wod chips. The policy can be a facility to procure wood wastes with the
price equal to the exploitation cost and determine profitable basic chip price.
Keywords: Plantation forest, wood waste, potency, cost, chips.
038/5, 2009
Analisis Kerapatan Jalan Hutan Berdasarkan Hasil Penafsiran Foto
Udara dan Survey Lapangan: Study Kasus PT. INHUTANI II = An
Analisys of Forest Road Density Based on Aerial Photo Interpretation

and Ground Survey : PT. INHUTANI II Case Study. Oleh/By: Ishak
Sumantri. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 9 (2) 1991: 53-58. Pusat
Forest road network has a very important role in transporting logs from
the focessing site or logyard. The investigation of forest road density by using
the aerial photo of 1 : 20.000 and 1 : 60.000 scales had been conducted. The scope
of the aerial fhoto is the second five- year working plan of PT. Inhutani II Pulau
Laut, South Kalimantan.
The results are as follows :
1. Based on aerial fhoto interpretation, forest road density is 7,6 m/ha.
2. Based on average skidding distance, and road construction and road
maintenance costs, road densities are 12,7 m/ha and 17,4 m/ha,
respectively.
3. Actual forest road dencity in PT. Inhutani II forest area is not optimum yet
because it is far less than optimum values resulted from calculation based
on average skidding distance, and road construction and maintenance
costs.
039/5, 2009
Pengkajian Parameter Fungsi Volume Pohon Melalui Foto Udara di
Kalimantan Timur = Study of Tree Volume Function Parameter by
Aerial Photos In East Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Ishak Sumantri,
Haryono & Machfudh. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 1 (3) 1984: 22-33.
The relationship between tree crown diameter and/or tree height which
measured from aerial photos in tropical rain forest is the object of this study.
Result of model analysis by crown diameter and tree height variable are as
follows :
1. In the harvested primary forest condition, the most appropriate model for
all tree samples is :
2
Y = 30,615 1,580 D + 1,247 T + 0,037 D 0,021 DT

With coefficient sorrelation r = 0,9637.
2. The most appropriate model by crown diameter variable in the harvested
primary forest condition for all trees samples is :
Y = 1,732 + 0,214 D with r = 0,2971. For Meranti species, the most
appropriate model is :
2
Y = 6,684 0,555 D + 0,020 D with r = 0,664 and for Ulin species is
2
Y = - 37,726 + 2,738 D 0,036 D with r = 0,0776.
3. The model and its analysis are valid for East Kalimantan only.
040/5, 2009
Faktor Eksploitasi Jenis Meranti di Jambi, Kalimantan Tengah dan
Kalimantan Timur = The Exploitation Factor for Shorea spp. in Jambi,
Central Kalimantan and East Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Sampe Radja
Simarmata & Dulsalam. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 2 (1) 1985: 10-
The study was carried out in three locations in Jambi, Central

Kalimantan and East Kalimantan. The number of forest companies observed in
each location varies from 2 to 4 which were randombly selected. The study
concludes that: the logging waste ranges from 16,3% to 24,6% of the clear bole
volume. The average logging weste is 22,2% consists of 12,2% trimming waste
and stumps, and 9% defects.
The exploitation factor ranges from 75,4% to 83,7% and the average is
0,80. This value was previously used for the observed locations.
Diameter class has a highly significant effect (P<0,01) on exploitation
factor. The explotation factor proportionally increases with the log diameters.
041/5, 2009
Pendugaan Volume Tegakan Berdasarkan Jumlah dan Kerapatan
Tajuk pada Foto Udara = The Relationship of Stand Parameters in
Areal Photos Towards Stumpage Volume in The Field in East
Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Ishak Sumantri, Haryono and Machfudh.

The relationship of stumpage volume by crown dencities persentage and

numbers of crown which measured on aerial photos are the object of this study.
Research take place in tropical rain forest which have been harvested by
Indonesia Selective Cutting (TPI) in East Kalimantan. Result of model
analysis are :
1. The distribution of crown densities percentage and numbers of crown data
are normal distribution.
2. The relationship of stumpage volume over crown densities percentage and
numbers of crown data are :
2
V = 169,7132 + 3,8514 N + 2,8532 C + 0,0004 C + 0,014 CN
3
Where : V : stumpage volume (m )
N : Numbers of crown
C : Crown densities percentage.
Coeficient of determination of the relation (R) = 0.7828. This model is
significant at 95 % level after tested by F test.
3. The model and its analysis can be taken in East Kalimantan only.
042/5, 2009
Pendugaan Potensi Hutan Sagu Dengan Menggunakan Teknik
Penginderaan Jauh = The Estimate of Sago Potential Using the Remote
Sensing Techniques. Oleh/By: Ishak Sumantri & Haryono. Jurnal
Penelitian Hasil Hutan 5 (1) 1988: 23-30. Pusat Penelitian dan
The aim of this study is to apply remote sensing techniques to estimate

sago potential is a linear regression equation. Estimate parameter from aerial
photo scale of 1 : 20000 is the crown density as dependent variable while sago
soft core (empulur) volume as the in dependent variable.
The linear regression equation of the sago potential is Y = 3,6731 X +
147,43 with 0,7313 coefficient. Based on the study linear regression equation

above appear to have reliable estimate and provided to be useful for planning of
sago forest management.
043/5, 2009
Penerapan Sistem Mekanisasi dalam Kegiatan Penebangan Jati
untuk Mengurangi Ketergantungan Terbatasnya Penyediaan Tenaga
Blandong di Jawa = Applying of Mechanization Sytem to Teak Felling
Activity for Reducing The Depence Upon Limited Forests Worker
Supply in Java. Oleh/By: Maman Mansyur Idris & Soenarno. Jurnal
Sastrodimedjo, (1975) pointed out that the present trend of wood

processing industry development and formal education of younger generation
caused some problems, especially in the sustainabily of forest worker supply in
Java. Based on this consideration an alternatif for most widely applied felling
system, i.e. manual felling system, needs to be sought. With regard to this
problem a study was conducted at three Sub Forest District (RPH), namely
Temenggeng, Pasar Sore and Sumberogo in Central Java to compare 3 (Three)
felling system in teak forest.
The result of the study revealed that the teak felling productivity
averages on 2 years gilrded teak with mechanical, manual and combination
3 3
system applied to flat terrain were 2,5359 m /hour, 0,7128 m /hour and 0,8186
3 3
m /hour, respectifely. But those on hilly terrain were 1,5540 m / hour, 0,7374
3 3
m /hours and 0,796 m /hour, respectively. The average cost of full mechanical
3
felling system applied to flat terrain was Rp. 1,586.23/m , while that of on hilly
3
terrain was Rp. 2,165.93/m .
044/5, 2009
Identifikasi Permasalahan yang di Hadapi Dewasa Ini dalam
Pemanenan Hutan di Luar Jawa = Identification of Current Prolems in
Timer Harvesting Outside Java. Oleh/By: Djaban Tinambunan. Jurnal

Penelitian Hasil Hutan 8(3) 1990: 88-94. Pusat Penelitian dan
An observation on various problems faced by logging companies in

practicing timber harvesting in their areas was conducted in seven
concessionaries scattered from Sumatra to Irian Jaya in 1989.
It is found that logging companies are facing many problems in almost
all aspects of timber harvesting operations such as in general issue, planning,
roading, training, and reseach and development. The main source of the
problems is the condition where logging companies do not adapt their
technologies to the current technologies development and field conditions. For
quite long time all logging companies have sticked to the traditional tractor
logging system without considering its suitability to specific local conditions.
Also almost all regulations about timber harvesting are still the same as those in
early 1970's and there is no competent institution available for analyzing
various aspects of timber harvesting. All of these couse the use of static
technology in the middle of many drastic changes, technology development and
working conditions.
As the result, it is noticed in the field that the efficiency of logging
operations is low, the rate of logging waste is high, and the environmental
disturbance is alarming. All of these problems need serious attention both from
the government and private sectors.
045/5, 2009
Kemungkinan Subtitusi Kayu Ramin (Gonystilus bancanus) dengan
Jenis Lain Sebagai Penghara Penggergajian = The Possibility of
Substituting Several Wood Species for Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus)
as Sawmill Raw material. Oleh/By: Sukanda & M. Usmanyah, Jurnal
Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 9 (5) 1991: 201-206. Pusat Penelitian dan
Forest harvesting on swampy forests especially to Ramih species in West

Kalimantan has begun since 1958, consequently by now the forest potential of

this species has decreased. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a scoring
system to determine the potentiel substitution of several wood species for ramin
which have similar characteristicts to ramin in colour, textur, and other
characteristicts which are considered important in wood utilization.
The result of this study showed that in West Kalimantan it is estimated
about 26 species have been used and have economic potential and general
dominated by family of diptecarpaceae in dry land forest and Ramin is swampy
forest. Using the scoring system, from 25 species of non Ramin it was found
that there are 9 species which have similar characteristicts to Ramin, namely,
cengal (Hopea Sangal Korth.), Kayu Cina (Prodocarpus motley Dummer),
Jelutung (Dyera constulata Hook.f), Medang (Litsea sp.), Meranti Putih
(Shorea sp.), Mentibu (Dactylocladus stenoctachvs Oliv.), Perupuk
(Lophopethallum pachylhyllum King), Pisang-pisang (Mezzettia
parvivlora Becc.) and Pulai (Alstonia scholaris R.Br.).
046/5, 2009
Kajian Pemanenan terhadap Kerapatan Tegakan di Bagian Hutan
Alam Tropis Propinsi Lampung = Study of The Impact of Logging on
Forest Stand Density in Tropical Rain Forest in Lampung Province.
Oleh/By: Wesman Endom & Ishak Sumantri. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil
Hutan. 9 (6) 1991 : 219 228. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.
This paper studied the logging impact on forest density in a forest

concession in province of Lampung. 38 sample plots were taken consisting of 22
plots located in virgin/not yet logged and 16 located in logged over area. The
results show that :
1. The initial potential of forest area can be classified as moderate, with
composition of commercial wood of Dipterocarpaceae 43.9%, 14.4% non
Dipterocarpaceae and the rest 41.3% of non commercial species. The
average volume of commercial wood per hectare of diameter class 50 cm and
3
up ranged from 6-42 m , and for diameter class 20-50 cm ranged from 7-48

3
m per hektar. The forest density of those two diameter classes varied from 4
16 trees per hektar, respectively.
2. Forest logging operation has reduced the volume and number of
commercial trees per hectare (Dipterocarpaceae and Non
Dipterocarpaceae) at about 50% and 38% respectively. Compared to TPTI
(Indonesian Selective Cutting System) it was found that this condition can
not meet the TPTI requirements for nucleus trees for the next cutting cycle.
3. The logging operation has caused the openings of land cover at about
2
30,54% per ha or similar to an area 3054 m per ha.
047/5, 2009
Kajian Teknis Praktek Uji Coba Sistem Tebang Jalur dan Tanaman
Indonesia = Technical Analisis of The trial of the Indonesia Strip
Cutting and Planting System. Oleh/ By: Djaban Tinambunan & Sri
Sutopo. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 13 (6) 1995: 222-230. Pusat
The investigation of three concessionaires in Kalimantan practicing the

trial of Indonesian Strip Cutting and Planting System was conducted in 1994.
All the companies are in the early stage of the trial and, therefore, the focus of
investigation is limited to trial preparation and timber harvesting with the aim
of describing the real practises and various problems faced in the field.
It is found that the productivity of each activity in preparation and
timber harvesting in the Indonesian Strip Cutting ad Planting System (A) is
lower than those in the Indonesian selective Cutting and Planting System (B).
The comparison of several productivies are as follows : (1) Felling: 47 cu. m/day
for A and 85 cu. m/day for B; (2) Skidding : 37 cu. m/day for A and 85 cu.m/day
for b; (3) Loading-unloading : 55 cu. m/day for A and 150 cu m/day for B; (4)
Hauling : 50 cu m/trip for A and 64 cu m/trip forB.
The above figures and observation in the field lead to the nation of several
problems faced such as: (1) in matching the required strip dirrection and real
field condition; (3) improper skill of workers; (4) unsuitable wage system ; (5)

inability to utilize the small diameter logs; (6) too large cable used for skidding;
(7) too large log clamp available on loader tractor; (8) difficulty in handling
small diameter logs onto logging truck; and (9) high precentage of land area
disturbed due to large equipment and strip widht limitation.
The trial is stil in the early stage and the information is very limited and,
therefore, further investigations is strongly recommended to cover more
locations and aspects so that the final result can be used by the authority to make
sound conclucions in selecting the final arrangement of the Indonesian Strip
Cutting and Planting System.
048/5, 2009
Application of Band Ratios to Landsat Thematic Mapper Digital Data
(Tm) And Their Role for Discriminating Land Covers = Penerapan
Operasi Pembagian Band pada Data Digital Landsat Tm dan
Peranannya untuk Memisahkan Penutupan Lahan. Oleh/By:
Machfudh & Joseph D. Kasile. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 15 (7)
1998: 405-422. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan.
Bogor.
The study emphasized on evaluating band's ratios to landsat TM digital

data for selecting appropriate band(s) which would provide high accuracy
whenever it were used for discriminating lands covers. Six bands of the landsat
TM data of the Barnebey Center and its vicinity, Sautheast Ohio, USA, were
evaluated by using the IBM-PCIPS softwere on an IBM PC. Based on values of
overlapping Landcover Index (OLI) and in-bound range of Brightness Value of
each band operation, band 5/2 was the best band ratio for discriminating rivers,
and band 5/3 for saverating lakes from other land cover. Ratio operations could
not discriminate other land covers.
Keywords: Remote sensing, Landsat TM, Land Cover, Digital analysis,

Ratio, Image Analysis, Computer Aplication.

049/5, 2009
Klasifikasi Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal, Erosi Tanah Hutan dan
Iklim Mikro untuk Penetapan Ambang Batas dalam Pemanenan
Tebang Pilih di Hutan Alam = Classification Non the Damages of
Residual Forest Stands, Erosion of Forest Soil, and Deteriorating Micro
Climate for Determining Threshold of Logging Impact Employing
Selective Cutting in Natural Forest. Oleh/By: Wesman Endom &
Zakaria Basari. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 19 (2) 2001: 69-88.
The logging impact on wood harvesting operation at natural forest is an

important element that should be pay attention by all people to get sustainable
forest management. This information is needed in order the forest damaged can
be maintained to achieve health forest recovery of the logged forest area and high
potency. So we can do the next harvest with a similar volume and quality or
even more. That is our hope and sustain continuously.
To achieve this, the cryteria and size of threshold forest damages is
required. There is 3 main group of damages of the known i.e. threshold of
residual stand damage, threshold of forest soil damage and threshold of micro
climate.
Based on consideration that in the reality in general was found logging
impact still high so because globally in the worlds asking logging with friendly
it is essensial to provide of limit of forest damage. Some activities that may
produce heavy forest damage was road construction, felling, skidding and
logyard establisment.
Keywords: Impact of logging operation, valution, threshold, sustainable forest

management.
050/5, 2009
Analisis Produktivitas Kerja Extraksi Kayu dengan Sistem Kabel
Layang dalam Sistim Tebang Habis di Hutan Jawa Timur =
Produktivity Analisis of Wood Extraction Using Skyline System on

Clear Cutting in East Java Forest. Oleh/By: Zakaria Basari, Djoko
Sumanto & Wesman Endom. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 15 (3)
1997 : 169-189. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan.
Bogor.
One of more productive log extraction techniques on hilly area is a

skyline system. Skyline system observed in the study by using a 115 HP of
Isuzu yarder. The objective of the study was to measure its work productivity,
extraction cost and ecological aspect.
The system productivity was evaluated by calculating skyline
productivity on each line, its extraction cost consisting of fixed and operational
cost. Ecological aspect was calculated by measuring area of forest floor
exposured by the system. The result showed that average productivity was 2.17
m3/day with its effetive working hours was 5.77 ha/day. Cost of extraction was
Rp. 18,596/m3. Exposured forest floor was 295.8 m2/ha or 1.75%.
Keywords: Forest harvesting, skyline, impact of logging, productivity, cost of

operation.
051/5, 2009
Hubungan Kerapatan Jalan Hutan dengan Intensitas Pemungutan
Kayu = The Relationship Between Forest Road Density and The
Intensity of Timber Harvesting Oleh/By: Dulsalam. Buletin Penelitian
Hasil Hutan, 15(3) 1997: 200-211. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
The investigation of the relationship between forest road density and the
intensity of timber harvesting was carried out at two logging companies in
Riau in 1995. Data on felling area, road length and log production were
collected. The data were analised by linear regression with mathematical model
as follows : Y=a+bX.
The investigation result were as follows :
1. The averages of felled forest area per year at PT Kulim Company and PT

Mandau Abadi were 1.875 and 969 ha/year with the average production of
47.242 and 17.909 m3/year, respectively.
2. The averages of forest road length built by PT Kulim Company and PT
Mandau Abadi were 19.600 and 14.840 km/year; and their forest road
density were 10.28 and 23.69 m/ha, respectively.
3. The average of timber harvesting intensity at PT Kulim Company and PT
3
Mandau Abadi were 25.27 and 59.69 m /ha, respectictively.
4. The relationship between the intensity of timber harvesting (y) and road
density (x) can be expessed by regression equation of Y= 9.2598 + 1.8569 X
with R2 = 0.7298.
Keywords: Forest road density, timber harvesting, harvesting intensity.
052/5, 2009
Analisis Biaya Pemanenan Kayu Bulat Sistem Kemitraan HPH-
Koperasi Desa di Kalimantan Tengah = An Analysis of Forest
Harvesting Cost of Forest Concession in Collaboration With
Community Wellfare Cooperative in Central Kalimantan. Oleh/By:
Zakaria Basar. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 22 (2) 2004: 113-122.
To minimize illegal logging in natural production forest, one of

concession forest in Kalimantan has initiative to do a joint bussines logging
with a community welfare cooperative. The aim of the study was to measure
productivity of extraction, operation cost, joint bussines income, investment
and income of Koperasi Desa.
The observation area was located at PT Tanjung Raya Intiga (TRI),
Barito Huhu Puruk Cahu Forest District, of Central Kalimantan Province in
2001.
3
The results showed that logging production achieved was 892.9 m , log
3 3
extraction productivity m .hm/hour, operation cost Rp.14,227/m , logs selling
revenue Rp.31,235,950,-, investment cost Rp.2,901,017.- and cooperative
income Rp.28.902,017,-.

The finansial income was distributed to local community (34%), wages
for cooperative bussines managers (29%), village contribution (4.5%)
administration fee for cooperation in natural production forest management.
Keywords: Operation cost, logging, joint bussines, cooperative.
053/5, 2009
Kajian Penggunaan Lahan Hutan dan Perubahannya Menggunakan
Data Citra Spot Landsat dan Radar =Assesment on Forest Land Use by
Interprenting Input Data of Spot, Landsat, and Radar Satellite
Imageries. Oleh/By: Wesman Endom & Haryono. Jurnal Penelitian
Hasil Hutan 22 (2) 2004: 95-111. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
To enhance effectiveness of natural resources evaluation an assessment

on the trend of land-use and its impacts is necessary. This is needed by regions
which are interacted each others and covering large areas. A remote sensing
technology is a reliable and approprite chois for such area. A study on the land-
use assessment was employed using manual method through the
implementation of Spot, Landsats, and Radar imageries. The result were as
follows:
1.) Until the year 1980, the concession area situated at Long Nah,
administratively under authority of PT.Inhutani I, East Kalimantan were
mostly still covered by virgin forest with occasional and scattered small
villages.
2.) Manual interpretation using imageries of Spot, Landsats and Radars
disclosed the followind results : (a) Spot imageries turned out to be 64.7%
as the correct figure and 35.3% as the false figure;, (b) Landsats imageries
interpredet 53,3% as correct and 46.7% as false; (c) Radar imageries
conducted in March and April 1998 revealed 38.1%as correet and 61.9%
as false.
3.) Changes forest Land-use during the period 1980-1998 occurred in low-
land dry forest and partl in swampy forest, which were further conberted to
the plantation forest. Meanwhile, the changes for other land-use among

other agriculture were almost insignificant (less than 3%). This is because
soil layers in the corresponding land were thin and acidic rendering
unsuitable for agriculture activities.
4.) In order to reduce high commission error, the appropriate number of strata
relevant to the land-use interpretation should not be too detailed but
adequately astablished as simply as possible.
Keywords: Forest land-use, forest boundary, remote sensing imagery,

monitoring.
054/5, 2009
Produktivitas dan Biaya Peralatan Pemanenan Hutan Tanaman:
Studi Kasus di PT Musi Hutan Persada, Sumatera Selatan =
Productivity and Cost of Harvesting Equipment in Forest Plantation:
Case Study on PT Musi Hutan Persada, South Sumatera. Oleh/By:
Dulsalam & Djaban Tinambunan. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 24
(3) 2006: 251-266. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan.
Bogor.
The study on productvity and cost of harvesting equipment in PT Musi

Hutan Persada, South Sumatera has been carried out find the information
about productivity and cost of plantation forest harvesting equipment. The
study result revealed:
1. Felling equipment used was small-sized chainsaw of Husqvarna with an
3
average productivity of 2.14 m /hour band an average cost of
3
Rp. 15,334/m
2. Log skkidding was carried out using Timber Jack G10 forwarder with an
average cost of Rp. 39,852/ m3 and using Timber Jack 1010B with an
average productivity of 21.25 m3/hour and an average cost of Rp. 79,254/
m3
3. For log loading and unloading, log loaders of Hitachi and Volvo were used
with average productivities of 70 m3/hour for loading and 34 m3/hour for
unloading, respectively. The average loading costs for Hitachi and Volvo

3 3
log loaders were consecutively Rp. 6,155/m and R.p 6,200/m , while the
average unloading sosts for Hitachi an Volvo log loaders Rp. 12,671/m3 and
Rp. 12,764/m3, respectively.
4. Log hauling by single trucks had and average productivity of 5 m3/hour and
average cost of R.p 44,696/m3 and by semi trailer trucks had an average
productivity of 15 m3/hourand an average cost of Rp. 37,676/ m3 .
5. Fellling tree and log hauling activities did not caused significant
enviromental disturbace. Log extraction using forwarders of TIMBER
JACK G10 and TIMBER JACK 1010B caused low top soil displacement
while tracked loading tractors of Hitachi and Volvo caused high top soil
displacement.
6. Equipment combination needs improvement and minimum log production
per period should be determined so that log production flow can run
smoothly and the workers and equipment do not have much idle time.
Keywords: Harvesting, plantation forest, appropriate equipment,

productivity, cost.
055/5, 2009
Kajian Pemanenan Jenis Ramin di PT Diamon Raya Timber = Study
of Ramin Harvesting in PT Diamon Raya Timber. Oleh/By: Wesman
Endom & Sukanda. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 26 (2) 2008: 105-116.
This study was undertaken to evaluate volume of ramin cutting in PT

DRT (Diamon Raya Timber) 2003 cutting area. Evaluation was done using the
formula developed by French (1883). The result shows that the allowable
volume to be cut for cutting area of 2.000 ha is about 9.104.3 m3 taken from
3.672 trees. Another information from tracing of logged over area shows that
the number of trees cut down ranged between 5.75-14.61/ ha with an average of
10.18 trees/ha, and 1.3-4.0 trees of them area ramin. Other sources show that
the number of cut down ranged between 5.65-7.22 trees/ ha or in average of 6
trees/ha. This study shows that the company was trying to apply forest sustain

yield principle in natural forest. Howaver, although it is allowed to cut the trees
of diameter 40 cm and up, for the sake of sustainability, the cutting of large
diameter trees should be limited in order to provide more mother trees as
sources of seed and natural sedlings in the future.
Keywords: Ramin, volume, harvesting, mother trees, sustainability.
056/5, 2009
Penggunaan Peralatan Pemanenan Kayu yang Efisien pada
Perusahaan Hutan Tanaman di Kalimantan Selatan = The Use of
Efficient Logging Equipment at a Timber Estate Company in South
Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Sona Suhartana & Yuniawati. Jurnal
Increase in log demand,lack of labors ,and rapid progress of technologi

have contributed to the acceleration the use of mechanical logging equipment.
With numerous kind and types of logging equiqment that have appeard
it is neccesary to conduct a thorough planning in their uses .in relevan, a study
was carried out at a timber estate company in South Kalimantan in 2007. This
article looked into the use of passible effisient logging equipment there, which
was further analyzed referring to maximum annual allowable cut (AAC),
planned log prodution and realized log production.the result reveald that; (1)
the use of efficient logging equipment woul have worked houdbased onwell-
planned log production, which required concesutively 10 chainsaw units for
log felling, 20 forwarder units for log skidding, 19 excavator units for iog
loading/ unloading, and 61 trucks for log transportation; (2) The number of
logging equipmen in the field for log felling was in excess, white those for
skidding, loading/unloading, and transportation were lacking. This situation
indicates that the use of logging/unloading, and transportotion were lacking.
This situation indicates that the use of logging equipmen in this company was
not well organized or balanced with respect to their number for particular
operation types, and, therefore, was inefficient.

Keyword: Logging equipment, efficient, well-planned log production,
annual, allowable cut, realized log production.
057/5, 2009
Kajian Penggunaan Lahan Hutan dan Perubahannya Menggunakan
data Citra Spot Landsat dan Radar = Assesment on forest Land Use By
Interpretting Input Data of Spot, Landsat, and Radar Satelit
Imageries. Oleh/By: Wesman Endom & Haryono. Jurnal Penelitian
Hasil Hutan, 22 (2) 2004: 95-111 Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
To enhance effectiviness of natural resourcase evaluation an assessment

on the trend of land-use and its impacts is necessary. This is needed by region
which are interacted each other and covering large areas. A remote sensing
technology is a reliable and appropriate choice for such area. Study on the land-
use assessment was employed using manual method trough the
implementation of spot, landsats, and radar imageries. The results were as
follows :
1. Until the year 1980, the concession area situated at Long Nah,
administratively under authority of PT. Inhutani I, East Kalimantan were
mostly still covered by virgin forest with occasional and scattered small
villages.
2. Manual interpretation using imageries of spot, landsats and Radars
disclosed the following results: (a) Spot imageries turned out to be 64.7% as
the corret figure and 35.3% as the false figure; (b) Landsat imageries
interpreted 53.3%; 46.7%; (c) Radar imageris conducted in March and
April 1998 revealed 38.1% as correct and 61.9% as false.
3. Changes forest land-use during the period 1980-1998 occurred in low-land
dry forest and partly and swampy forest, which were further converted to
the plantation forest. Meanwhile, the changes for other land-uses among
other agriculture were almost insignificant (less than 3%). This is because
soil layers in the corresponding land were thin and acidic rendering
unsuitable for agriculture activities.

4. In orther to reduce high commission error, the appropiate number of strata
relevant to the land-use interpretation should not be too detailed but
adequately established as simply as possible.
Keywords: Forest land-use, forest boundary, remote sensing imagery,

monitoring.
058/5, 2009
Kecenderungan Meningkatnya Nilai Faktor Eksploitasi di Hutan
Produksi Alam. Oleh: Maman Mansyur Idris & Wesman Endom
Prosiding Ekspose Hasil Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bogor, 27
Maret 1995: 111-132 Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan
Bogor dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan.
Pengusaha hutan produksi alam di Indonesia sampai saat ini
telah berlangsung lebih dari satu dekade. Periode tersebut merupakan
bagian dari wujud pemanfaatan hutan produksi alam, yang diatur
sedemikian rupa dengan sistem silvikultur tebang pilih (TPTI ), dengan
siklus tebang 35 tahun di harapkan dari areal hutan yang diusahakan
itu dapat diperoleh manfaat sebesar-besarnya secara berkelanjutan.
Untuk melihat tingkat keberhasilan dari pengusaha hutan yang
telah berlangsung, pada dasarnya dapat diukur dengan prinsip ITTO
Guidelines for Sustainable Forest Management (1990), yang mencakup
hal-hal berikut:
1) Socio economical; di mana selain menjamin tercapainya manfaat
secara ekonomis juga wajib memperhatikan kepentingan
masyarakat lokal.
2) Land use planning; yang mencerminkan tata guna lahan suatu
negara yang tepat dalam menjamin berbagai kepentingan.
3) Forest management; yang mampu menyelenggarakan berbagai
kepentingan fungsi tidak saja produksi, tetapi juga konversasi baik
biodiversity, tata air dan tanah, di samping tentunya masalah
kepentingan masyarakat setempat (penduduk asli).

Dalam pengolahannya, perencanaan pengusaha hutan produksi
alam dilakukan secara bertahap. Pertama yaitu rencana jangka panjang
untuk selama periode 20 tahun (RKD), lalu dijabarkan dalam rencana
jangka mangengah yang dirinci dalam rencana karya lima tahunan
(RKL), dan kemudian di rinci lagi dalam rencana Jangka pendek yaitu
rencana karya tahunan (KRT).
059/5, 2009
Teknik Zonasi Lahan dalam Manejemen Kawasan Hutan yang
Berkesinambungan dengan GIS (Geographic Information System).
Oleh: Haryono dan Arifin Prosiding Ekspose Hasil Penelitian Hasil
Hutan Bogor, 19 Desember 2002: 170-178 Pusat Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Teknologi Hasil Hutan.
Perubahan kondisi sumber daya hutan di Indonesia terjadi

sebagai akibat dari kompleknya permasalahan antara lain peningkatan
permintaan lahan untuk peruntukan di luar bidang Kehutanan dan
terjadinya illegal logging yang tidak terkendali akhir-akhir ini
penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menyediakan informasi kondisi
sumber daya hutan dan kawasan hutan yang perlu ditingkatkan
kualitas konservasinya terhadap erosi. Penelitian ini menggunakan
tehnik analisa data secara spasial dengan cara “overlay” antara
beberapa jenis data (peta), dengan studi kasus di SUB DAS Cijolang,
DAS Citanduy. Hasil analisa menunjukan bahwa kawasan hutan yang
harus ditinggalkan kwalitas seluas 11181.95 ha (23.28%), menjadi hutan
alam dengan serasah tebal seluas 16.81%, 3.79% hutan alam serah tipis
dan tetap sebagai hutan produksi seluas 2.68%. sedangkan kawasan
non hutan yang harus ditingkatkan menjadi hutan seluas 22149.16 ha
(46.12%), menjadi hutan alam dengan serasah tebal seluas 6.10%,
23.54% hutan alam serah tipis, hutan produksi seluas 14,62%. Tingkat
erosi rata-rata daerah penelitian sebesar 72.13 ton/ha/thn. Erosi
terendah terjadi di Kecamatan Purwaharja sebesar 20.25 ton/ha/thn
terletak di daerah denga tekanan penduduk yang tinggi (2.27) atau

pada daerah lahan yang tidak mampu memenuhi kebutuhan hidup
penduduknya. Sedangkan tertinggi terjadi di Kecamatan Salajambe
sebesar 100.73 ton/ha/th, terletak di daerah dengan tekanan
penduduk yang kritis (1.25) atau tekanan penduduk melebihi
kemampuan lahannya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup
penduduknya. Nilai erosi tersebut lebih besar dari ambang batas
toleransi sebesar 11 ton/ha/th (FAO 1990) dan 15 ton/ha/th (RRL
1987), sedangkan tekanan penduduk rata-rata sebesar 2.29 yang juga
melebihi toleransinya (1.0).
Kata kunci: Zonasi kawasan hutan, GIS, penataan kawasan hutan,

konservasi lahan dan erosi tanah.
060/5, 2009
Kajian Praktek Pembangunan Hutan Tanaman Industri di PT Riau
Andalan Pulp dan Paper. Oleh: Wesman Endom dan Zakaria Basari
INFO Hasil Hutan 13(2) 2007: 113-127 Pusat Penelitian dan
Tulisan ini menyajikan kajian deskriptif komparatif atas
pelaksanaan pembangunan hutan tanaman industri (HTI) yang
dilakukan oleh PT. Riau Andalan Pulp and Paper (RAPP),yang dinilai
cukup berhasil. Pelaksanaannya banyak melibatkan masyarakat
sebagai pelaku utama diharapkan dengan pembangunan yang
mengarah pada sistem pengelolaan hutan tanaman lestari dapat
mendongkrak kelesuan usaha di sektor kehutanan. Perubahan cara
kerja yang komprehensif dan berjangka panjang, serta keteknikan
hutan tepat guna yang berwawasan lingkungan dengan prioritas
mengembalikan kondisi hutan dan peranannya yang kini banyak
mengalami kerusakan menjadi satu usaha kehutanan yang optimal
merupakan model pengelolaan hutan yang sedang di bangun di PT.
RAPP.
Kata kunci: Pengelolaan hutan, antisipasi, pemanenan, produksi,
berkelanjutan.

b. Pembukaan Wilayah Hutan (PWH)
061/5, 2009
Intensitas Pembukaan Wilayah Hutan dan Ekstraksi Kayu dalam
Pengusahaan Hutan Alam di Luar Jawa = Infrastructure and Wood
Extraction Intensities in Several Natural Forest Concessions in The
outer Island of Java. Oleh/By: Djaban Tinambunan. Jurnal Penelitian
Hasil Hutan. 9 (6) 1991: 251-256. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
An investigation of forest infrastructure and wood extraction intensities

was conducted in 10 logging companies in dry land forests and other 10 logging
companies in swamp forests outside Java from 1989 to 1991.
For dry land forests, it is found that average values of road density
(combined main and branch roads) is 13 m/ha, commercial wood volume
available for haversting is 56 cu.m/hz, and the realization of wood extraction is
41 cu.m/ha. An average amount of commercial volume left unutilized in the
forest (wood waste) is 15 cu.m/ha. While in swamp forests, those figures are
consecutively 11m/ha, 43 cu.m/ha and 11 cu.m/ha. Statistically, all the above
values of dry and swamp forests are not significantly different.
062/5, 2009
Praktek Pembuatan Prasarana Angkutan di Areal Hutan Rawa
Sumatera Selatan = The Practice of Infrastructure Construction in
Swamp Forest Areas of South Sumatera Oleh/By : Djaban
Tinambunan. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 8(2) 1990: 42-48. Pusat
A Study of the parctice of infrastructure (railroads) construction in

swamp forest areas of South Sumatra was carried out in 1989. The intention is
to find various aspects of field operations in that specific area and their possible
consequences.
It is found that supports of rails in swamp forest areas are consisted of

either 4 or 5 layers of logs. In constructing those railroads, logs used vary from
140 to 177 cu.m/km. with an average of 166 cu.m/km. Including the volue of
this material into calculation gives the total construction cost of railroad to the
amount of around Rp.16.5 million per km.
Soil disturbance is found to be minimal due to narrow railroad clearing
and flat topography. Problems identified in the field are the excessive use of logs
for railroads construction and large amount of other logs scattered and
abandoned around railroads and manual skidding (kudakuda) roads. It seems
that there is a strong need for the government and concessionaires to seriously
pay attention and create better instructions and actions in managing those
voluable swamp forests on a sustainable basis.
063/5, 2009
Stabilisasi Tanah Liat dengan Kapur pada Konstruksi Badan Jalan
Hutan di Pulau Laut = Lime Stabilization of Clay Soils in Forest Road
Subgrade Construction in Pulau Laut. Oleh/By : Rahardjo S. Suparto
& S. Sutopo. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 1(2) 1984: 11-22. Pusat
Subgrade construction is an important part in forest road building.

Subgrade soils with a high clay content could not be used satisfactorily as forest
road construction material unless it is treated to increase its stability. The
improvement of the physical characteristics of clay soils related to subgrade
construction can be achieved by mixing lime of certainzation into the soil. The
purpose of this investigation is to determine the amount of lime required for
subgrade stabilization which have high clay content in Pulau Laut, South
Kalimantan.
The investigation reveals the following :
1. The efective amount of lime stabilization of soils is 7 percent of the dry
weight of the soil, resulting in the following physical properties :
2
- Bearing capacity is 167 kg/cm at air dry condition,
- Percent of swell is 2.3,

- Plasticity index is 25.5, and
- pH is 9.00.
2. Stabilization with 7 percent lime is most effective for use in forest road
subgrade containing about 66% clay.
064/5, 2009
Jenis dan Banyaknya Kayu Arang yang Dipakai dalam Konstruksi
Jalan Rel di Hutan Rawa, Propinsi Riau = Species and Amount of
Wood Used in The Swamp Forests of the Riau Province. Oleh/By:
Dulsalam & Apul Sianturi. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 1 (2) 1984 :
23 - 28. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
An observation on the amount and species of wood used in rail-road

construction in the swamp forests has been carried out in the PT Alam
Wanasaki and PT Tenaga Kampar concession areas both located in Riau.
The observation revealed that the wood species used in rail-road
construction at the PT Alam Wanasaki area consist of 24 species with a volume
of 243 m3/km. Those used at the PT Tenaga Kampar area consist of 12 species
comprising a volume of 204 m3/km and the species used at the PT Alam
Wanasaki area are mostly kelat (Xylopia malayana Hook.f.) with a total
volume of 71 m3/km. The same is found at the PT Tenaga Kampar area using a
total volume of 58 m3/km. Other wood species used in rail-road construction in
both concession areas consist of a number of commercial species.
Wood species which are considered suitable in the construction of rail-
road in the swamp forest of PT Alam Wanasaki are among others: bintangur
(Callophyllum spp.), gelam (Eugenia spp.), medang (Litsea spp.),
menggeris (Koompassia spp.), pelawan (Tristania obovata R. Br.), punak
(Tetramerista glabra Miq.), resak (Cotylelobium melanoxylon Pierre.),
tempurung (Baccaurea spp.), and tembesu (Fagraea spp.), comprising about
16% of the total volume used in the construction.
Wood species selected for rail-road construction at the PT Tenaga
Kampar concession area are : bintangur (Callophyllum spp.), medang (Litsea

spp.) , and punak (Tetramerista glabra Miq.), comprising 32% of the total
amount of wood used in the construction.
Both companies made efforts to only use durable wood species, however,
such species are scarce.
065/5, 2009
Pengaruh Intensitas Tebang Bayang Terhadap Kelembaban dan
Daya Dukung Jalan Hutan = The Effect of Shade Felling Intensity on
The Moisture and Bearing Capacity of Forest Roads. Oleh/By:
Dulsalam & Apul Sianturi. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 2 (1) 1985 :
Road maintenance has been generally considered as a major cost

component in logging cost. An investigation on the effect of shade felling
intensity on the moisture content and bearing capacity of forest road was
carried out at the PT Wisma Lukita forest concession area, located in South
Sumatera. Shade felling at the right and left side of forest roads is considered to
be a factor which affects roads quality. It is said to affect soil moisture in the
forest road structure, which in trun affects its bearing capacity.
In this study, the effect of a set of five shade felling intencity levels were
investigated, starting at 21 percent up to 70 percent with 10 percent
increments. The effect on moisture content truns out to be significant, and set of
five felling intensity levels caused moisture contents to vary from 8 percent to
20 percent. The effect on bearing capacity however, is non-significant.
066/5, 2009
Biaya Konstruksi dan Volume Kayu pada Jalan Rel Kayu dan Rel Besi
= Construction Cost and Wood use in Wooden and Steel Railroad
Tracks. Oleh/By: Dulsalam & Apul Sianturi. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.

An investigation on construction cost and wood use in railroad tracks in
swamp forests has been carried out at two companies located in West
Kalimantan, in 1983.
The investigation arrives at the following conclusion:
1. The construction of both wooden and steel railroad tracks uses 4 layers of
sleepers. The difference between the two lies in the rails it self.
2. The bearing capacity of steel railroad track ranges from 2 to 4 tons, while
that of wooden railroad track from 10 to 15 tons.
3. Construction cost of wooden railroad tracks is lower than that of steel
railroad tracks, i.c., Rp.2.350.000.-/km and Rp.11.483.000.-/km
respectively. The volume of wood used in wooden and steel railroad tracks
3 3
is 243 m /km and 241 m /km respectively.
4. The amounts of wood used between wooden railroad and steel railroad
tracks do not differ significantly. Among layer, however, they differ highly
significantly.
067/5, 2009
Komposisi Jenis Kayu yang digunakan dalam Konstruksi Jalan Rel
di Hutan Rawa Sumatra dan Kalimantan = The Composition of Wood
Species Used in Railroad Costruction in The Swamp Forests of
Sumatera and Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Dulsalam & Apul Sianturi.
Data collected consist of the diameters and lengths of wood used in

railroad construction in swamp forests companies in Sumatera, and six in
Kalimantan. Railroads in the swamp forests are different in construction
compared to those in the teak forests, generally requiring four layers of sleepers.
This, of course, is due to the extremely low bearing capacity of the soil. Little is
known about the problems of this type of railroad construction, primarily, with
regard to the quantity of wood required.
The steps of collecting data were as follow:

1. Selecting suitable forest companies in Sumatera and in Kalimantan to be
surveyed.
2. In each forest area 20 samples of 50 m railtrack sections were drawn
systematically.
3. Diameters and lengths of logs within the sections were measured according
to layers.
The average amount of wood used in swamp forest railroad in Sumatera
3 3
and Kalimantan are respectively 142 m /km and 188 m /km. The volume of
wood used in every km of railroad between regions are significantly differnet,
and those among forest companies vary significantly.
Wood used in every km of railroad construction and per layer of sleepers
vary. The average of wood used for railroad construction of the 1st and 2nd
3 3
layer in Sumatera are respectively 55 m /km and 87 m /km. Those in
Kalimantan consist of four layers of sleepers, i.e.: 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th layer from the
3 3 3 3
top-down, averaging 32 m /km, 64 m /km, 74 m /km and 18 m /km of wood used
per layer respectively.
068/5, 2009
Kemungkinan Penggunaan Latex untuk Stabilisasi Badan Jalan
Hutan = Posibility of Using Latex for Forest Road Subgrade
Stabilization. Oleh/By: Rahardjo S. Suparto & S. Sutopo. Jurnal
Among the many known stabilized methods and materials that can be
applied to improve forest road stability, latex is thought of as one such material
that deserves trying. This experiment is to asses the possibility of using latex as
a stabilizing agent.
The following conclusions are in order: Latex can be used as stabilizing
agent for clayey soil as subgrade material. A 4% latex content turned out to be
effective to keep swelling,due to soaking in water, within a limit of 4.3%.
Degree of compaction has no significant effect of swell. Degree of compaction

and percentge of latex content has significant effect on bearing capacity. Latex
may be recommended as an alternative material for stabilizing subgrade soil in
forest road construction.
069/5, 2009
Lapisan Perkerasan Komposit Batu Pecah Pada Konstruksi Jalan
Hutan = Crushed Rock Composite Pavement in Forest Road
Construction. Oleh/By: Rahardjo, S. Suparto & S. Sutopo. Jurnal
The use of pavement in Indonesian forest road construction at present is

not common practice.Paving of logging roads is still considered too expensive,
especially when its construction is not rational and effective.Information on
pavement design especially with regard to its composition should help forest
companies in solving their forest road construction problems.
This investigation looks into the prblems of finding the proper

composition of crushed gravel and sand or rock dust for the construction of
pavements. This kind of pavement is thought to have high shearing strength
,stability and density.
A series of laboratory test were conducted for this purpose, employing
factorial analysis. A performance test in the field was conducted to compare
with the Telford system using paired samples.
The investigation revealed the following:
- Crushed rock had significant influence on the shearing strength of the
pavement.This material mixed with rock dust showed significant
interaction.
- Rock dust itself and water did not have significant effect on the shearing
strength of pavement.
- The use of water may help facilitate the compaction process guiding the filler
material into the voids among the crushed rock particles.

- The proper composition turned out to be three units of crushed rock and two
2
units of rock dust,resulting in a shearing strength of 0.226 kg/cm .
- Crushed rock composite made better pavement than the Telford system,
resulting in lower settling of sugrade.
- Based on the above,it is recommended to use a mixture of 2-3 size crushed
rock and rock dust in the proportion of 3:2 for pavement of forest roads, using
smooth drum roller to obtain proper compactio.
070/5, 2009
Intensitas Tebang Bayang Optimum dalam Pemeliharaan Jalan
Hutan = Optimum Shade Felling Intensity in Forest Road
Maintenance. Oleh/By: Dulsalam & Rahardjo S. Suparto. Jurnal
Penelitian Hasil Hutan 4 (3) 1987: 45-48. Pusat Penelitiand dan
Forest road requires lots of sun and air to keep them dry. These can be
obtained by “shade felling “of the stand at both sides of the road. The problem in
this matter is the qustion about the proper felling intensity to render adequate
sunshine and air without undue overcutting.
Logging companies tend to fell as many trees as possible to ensure
enough opening to les sunshine and air in.
A Least Significant Difference (LSD) test on the data obtained from the
observation indicate that felling intensity over 50 does not provide better result
than 31 - 41.It is Therefore suggested that shade felling intensity be kept at 40%
or less to save time, man power, cost and forest resource.
071/5, 2009
Potensi Jalan Hutan dalam Akselerasi Erosi Tanah di Kalimantan
Barat = Forest Road Potential for Accelerating Soil Erosion in West
Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Djaban Tinambunan. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.

A study on the potential of forest roads for accelerating soil erosion was
carried out at four logging companies in West Kalimantan in 1987. Road
elements measured in the field are those related to the Universal Soil Loss
Equation factors such as road openings, surfaces, slopes and ditches, culverts,
cuts, fills, diversion ditches, and the indence of vegetation.
The results showed that forest soil disturbances caused by road
construction create ground condition which has high potentials for
accelarating erosion. Factors that caused this problem, as identified in the fiels,
are : long and steep slopes, wide ground openings, and bare soil surfaces, in
addition to the originally sensitive to erosion soil type, and hot and wet weather.
Further study is necessary in order to find the real amount of soil erosion
occured in forest roads in West Kalimantan. Qualitatively it is known to be
high but quanitatively it needs to be found.
072/5, 2009
Keadaan Elemen Jalan Hutan dan Potensinya dalam Mempercepat
Erosi Tanah = Forest Road Element Condition and their Potentials for
Accelerating Soil Erosion. Oleh/By: Djaban Tinambunan. Jurnal
A study on the forest road element conditions in relation to soil erosion

potentials was carried out at two logging companies in Buntok area, Central
Kalimantan in 1988. Road elements measured in the field are those relatid to the
Universal Sil Loss Equation factors such as road openings, surfaces, slopes,
ditches, culverts, cuts, fills, diversion ditches, and the incidence of vegetation.
The results showed that forest road elements are in the condition of high
potentials for accelerating soil erosion. Factors that caused this problem, as
identified in the field, are : long and steep slopes, wide ground openings, and
bare soil surfaces, in additions to the originally sensitive to erosion soil type,
and hot and wet weather.

Qualitatively, it is realized that soil erosion is quite serious. Therefore,
further study is necessary in order to find the quantitative amount of soil
erosion occured in the area.
073/5, 2009
Beberapa Aspek Geometrika Jalan Hutan dan Hubungannya dengan
Erosi Tanah = Serveral Geometrical Aspects of Forest roads and Their
Relation to Soil Erosion. Oleh/By: Djaban Tinambunan. Jurnal
A study on the forest road geometrics in relation to the process of soil

erosion was carried out at four logging companies in Kotawaringin Timur,
Central Kalimantan in 1988. Road geometric aspects measured in the field are
those related to the Universal Soil Loss Equation factors such as road openings,
surfaces, slopes, ditches, cuts, fills, difersion ditches, and the incidence of
vegetation.
The result shows that forest road geometrics are in the condition of high
potential for soil erosion. Factors that caused this problem, as identified in the
field, are : long and steep slopes, wide ground openings, and bare soil surpaces,
in addition to the originally sencitive to erosion soil type, and hot and wet
weather.
The concessionaires and Indonesian Goverment have not given proper
attention to the seriousness of this soil erosion yet. Qualitatively we know that
the erosion level is high but quantitatively we do not know the value yet.
Therefore, further study is necessary.
074/5, 2009
Efektivitas Jalan Hutan di Suatu Perusahaan Hutan di Riau = The
Effectiveness of Forest Roads at a Forest Company in Riau. Oleh/By:
Dulsalam. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 7 (2) 1990: 48-53. Pusat

An investigation on the effectiveness of forest roads was conducted at PT
Siak Raya Timber in Riau in 1989. The objective is to find out the information
on construction and uses of forest roads. The length of main and branch roads,
and target and actual productions during the latest six years (from 1983/1984
to 1988/1989) were collected. The investigation result reveal that:
1. The length of forest roads built annually by PT Siak Raya Timber ranged
from 16 km (consisting of 10 km main and 6 km branch roads) to 85 km
(consisting of 65 km main and 20 km branch roads), with an average of
21,66 km (consisting of 11.68 km main and 20 km branch roads).
2. The annual felling area of PT Siak Raya Timber was 2.600 ha. The road
densities ranged from 6.16 m/ha to 32.69 m/ha with an average of 21.66
m/ha. The road density is somewhat high compared to that stated in the
forest Agreement.
3. The actual production of logs at PT Siak Raya Timber ranged from
3
21.225.65 m /year with an average of 34.417.03 m/year.
4. The difference between target and actual production average was relatively
3 3
large i.e 75.500 m /year compared to 34.417.03 m /year. The effectiveness
3 3
of forest road ranged from 268,67 m /km year to 2.305.86 m /km year with
3
an average of 1.010 m /km year.
075/5, 2009
Perkembangan Keadaan Jalan Hutan Menurut Waktu dan
Hubungannya dengan Potensi Erosi Tanah = Development of Forest
Road Condition in Relation to Soil Erosion Potential. Oleh/By:
Djaban Tinambunan. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 7 (3) 1990: 79-90.
An investigation of the development of forest road condition in relation

to soil erosion potential was carried out at four logging companies in South
Kalimantan in 1989 to find the potential of forest road in erosion processes after
constructed and continually used, or abanoned for various years. The condition
of road elements especially those related to factors stated in the Universal Soil

Loss Equation were recorded and, based on this information, the category of
specific road in erosion potentials was decided subjectively to either one of very
small,small, medium, rather large, and large.
From the results, the following conclusions may be withdrawn:
1. In general, erosion potential of forest road is decreased with time due to the
growth of variuos vegetation and the process of natural soil stabilization.
2. For continually used main roads, erosion potentials after about 2 years are
still rather large to large; after 3-6 years are medium; and beyond 3 years
are very small to small. If main roads are totally abandoned, erosion
potentials after left around one year are rather large; after 2-3 years are
small to medium; and beyond 3 years are very small.
3. For branch roads, erosion potentials for those abandoned uf to one years are
rather large to large; abandoned 2-3 years are medium to rather large;
beyond 3 years are very small to small. For skidding roads that constructed
by clearing vegetation, litter and top soil all together,when abandoned one
year or more, they were densely covered by vegetation and /or litter and ,
therefore, their erosion potentials are very small to amall. Erosion
potential tendency for skidding roads constructed by soil cutting and/ or
filling is almost the same as that in branch roads.
4. Logging company practices outsided Java showed that they are lacking in
the knowledge of soil erosion, soil stability, drainage structures, and using
vegetation for covering soil surfaces, all of which are important in
minimizing environmental disturbances due to road construction
activities.
076/5, 2009
Praktek Pembuatan Jembatan Kayu Bulat Sederhana di Beberapa
Konsesi Hutan di Kalimantan = Simple Log Bridge Concstruction
Practices at Several Forest Concessions in Kalimantan Oleh/By:

An investigation on simple log bridge construction practices was carried
out in five forest concession areas scattering in west, Central and South
Kalimantan from 1987. 1989. The purpose is to find current practices, the
amount of log/wood used and problems faced in constructing simple log
bridges.
It is obvios in the field that government guidance in planning,
construction and maintenance of log bridges is still for from satisfaction. It is
common to see that (1) the variation in bridge construction is large; (2) bridges
are built to the strength for higher than required; (3) too many logs are used in
bridge constuction; (4) problems of soil erosion around and under bridges are
quite seriuos; (5) bridges are loaded with unnecessary heavy dirt and/or gravel
which may reduce the effective supporting capacity of stringers; and (6) quite
often the bridge was washed out due to low construction.
Effective guidance from the government in forest bridge planning,
consctuction and maintenance is strongly needed in order to reduce excessive
use of natural resources (logs), to maintain proper bridge function for longer
period, and to minimize environmental distrubances. For this purpose, the
involvement of civil engineers in handling various forest engineering problems
and pacing of research activities are urgently needed.
077/5, 2009
Penggunaan Tanah Liat Sebagai Bahan Konstruksi Lapisan Aus
Jalan Hutan = Using Clay Soil for Wearing Course Material of Forest
Roads. Oleh/By: Sri Sutopo. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 8 (3) 1990:
Souil type of forest areas in Indonesia is dominated by clay. This soil is

poor when used as forest road construction material but its engineering
properties can be improved by certain treatments.
Clay soils can be used as binding materials of wearing course
construction. An investigation was carried out, using the mixture of soil, lime
and crushed rock with the following result.

1. Lime has highly significant influence on the binding strength of material
for wearing course of forest roads. It proportion is 7% on weight basis.
2. According to laboratory test, the use of crushed rock has a highly significant
influence on wearing course strength. Percentages of separated materials
at 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% crushed rock mixture are 1.0%, 2.5%, 26.6%
and 55.52% respectively.
3. An effective crushed rock percentage for clay soil wearing course
construction is 25%. Among the material mixture (soil, lime and crushed
rock) have significant interaction.
078/5, 2009
Keadaan Jalan Hutan di Hutan Jati dan Potensinya dalam Akselerasi

Erosi Tanah = Forest Road Conditions in Teak Forest and Their Soil
Erosion Potentials. Oleh/By : Djaban Tinambuan. Jurnal Penelitian
Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
An investigation on forest road condition In teak forests of Cepu and

Randublatung Forest Districts and their soil erosion potentials was conducted
in early 1991. The samples of roads investigated were 30 segments in Cepu and
14 segment in Randublatung each of 50 m log.
It is found that from the total of 266 km truck roads in Cepu, only 3.7% of
them are in good conditions but 77.2% are active roads. For the 180 km rail
roads, 65.4% are in good conditions.In Randublatung, the total length of truck
roads is 237 km of which only 11.8% are in good conditions but 78.3% are
active roads. For raiol roads, the total length is only 33 km only. 13.5 of them are
in good conditions.
The total area used for roads infrastructures (combinet truck and rail
roads) in Cepu and Randublatung are 266 ha (0.8%) and 163 ha (0.5%),
respectively. This means that an average land lost due to roading is 0.7%.
All factors in the USLE for the teak forest areas of Cepu and
Randublatung are in the level of low scores in terms of soil erosion acceleration

potentials except soil erodibility. It is noticed in the field that this soil erodibility
factor is covered by other dominant factors and, therefore, soil erosion
potentials of forest roads are generally low.
079/5, 2009
Praktek Pembuatan Jalan Hutan dan Permasalahannya di Daerah
Propinsi Jambi = Road Coonstuctions Practice and its Problems in
Jambi Province Area. Oleh/By: Djaban Tinambunan Jurnal.
An observation on road construction practice and its problems in two

logging company areas in Jambi Province was conducted in 1990. The specific
physical condition of the area observed is quite light and, therefore, the cost of
road construction is low at Rp. 5.84 million/km main road.In building the road,
four steps are followed i.e.: road preparation survey, land grabbing and road
grading.
Road densities are 5.3 m/ha in the second company area. For these roads,
land area used amounts to 111.24 ha from the total of 19.940 ha logged-over,
area or 0.56 % in the first and 401.70 ha from the area of 35.021 ha logged-over
area or 1.15 in the scond company. The ratio of road length to log volume
extracted are 0.27 m/cu.m in first and 6.69 m/cu.m in the scond company.
The rate of natural vegetation growth along forest roads is quite high
which is very helpful in retarding soil erosion potential of the roads.
080/5,2009
Intensitas Penggunaan Jalan Hutan sebagai Prasarana Pengangkutan
Kayu di Tiga Perusahaan Hutan di Jambi dan Kalimantan Selatan =
The Intensity of Forest Roads Use as Log Transportation Infrastructure
at Three Logging Companies in Jambi and South Kalimantan. Oleh/By:
Dulsalam. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 10 (5) 1992: 179-185. Pusat

This paper presents the results of an investigation on the use of forest
roads as log transportation infrastructure at two logging companies in Jambi
and one logging company in South Kalimantan carried out in 1990. The
objective is to find out the information of the intensity of forest roads use as log
transportation infrastructure. For that purpose, the data on forest roads length
3
(km) and actual log production (m ) for the period of between three and than
years were collected. The results reveal that:
1. Forest roads at several forest companies in Sumatra and Kalimantan were
commonly unpaved, and therefore, can only be used when they are dry.
2. The average lengths of forest roads built by A, B and C companies were
6,050 km/year with the range of between 2,000 and 13,000 km/year; and
12,733 km/year with the range of between 7,600 and 19,800 km/year;
11,275 km/year with the range of between 2,565 and 22,650 km/year,
respectively.
3
3. Actual log production ranged from 18,045.48 to 45,555,60 m /year with
3
the average of 27,249.88 m /year for A company; from 19,484.07 to
3 3
41,526.29 m /year with the average of 31,485.36 m /year; for B company;
3
and from 15,892.25 to 54,553.95 m /year with the average of 36,745.30
3
m /year for company.
4. Correction factor to be used in calculating actual production from target
production at A, B and C copanies were respectively 0.74 with the range of
between 0.36 and 0.98; 0.97 with the range of between 0.96 and 0.99; and
0.76 with the range of between 0.32 and 1.09.
5. The intensity of forest roads use as log transportation infrastructure at A,
3
B and C forest companies range between 1,503.79 and 17,234.05 m /km-
3
year with the average of 7,165.73 m /km-year; between 984.04 and
3 3
4,400.75 m /km-year with the average of 3,076.61 m /km-year; and
3
between 1,352.53 and 13,292.74 m /km-year with the average of 5,147.53
3
m /km-year,respectively.

081/5, 2009
Keadaan Jalan di Daerah Hutan Non-Jati Jawa Tengah dan
Potensinya dalam Akselerasi Erosi Tanah = Forest Road Conditions in
Non-Teak Folests in Central Java and Their Soil Erosion Potential.
Oleh/By: Djaban Tinambunan. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 11 (1)
1993: 29-36. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
An investigation on forest road condition in non teak forest of Kedu

Utara and Kedu Selatan Forest Districts and their soil erosion potentials was
conducted in early 1992. The sample of roads invetigated were 6 segments in
Kedu Utara and other 6 segments in Kedu Selatan. Each of 50 m long. Forest
areas distribution and road inventory were also investigated and collected.
It is found that forest sections in both forest districts are spread in several
regencies and each section consisted of several relative small areas scattered in
many locations which are seperated by vilages and other land uses. This
condition becomes the constraint in praticing good forest magement in the area.
The total area used for roads infrastructure (combined graveled forest
roads and public roads) in Kedu Utara and Kedu Selatan are 8.30 Ha (0.03%)
and 60.62 Ha (0.14%), respectively. This means that an average land lost due to
roading in only 0.08%.
All factors in the Universal Soil Lost Equation (USLE) for the non- teak
forest of Kedu Utara and Kedu Selatan are in the level high scores in terms of
soil erotion acceletation potential. It is noticed in the field that many segments
of forest roads have been seriously eroded, especially a long the berms and
ditches, and on the fill and cut sections. Better planning and contruction
practices of forest roads are necessary to avoid forest land damage due to soil
erotion.
082/5, 2009
Studi Kasus Kerapatan Jalan Hutan di Dua Perusahaan Hutan di
Jambi = Case Study of Forest Road Density at Two Logging Companies
in Jambi. Oleh/By: Dulsalam. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 12 (2)

A study on the forest road densities was carried out at two logging
companies in Jambi in 1990. The objective is to find out the information of forest
road densities realized by the companies. Data on area cut and road constructed
during the latest ten years felling blocks (from 1980/1990) were collected. The
result of the investigation reveal that:
1. Annually,the length of forest road built by A and B logging companies
ranged from 2,000 to 13,000 m with an average of 6,050 m,and from 7,600
to 19,800 m with an average of 12,733 m,respectively.
2. Forest road density of each felling block at A and B logging companies
ranged from 2.10 to 20 m/ha with an average of 8.54 m/ha, and from 3.45 to
22 m/ha with anaverage of 10.02 m/ha,respectively.
3. The level of forest road density average in the two logging companies was
still bellow those level based on Segebaden Formula.
4. It is suggested that long potential,road contruction cost and skidding cost
be taken into consideration in contructing forest road.
083/5, 2009
Kajian Jalan Hutan di Wilayah Hutan Cepu Jawa Tengah Oleh:
Haryono & Wesman Endom. Prosiding Ekspose Hasil Penelitian
Hasil Hutan Bogor, 19 Desember 2002: 233-247. Pusat Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Teknologi Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Fasilitas jaringan jalan hutan yang memadai merupakan

prasyarat penting dalam penyelenggaraan pengelolaan hutan
berkesinambungan. Untuk memilih penempatan dan pembuatan
jaringan jalan yang tepat dan efisien seluruh areal kerja dalam unit-unit
pengelolaan, perlu dirisalah dan di daftar, dengan tujuan agar dapat
disusun rencana Pembukaan Wilayah Hutan (PWH) dan Rencana Kerja
Tahunan (RKT) dengan sebaik-baiknya. Untuk itu perlu diperhatikan
secara seksama kondisi topografi, tegakan hutan, jenis tanah dan
geologi.

Studi kasus ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efektivitas jaringan
jalan hutan dengan mencoba menganalisisnya melalui penerapan
rumus PWH sebagai pembanding. Hasil kajian memperlihatkan bahwa
prasarana jaringan jalan diwilayah hutan Cepu cukup memadai
dengan kerapatana jalan 5.13 m/ha dengan persen PWH 100%.
Kata kunci: Jalan hutan, efisiensi, pengelolaan hutan lestari.
084/5, 2009
Analisis Prakiraan Biaya Pembuatan Jembatan Kayu Bulat: Studi
Kasus di Perusahaan HPH PT Serestra II di Propinsi Jambi. Oleh:
Zakaria Basari, Wesman Endom & Dulsalam. INFO Hasil Hutan 6 (2)
Tulisan ini menyajikan hasil penelitian analisis pembuatan

jembatan kayu bulat di satu perusahaan HPH. Penelitian di laksanakan
di PT. Serestra II, Cabang Dinas Kehutanan (CDK) Bangko, Dinas
Kehutanan Propinsi Jambi pada tahun 1994.
Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui: (1) Cara kerja
pembuatan jembatan; dan (2) mengetahui biaya tetap, tidak tetap dan
total dalam kegiatan pembuatan jalan jembatan.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa volume kayu bulat
yang digunakan untuk pembuatan 1 (satu) buah konstruksi jembatan
dengan panjang 10 m dan lebar 8 m adalah sebesar 144 m3 . Jumlah
seluruh biaya pembuatan, biaya tetap, dan biaya tidak tetap adalah
masing-masing berturut-turut sebesar Rp.41,175,058.60,
Rp.304,965.50/jam, dan Rp.100,889.00/jam.
Kata kunci: Jembatan kayu bulat, volume kayu dan biaya.

085/5, 2009
Analisis Pembangunan Prasarana Angkutan dan Ekstraksi Kayu
serta Dampaknya terhadap Lingkungan Hutan di Propinsi Riau =
Analysis on Infrastructure Contruction and Logs Exstraction, and
Their Impact on Environment in Riau Province. Oleh/By: Djaban
Tinambunan. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 9 (5) 1991: 193-200. Pusat
An investigation on various aspects of timber harvesting practices in

two logging companies in Riau has been conducted in June 1991. One of them is
operating in dry land forests and the other is inswamp forest.
Road construction in the first company is accomplished by the steps of
selecting route location, land clearing and road forming, road grading, and
right of way clearing with the total cost of Rp 3.8 million/km. Whereas, log
extraction is done by the steps of felling, skidding, debarking, loading, hauling
and unloading with the total cost of Rp.8,210/cu.m.
In swamp forests, rail road construction follows the steps of route
survey, right of way clearing, installing rail supports and stell rails with the
cost of Rp.8,420,000/km, including the costs of logs used for the supports
amounts to 151 cu.m/km and steel rails. By using this facility and manual
(kuda-kuda) skidding, it is found that the cost of log extraction is
Rp.13,250/cu.m.
Logging roads have many land openings and steep, bare soils so that they
are in the condition of high soil erosion potential. Whereas, for rail roads, it is
noticed that their soil erosion is low because the land on both sides and under the
rails is well covered by litter, logs and vegetation roots.
086/5, 2009
Intensitas Pembukaan Wilayah Hutan dan Ekstraksi Kayu dalam
Pengusahaan Hutan Alam di Luar Jawa = Infrastructure and Wood
Extraction Intensities in Several Natural Forest Concessions in The
outer Island of Java. Oleh/By: Djaban Tinambunan, Jurnal Penelitian

Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
An investigation of forest infrastructure and wood extraction intensities

was conducted in 10 logging companies in dry land forests and other 10 logging
companies in swamp forests outside Java from 1989 to 1991.
For dry land forests, it is found that average values of road density
(combined main and branch roads) is 13 m/ha, commercial wood volume
available for haversting is 56 cu.m/hz, and the realization of wood extraction is
41 cu.m/ha. An average amount of commercial volume left unutilized in the
forest (wood waste) is 15 cu.m/ha. While in swamp forests, those figures are
consecutively 11m/ha, 43 cu.m/ha and 11 cu.m/ha. Statistically, all the above
values of dry and swamp forests are not significantly different.
The above facts imply that, nationwide, the high level of commercial
wood waste does occur. Our estimate shows that the figure could reach at least
3.7 million cu.m per year. Efforts need to be done by all parties concerned to
reduce that waste to the minimum level.
087/5, 2009
Pengusaha Nipah dan Permasalahannya = Thatch Palm Utilization
and Its Problems. Oleh/By: Djaban Tinambunan. Jurnal Penelitian
Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
A general investigation of thatch plam utilization in South Sumatra,

Lampung and West Kalimantan had been conducted in 1991.
The result and the very limited publication available show that the
accurate area, distribution and potential of thatch palm forests in Indonesia are
not know yet.
The traditional use of thatch palm leaves for making roof has been know
for a long time but it is still without any improvement.
While the untilization of the palm for various commercial producst and,
therefore, many of its aspect have not been know yet.

It is now realized that all of the palm portions such as leaf, stem, fruit and
juice can be used for certain products with relatively high economical values.
It is noticed that in business of thatch palm untilization industry in
Indonesia, several constraints are commonly faced such as the lack of data of the
palm area, distribution and potential, the unclear institution responsible for the
commodity, the long procedure of getting the permit for manging thatch palm,
the difficult condition of thatch palm field and lack of infrastucture, the lack of
skilled labor, technology, environmental information, the lack of socio-
economical analysis, the difficulty in gitting fund, and the lack of real support
from the government.
Futher research on various aspects of thatch palm untilization and
development are necessary in order to provide scientific information to be used
by interested parties so that the role of the commodity in improving the general
life of local community and increasing government earing can be realized.
088/5, 2009
Hubungan Kerapatan Jalan Hutan dengan Intensitas Pemungutan
Kayu = The Relationship Between Forest Road Density and The
Intensity of Timber Harvesting. Oleh/by: Dulsalam. Buletin
The investigation of the relationship between forest road density and the
intensity of timber harvesting was carried out at two logging companies in
Riau in 1995. Data on felling area, road length and log production were
collected. The data were analised by linear regression with mathematical model
as follows: Y=a+bX.
The investigation result were as follows:
1. The averages of felled forest area per year at PT Kulim Company and PT
Mandau Abadi were 1,875 and 969 ha/year with the average production of
47,242 and 17,909 m3/year, respectively.
2. The averages of forest road length built by PT Kulim Company and PT

Mandau Abadi were 19,600 and 14,840 km/year; and their forest road
density were 10.28 and 23.69 m/ha, respectively.
3. The average of timber harvesting intensity at PT Kulim Company and PT
3
Mandau Abadi were 25.27 and 59.69 m /ha, respectictively.
4. The relationship between the intensity of timber harvesting (y) and road
density (x) can be expessed by regression equation of Y= 9,2598 + 1,8569 X
with R2 = 0.7298.
Keywords: Forest road density, tember harvesting, harvesting intensity

c. Penebangan
089/5, 2009
Pengaruh Pembuangan Banir dalam Penebangan Pohon terhadap
Efisiensi Pemungutan Kayu : Studi Kasus di Suatu Perusahaan Hutan
di Kalimantan Barat = The Effect of Butterss Cutting in Tree Felling on
Wood Harvesting Efficiency (A Case Study in a Logging Company in
West Kalimantan). Oleh/By: Sona Suhatana dan Maman Mansyur
Idris. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 13 (1) 1995: 19-26. Pusat
This paper presents the results of the study of the impact of buttress
cutting in tree felling on harvestring efficiency. The case study was carried out
in PT Kurnia Kapuas Plywood in West Kalimantan in 1994. the aim of the
study is to know the influence of buttress cutting on wood havesting efficiency,
The data were analysed by using the t-test.
The result of study shows that the average of wood harvestring efficiency
by cutting buttress is 68.1 % and without cutting buttress is 66.7%.
090/5, 2009
Produktivitas dan Efisiensi Pemanenan Kayu dengan Teknik
Penebangan Pohon Serendah Mungkin di Hutan Produksi Alam;
Studi Kasus di Taga Perusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Tengah = The
Productivity and Efficiency of Wood Harvesting by Practicing The
Lowest Possible Felling Technique (A Case Study in a Logging
Companis in Central Kalimantan). Oleh/By: Maman Mansyur Idris &
Sona Suhartana. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 13(3) 1995: 94-100.
This paper presents the results of the study of wood harvesting

productivity and effeciency when practicing the lowest possible feling
technique. The case study was selected in three logging companies in Central

Kalimantan in 1994. then,the result are compared to those obtained from
conventional felling technique.
The results of study are as follow:
3
1. The average of wood harvesting productivity is 25.2 m /hr for lowest
3
possible felling technique and 28.8 m /hr for conventional felling. This
difference is statistically significant.
2. The average of wood harvesting efficiency is 86.1% for lowest possible
felling technique and 82.1% for conventional felling technique of 1.28
3
m /tree is highly significant.
3. The average of stump height when practicing the lowest technique is 0.45
m,while for conventional felling technique of is 1.21 m.
091/5, 2009
Pengaruh Penebangan Terkendali dan Konvensional terhadap
Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal dan Produktivitas Kerja = The Effect of
Controlled and Conventional Felling to Residual Stand Damage and
Work Productivity. Oleh/By: Sona Suhartana. Buletin Penelitian
Hasil Hutan, 19 (4) 2001: 219-230. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
The study was carried out at a forest company in West Kalimantan in
2000. The aim of the study is to know the effect of controlled and conventional
felling to residual stand damage and work productivity.
Data collected were: felled and damaged trees, trees with diameter of 20
cm and up, diamater and length of log, and felling time. The data was analyzed
by t-test.
The results of the study showed:
1) The average of residual stand damaged is 7.05% for the controlled felling
and 11.75% for conventional felling. This difference of 4.70% is
significant.
3
2) The average of the work productivity were 17.462% m /hr for the controlled
3
felling and 24,094 m /hr for conventional felling. This difference of 6,632
3
m /hr is highly significant.

Keywords: Residual stand damaged, felling productivity, controlled felling
technique, conventional, felling technique.
092/5, 2009
Peranan Kegiatan Pemanenan Kayu dalam Meningkatkan
Pendapatan Masyarakat Sekitar Hutan: Kasus di KPH Sukabumi dan
KPH Cianjur = The Role of Wood Activity to Increase Earnings of
People Lived Around the Forest: Casses in Sukabumi Forest District
and Cianjur Forest District. Oleh/By: Ishak Sumantri & Sukadaryati.
Timber harvesting activities in Perhutani areas are with the

involvement of people living around the forest. An investigation was conducted
to find out the role of timber harvesting activities in increasing the income of
people involved.
The results showed that 1) People living around the forest were involved
in felling, skidding, and collecting log in temporary logyard; 2) Workers
involvement were temporary and their wage system were differed from
location to location . In Sukabumi, the whole work contract system was applied
with the income ranging from Rp.109,800 to 187,417/ person/compartment or
Rp.13,725 to Rp.23,500/person/day. In Cianjur, the piece work system was
applied with the income ranging from Rp.97,788 to
179.166/person/compartment or Rp.5,750 to Rp.10,500/person/day; and 3)
The income obtained from timber harvesting activities still can not
significantly increse worker's income and, therefore, it is necessary to furthur
seek a proper model suitable for the need of temporary and low income workers
to participate in managing forest in Perhutani areas.
Keywords: Timber harvesting, wage system, worker's income, temporary

workers.

093/5, 2009
Peningkatan Produktivitas dan Efisiensi Penebangan Kayu
Mangium di Satu Perusahaan Hutan Tanaman di Propinsi Jambi =
Increasing Productivity and Felling Efficiency of Accacia Mangium
Wild at a Timber Estate in Jambi. Oleh/By: Sona Suhartana, Marolop
Sinaga & Ishak Sumantri. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 22 (3) 2004:
Implementation of felling technique in the timber estate is not yet

practiced efficiently and appropriately. Study on the lowest possible felling
technique (LPFT) is considered important to increase felling productivity and
felling efficiency. This study was carried out at a timber estate in Jambi 2003.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of LPFT on felling productivity
and efficiency.
Data collected in this regard were: working time, wood volume,
productivity, efficiency, stump height and felling cost. Two-categories data
were analyzed with respect to their possible differences using a t-test.
Results revealed that implementation of LPFT brought out more
convenient impacts in comparison to the conventional felling technique (CFT),
3
as follows: (1) felling productivity increased at 3.177 m /hr; (2) felling
effeciency increased approximately 7.4%; (3) felling cost decreased by some
Rp.159.1 ; and (4) the average stump height were 21.14 cm for LPFT and 32.83
cm for CFT.
Keywords: Felling technique, wood production, increasing production,

timber estate.
094/5, 2009
Produktivitas dan Biaya Produksi Penebangan Hutan Tanaman
Industri di PT Inhutani II Pulau Laut = Productivity and Cost of
Felling Forest Plantation in PT Inhutani II Pulau Laut. Oleh/By:
Marolop Sinaga. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 23 (1) 2005: 69-78.

The research of felling plantation forest was carried out in forest area of
PT Inhutani II, Semaras, Pulau Laut, South Kalimantan which has the
plantation of mangium (Acacia mangium). The felling system used was clear
felling with the sample of 97 trees in felling the tress, the small type chainsaw
was used and the lowest possible cutting was practiced. The objective is to find
the productivity and cost of forest plantation felling. The results show that the
3
productivity of felling is around 0.738-11.645 m /hour with the average of 3.12
3 3
m /hour. The harvesting production cost is around Rp.814 Rp.18,868/ m with
3
the average of Rp.4.411/ m . It is still possible to increase the productivity by
improving workers skill.
Keywords: Plantation forest, productivity, felling cost.
095/5, 2009
Efisiensi Penebangan Pohon Secara Konversional dan Terkendali di
PT Asialog Jambi. Oleh: Sukadaryati. Prosiding Penelitian Hasil
Hutan Bogor, 19 Desember 2002. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Kesenjangan akan ketersediaan bahan baku kayu dari hutan

produksi dengan kebutuhan industri pengolahan menimbulkan
kekhawatiran karena mendorong praktek penebangan ilegal dan
meningkatkan limbah penebangan. Hal ini mengindikasikan
pemborosan sumber daya hutan secara besar-besaran. Oleh karena itu,
kegiatan penebangan kayu harus dapat menunjukkan tingkat efisiensi
penebangan yang tinggi sehingga dapat menyokong pasokan bahan
baku kayu industri yang memenuhi persyaratan baik kualitas maupun
kuantitas.
Tingkat efisiensi penebangan yang terjadi di PT Asialog dengan
sistem konversional berkisar antara 77.66-85.74% dengan rata-rata
81.15%, sedang dengan sistem terkendali berkisar antara 0,84.32-
90.45%, dengan rata-rata 87.27% atau limbah yang terjadi berkisar

antara 9.55-15.68%, dengan rata-rata 12.73%. Dengan demikian
penebangan dengan sistem terkendali dapat meningkatkan efisiensi
penebangan atau menurunkan limbah penebangan sebesar 6.13%.
Keadaan lapangan, keterampilan penebang, dengan sistem
pengupahan merupakan beberapa faktor yang perlu diperhatikan
untuk mengurangi limbah penebangan yang terjadi atau
meningkatkan efisiensi penebangan.
Kata kunci: Efisiensi penebangan, limbah penebangan, sistem

konversional, sistem terkendali.
096/5, 2009
Produktivitas dan Biaya Penebangan Gergaji Rantai Stihl 070 di Satu
Perusahaan Hutan Tanaman Industri di Jambi Oleh: Sona Suhartana.
Prosiding Hasil Penelitian Hasil Hutan Bogor, 19 Desember 2002:
193-200. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Hasil Hutan.
Bogor.
Penelitian telah dilaksanakan pada tahun 2002 di satu

perusahaan HTI di Jambi. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui
besarnya produktivitas dan biaya penebangan dengan menggunakan
gergaji rantai Stihl 070 di HTI. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi waktu
tebang, volume kayu yang ditebang, pemakaian bahan bakar, oli/
gemuk, upah, dan biaya-biaya yang dikeluarkan lainnya. Data diolah
secara tabulasi.
Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa: (1) Produktivitas
penebangan dengan gergaji rantai berkisar antara 19.81-36.14 m3/ jam
dengan rata-rata 27.98 m3/jam; (2) Biaya produksi penebangan dengan
gergaji rantai sebesar Rp. 1,825.2/m3.
Kata kunci: Produktivitas, biaya produksi, penebangan, gergaji rantai.

097/5, 2009
Praktek Penebangan Pohon di Hutan Rakyat (Penggunaan Kulit
Batang Pohon Pisang dan Tambang untuk Sarana Pemanjat). Oleh:
Wesman Endom. INFO Hasil Hutan 13(2) 2007: 137-144. Pusat
Praktek penebangan di hutan rakyat cukup sederhana, unik dan

menarik. Karena tegakan hutan rakyat cukup rapat, maka untuk
mengurangi kerusakan pada tegakan tinggal penebangan dilakukan
dengan diawali memangkas cabang-cabang terlebih dahulu. Untuk
memanjat dapat digunakan tambang dan batang pohon pisang kering
sebagai alat bantu panjat. Cara penebangan seperti ini dapat di
kembangkan untuk penebangan di hutan alam dengan beberapa
penyesuaian misalnya perlunya penggunaan chain-saw mini untuk
mempercepat pemotongan dahan dan seperangkat alat pengaman saat
melakukan pamanjatan.
Kata kunci: Penebangan, hutun rakyat, sederhana, aman dan murah.
098/5, 2009
Perbaikan Teknik Penebangan untuk Minimasi Limbah
Pembalakan dengan Cara Penurunan Tinggi Mulut Takik Rebah =
Improvement of Tree Felling Technique to Minimize Wood Waste by
Reducing Undercut Height. Oleh/By: Wesman Endom. Buletin
Felling technique in logging operation affect both quantity and quality of

logs produced. Improper felling operation may damages the wood in virious
way such as splliting, splintering, and breakage. It leaves more wood waste in
the forest. This study was attempled to reduce wood wastes in felling operation
by improving felling technique i.e. through reducing height of undercut.

The result showed that the reduction of height of standarized undercut
by 30-60% can increase the volume of log produced around 1%. Calculation of
the now method was found that additional cost is relatively small only about
3
Rp.344.13/m . Application of this inprovement technique, showever need a
condusive marketing system.
Keywords: Tree felling, wood waste, improvement, natural forest, eficiency.
099/5, 2009
Penebangan Serendah Mungkin untuk Meningkatkan Produksi
Kayu: Studi Kasus di Dua Perusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Timur =
The Lowest Possible Felling Technique for Increasing Wood
Production : Case Study in Two Forest Companies in East Kalimantan.
Oleh/By: Sona Suhartana & Dulsalam. Buletin penelitian Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.
This paper present the result of the study of felling produtivity and wood
utilization level when practicing the lowest possible felling technique. The case
study was selected in two forest companies in East Kalimantan in 1996. The
aim of mthe study is to find information of the efect of practicing the lowest
possible felling technique to the felling productiviting and wood utilization
level. Then, the result are compared to those obtained from conventional felling
technique.
The results of the study are as following:
3
1. The average of felling productivity is 42.16 m /hr for the lowes possible
3
felling technique and 49.96 m /hr for convertional felling. This difference of
3
7.8 m /hr is significant.
2. The average of stump heigh when practicing the lowest possible felling
technique is 37.6 cm, while for conventional felling is 56.6 cm.
3
3. The average of waste stump volume is 0.21 m /tree (3.34%) for the lowest
3
possible felling technique and 0.40 m /tree (4.54%) for conventional

3
technique. The average of wood utilization is 6.08 m /tree (96.66% for the
3
average volume of trees falled of 8,81 m /tree) for konventional technique.
There is 1.20% increase.
4. It is recommended that the lowest possible felling technique be implemented
because this technique can increase wood utilization.
Keywords: Felling productivity, lowest possible stump, felling technique.
100/5, 2009
Efisiensi Penebangan Kayu di Kawasan Hutan dengan Sistem
Tebang Pilih Indonesia=The Efficiency of Tree Felling at The Natural
Forest Areas Using The Indonesian Selective Cutting and Planting
System Oleh/By: Dulsalam. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 11 (6) 1993:
An investigation of the efficiency of tree felling at forest areas using the

Indonesian Selective Cutting and Planting System (TPTI) was carried out at 5
logging companies in Central Kalimantan and 3 companies in Sounth
Kalimantan in 1990,The objective is to find the way increasing the efficiency of
tree felling at the natural production forest. For that purpose,data on felled tree
volume,actually utilized logs and part of good logs left in the forest were
collected. The investigation result are as follow:
1. Considering long diameter of 10 cm and up,the effeciency of improved
felling technique can be increased by 6.23%.
2. By using the improved felling tecnique,the volume of good quality clear bole
logs is increased by 4.90%.
3. The averages of stump heights between improved and existing felling
techniques were 51.07 cm and 114.86 cm,respectively.
4. The improved felling technique could increase the quality and volume of log
for veneer (from 61.34% to 65.83%) and sawn timber (from 10.19% to
10.45%).
5. It is necessary that the exiting felling technical guisdance and long
administration be improved.

101/5, 2009
Efesiensi Penggunaan Chainsaw pada Kegiatan Penebangan Studi
Kasus di PT Surya Hutani Jaya, Kalimantan Timur = Effeciency of
Chainsaw Utilization on Felling: A Case Study at PT Surya Hutani
Jaya, East Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Sona Suhartana & Yuniawati. Jurnal
Recently, the use of chainsaw for felling industrial plantation forest has
been increased significantly. However, the information about the number of
chainsaw required for certain forset condition has not been known. The
information is important for measuring the optimun works of chainsaw. This
paper present the information for using chainsaw for mangium and gmlina
trees felling. The optimum number for chainsaw required for mangium and
gmelina trees felling is also discussed.
The result of the study revealed that the efficient use of the number of
chainsaw for felling trees was depended on production target, i.e for mangium
felling needs 21 unit and for gmelina 5 unit chainsaws. The use of all chainsaws
available in the field reduced working time significantly but created the
problem of high chainsaw idle time afterward that caused high cost for their
fixed costs.
Keywords: Number of chainsaw, efficiency, production target, cost.
102/5, 2009
Volume dan Klasifikasi Limbah Penebangan pada Beberapa
Pengusahaan Hutan di Aceh dan Kalimantan Timur = Volume and
Classification of Logging Waste at Several Forest Companies in
Sumatera and Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Sampe Radja Simarmata &
Dulsalam. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 2 (2) 1985: 17-19. Pusat

A study on volume and classification of logging waste has been carried
out in several forest in companies in Aceh, North Sumatra, and East
Kalimantan. Average wood waste volume at the logged over areas having
diameter range from 10 to 39 cm with one meter in length or more were
measured using the bereton method.
The results of this investigation several that:
1. Logging waste volume in Aceh range from 26.46 to 29.08 m3/ha with an
average of 27.85 m3/ha. In North Sumatra the value ranges from 22.94 to
38.66 m3/ha with an average of 28.90 m3/ha. It was formed that in East
Kalimantan the logging waste ranges from 22.00 to 81.94 m3/ha with an
average of 52.38 m3/ha.
2. The average wood waste at felling site was higher iin the forest companies in
East Kalimantan.
3. Logging waste consists predominantly of those classifiedd as 10 to 39.9 cm
iin diameter with 4 m length or more.
4. The average volume of logging waste classified as 10 to 19 cm in diameter
with 4 m length of more in Aceh, North Sumatra and East Kalimantan are
consecutively 17.5 m3/ha, 16.9 m3/ha.
103/5, 2009
Masalah Kepecahan Kayu dalam Penebangan di Hutan Jati =
Problem of Log Split in Teak Forest Felling Operation. Oleh/By:
Wesman Endom & Maman Mansyur. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 9
Bogor.
This preliminary research was conducted with the aim of gathering

various felling aspects in teak forests (Tectona grandis LF), which will be used
for designing a practical, simple, and cheap equipment to reduce log split
during felling operation.
It is found in the field that the deviation of falling direction in
conventional method was larger than that in mechanical method. An average
stump height was still high and therefore, needs improvement. This will
increase the volume of wood and income of the feller. Therefore, appropriate
control and counselling of fellers are required.

The secondary data showed that log splits may occur at the bottom, midle
and top of tree felled. In songgom (53 tree samples), the split occurd: 18.9% at
the bottom, 67.9% at the midle and 13.2% at the top. In Cipeundeuy (50 trees
samples), the figures were 6% at the bottom, 46% at the top.
104/5, 2009
Peningkatan Pemanfaatan Kayu Rasamala dengan Perbaikan Teknik
Penebangan dan Sikap Tubuh Penebang: Studi Kasus di KPH
Cianjur, Perhutani Unit III Jawa Barat = Increasing The Utilization of
Rasamala Wood Improving Felling Techniques and Feller Postures:
Case Study at Cianjur Forest Distric, Perhutani Unit III West Java.
Oleh/By: Sona Suhartana, Yuniawati & Djaban Tinambunan Jurnal
This study was carried out in 2005 at the Cianjur Forest Distric,
Perhutani Unit II West Java. The aim of this study was to find the increase of the
utilization of Rasamala wood by praticing lowest possible felling technique
(LPFT) and conventional felling technique (CFT) with two feller postures
(squatted and lowed).
Data collected in this regard were: working time, wood volume,
productivity, effeciency, stump height and felling cost. Data were analyzed by
using Factorial Split Plot.
Result revealed that: (1) Implementation of LPFT brought more
convenient impacts in comparison to the CFT where as felling efficiency
increased approxmately 28.5% (squatted posture) or 28.2% (bowed posture);
(2) Felling technique and feller posture have significant effects on felling
productivityand felling cost; (3) Avarages stump height were 9.18 cm
(squatted); 9.64 cm (bowed) for LPFT and 15.83 cm (squatted); and 16.41 cm
(bowed) for CFT.
Keywords: Felling technique, squatted, bowed and felling efficiency.

105/5, 2009
Efisiensi Pemanfaatan Kayu Mangium pada Berbagai Teknik
Penebangan, Sikap Tubuh dan Kelerengan Lapangan: Studi Kasus di
Satu Perusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Selatan = Utilization
Efficiency of Mangium on Several Felling Techniques, Feller Postures
and Slopes: A Case Study at a Forest Company in South Kalimantan.
Oleh/By: Sona Suhartana & Yuniawati. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Bogor.
The appropriate felling technique by paying attention to feller postures

and slopes condition potentially can produce high productivity and timber
utilization efficiency/ TUE also decreasing production cost. This study was
carried out in June 2007 in one forest company in South Kalimantan. The aim
of the study is to find out the effectsof slopes (≤ 15% and > 15%), feller postures
(squatted, bowed, and stand), and felling techniques (convertional/CLT and
lowest posible felling techniques/ LPFT) to increasing TUE of mangium. To
recommed a better technique, the two felling techniques have been compared
based on productivity, efficiency and production cost by using split plot
factorial 2x2x3.
The results showed: (1) implementing LPFT on slopes of ≤ 15% and >
15% with squatted and bowed can increase TUE about 14.5% equal to
3
Rp.5,140,642.080/ year/company with production realization of 633,084 m /
year; decreasing stump hight around 2.6 cm; the lowest stum hight is 10.1 cm;
and (2) implementing CLT with bowed on slope of ≤ 15% is better than LPFT
based on productifity and production cost. Based on point 1, this is a chance for
a forest company to apply the LPFT.
Keywords: Timber utility Efficiency, productivity, production cost, lowest

posible felling tehnique.

d. Penyaradan
106/5, 2009
Sistem Penyaradan pada Eksploitasi Hutan Pinus di Jawa Tengah =
Yarding system in pine forest logging in central Java. Oleh/By: S.
Sutopo dan Maman M. Idris. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 2 (3) 1985:
A paper mill is to be erected in Cilacap, Central Java in the near future.
The raw material must come from the hilly pine forests in the Pekalongan and
3
Banyumas area. The mill's daily intake ranges between 1,000-1,500 m of
relatively small diameter pine logs. Therefore manual yarding system must be
improved to increase its productivity. One way to do this is to yard with a
wheeled cariage.
The purpose of this investigation is to determine the feasibility of this
yarding system in hilly pine forest terrain.
The investigation reveals the following :
1. Yarding system by roda II is favourable in the hilly pine forest area in
Central Java.
2. This system increases the income per Manday approximately by 31%
compared to the traditional system (ngglebeg) for a distance of 1.0 km, and
18% for a distance of 2.0 km.
3
3. Yarding productivity by road II is approximately 1.58 m per day.
107/5, 2009
Pengaruh Jarak Sarad dan Volume Kayu yang Disarad terhadap
Produktivitas Traktor Penyaradan = The Effect of Skidding Distance
and Skidded Log Volume on The Productivity of Skidding Tractor.
Oleh/By: Dulsalam & Sukanda, Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 8 (3)
An investigation on the effect of skidding distance and skidded log

volume on the productivity of skidding tractor was carried out at a forest

company in Jambi in 1985. Caterpillar D7 G tractors were selected randomly
and their working times and skidded log volume were observed through work
time study. The purpose of this investigation is to find of out the effect of
skidding of distance and skidded log volume on the productivity of skidding
tractors. The investigation comes to the following conclusions.
1. The average of skidding distance was 3.24 hm with standard error of
3
0.2066 hm while the average of skidded log volume was 9.08 m with
3
0.3773 m standard error.
3
2. The average productivity of skidding tactor was 92.09 m hm/hour with
3
standard error of 5,3405 m hm/hour.
3. The relationship between tractor productivity (Y) and skidding distance
(X1) and skidding log volume (X2) can be expressed in the linear multiple
regression :
Y = - 43,1670 + 15,0704 X1 + 9,5175 X2
2
With R = 0.7150
4. The effect of skidding distanced and skidded log volumes on the
productivity of skidding tactors are significant.
The tractor productivity increases proportionally when the skidding
distance and sikdded log volume increased. It is therefor recommended to make
the skidded longs as possible as far as the tractor can handle.
108/5, 2009
Penyaradan yang Direncanakan untuk Minimasi Kerusakan
Tegakan Tinggal: Kasus di Dua Perusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan
Timur (Planned Skidding for Minimizing Residual Stand Damages) =
A Case Study at Two Forest Companies in East Kalimantan). Oleh/By:
Sona Suhartana. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 15 (1) 1997: 60-67.
This paper present the result of the study on residual stand damages
caused by planned skidding. Log skidding by tractor carefully, will be the
residual stang damages. By palnned skidding will be minimized that damages.

The case study was carry out at two forest companies in East Kalimantan. The
aim of the study is to minimize the residual stand damages.
Data collected were the number of trees felled/skidded the number of trees
with diameter 20 cm and up, slove and the number of trees damages. The data
was analized by using the t-test and the multiple regression.
The study showed the following result : The average of residual stand
damages caused by planned skidding is 8.4% and for conventional is 13.47%.
This difference of 5.07% is highly significant, whereas the factors that
influencing the residual stand damages is the slope for the planned skidding
(highly significant) eventhough stand density and slope for the conventional
skidding (highly significant).The planned skidding could be minimized the
residual stand damages (5.07%).
Keywords: Planning skidding, minimizing, residual stand damages.
109/5, 2009
Studi Kasus Produktivitas dan Biaya Pengeluaran Kayu dengan
Sistem Kabel Layang Koller 300 = A Case Study Productivity and Cost
of Log Extraction by Using Koller 300 Skyline System. Oleh/By:
Dulsalam & Djaban Tinambunan. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 15
Bogor.
A study on productivity and cost of log extraction by using Koller 300

skyline system was carried out at one logging company in East Kalimantan in
1994. The Objective is to find information about productivity and cost of log
extraction by using koller 300 skyline system. Data on koller 300 specification,
extracted log dimension, fuel consumption, working time and labor wage were
collected. The study results are as follows:
1. Time consumed to install, operate and remove koller 300 skyline system
were 2.35, 3.89 and 1.39 hours roadline, respectively.
2. The diameter of logs extraction ranged between 15-52 cm with an average
of 20 cm and the length varied from 4.3 to 30.7 m with an average of 8.5 m.

3. The volume of logs extracted in each roadline ranged between 4.230 and
3 3
25.803 m / roadline with an average of 11.503 m /roadline while the
volume of log extracted in each turn varied from 0.101 to 1,521 m3/ turn
with an average of 0.466 m3/turn.
4. Equipment productivity in each roadline ranged between 1.04 and 2.98
3 3
m /hour with an average of 2.19 m /hour, with log extraction productivity
(including time of installation and movement) varied from 0.85 to 2.19
3 3.
m /hour with an average of 1.70 m /hour.
5. Unproductive time ranged between 0.24 and 3.81 hours/roadline way with
an average of 1.10 hours/roadline way (18% to the total of working time).
6. Log extraction cost by using koller 300 skyline system varied from
3 3
Rp. 22,387 to Rp. 59,036/m with an average of Rp. 33,322/ m .
Keywords: Productivity, cost, skyline system, koller 300.
110/5, 2009
Perbandingan Penyaradan Kayu dengan Sistem Manual dan
Eksavator di Hutan Rawa Bagian III : Kajian Teknis, Ekonomis dan
Ekologis = Comparation of Manual and Excavator Log Extraction
System in Swamp Forest Part III : Study on Technical, Economical and
Ecological Study. Oleh/By: Wesman Endom & Zakaria Basari.
Modified excavator is one of heavy equipment that might be usefull and

environmentally friendly to be used for operational logging extraction
especially in sweamp forest. It is therefore besides convenient and powerfull, it
is also helpful as in effective alternative in anticipating the quikness of manual
system which is called “kuda-kuda”.
Related to the case, study by implementing both manual system and
excavator was done in a forest concession, i.e PT. Inti Prona, a cutting block
covering the 1997/1998 area thet located under management of Sub Forest
District Dumai, Riau Province. The study covered aspects of extraction

productivity, extraction cost, and logging impact on the possible damage of
residual forest stands due to the implementation of both system.
The result that showed that the average of logs extraction productivity
3
was 16.80 m .hm per hour. With respect to the ecological impacts, it was found
that residual forest stand damage occurred at 17.29% per ha (at pole stage) and
17.17% per ha (at tree stage). Further, operation cost hauling was assessed at
3
Rp.5,600 per m of extracted log.
3
Meanwhile, manual log extraction revealed productivity at 2.46 m .hm
per hour. Ecological impact due to contruction of manual road extraction
system and landling site (TPn) was the occurance of the damage to pole and tree
stages at 28.25 % and 34.33 %, respectively. In the Same occasion, cost of
3
manual extraction about Rp. 23,000 per m .
Keywords: Excavator, productivity, damage, tree, poles and extraction cost.
111/5, 2009
Produksitivitas dan Biaya Penyaradan Kayu dengan Kerbau di Jambi
= Productivity and Cost of Log-Skidding Using Buffalo in Jambi.
Oleh/By: Dulsalam & Sukadaryati. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan,
Bogor.
An investigation on productivity and log-skidding cost using buffalo

(Bubalus bubalis).Was carried out at the area of Inhutani V in Jambi in 1999.
The objective is to get reliable information about such productivity and cost.
Connected with this purpose, some related data as collected were i.e, volume of
skidded log, skidding distance, skidding-working time, buffalo working time,
feedling cost, operator cost, and equipment.
Volumes of log which was skidded using buffalo ranged between 0.094
3 3
and 0.904 m /trip with an avverage of 0.484 m /trip. Skidding distance using
buffalo varied from 10 to 242 m with an average of 82 m. The working time
varied from 11 to 83 minutes with an average of 30 minutes. The log skidding
3
productivity ranged between 0.035 and 1.211 m -hm/hour with an average of

0.338 m3-hm/hour. Log skidding productivity costs using buffalo ranged
between Rp.681 and Rp.23,589/m3-hm with an average of Rp.4,375/m3-hm. It
is suggested tahat volume of skidded log in each round trip and skidding
3
distance be not more than1 m and 250 m,respectively.
Keywords: Productivity, log skidding, buffalo.
112/5, 2009
Produktivitas Pengeluaran Dolok Kayu Tusam dengan Sistem Kabel
Layang Iwafuji 115 = Productivity of Tusam Log Removal Using
Iwafuji 115's Sklyline System. Oleh/By: Zakaria Basari. Buletin
This report deals with assesing the performance of tusam (Pinus

merkusii Jungh et de Vries) log removal using particular skyline system. The
assesment in this regard is pointed out by the aim of this study, i.e. observing
the productivity and operation cost of such removal.
Related with those cases, investigation has been conducted and located in
Cikajang Sub Forestry Distric, Garut Forest Distric, under the Indonesian
State Forest Enterprise in Wst Java. The topographical location has a slope at
about 50 - 500 with altitude ranging around 900-1000 m above sea level. The
skyline machine used was a yarder manufactured in japan with the brand name
as “IWAFUJI” and engine power at 115 HP. The harvesting or removal of
tusam log was done using a clear cutting system.
The result revealed that the removal productivity varied from 25.07 to
4317 m3 hm per hour with average at 33.33 m3 hm per hour. Meanwhile, the
corres ponding production cost was Rp. 16,879.3 per m3. It turned out that such
productivity (Y) was significantly affected by real removal frequency (X),
which further could be be expressed in regression equation Y =
1,0659+0,1245X (r=0,5852) with F-calc = 4.15 greater than F-table = 2.1. The
opening soil was 5 percent.
Keywords: Skyline, tusam log, productivity, and operation cost.

113/5, 2009
Produktivitas dan Biaya Penyaradan Kayu dengan Traktor Pertanian
Type Ford 5660 di Hutan Tanaman Semaras, Pulau Laut = The
Productivity and Cost of Log Extraction using a Farm Tractor Type
Ford 5660 at the Samaras Plantation Forest, Pulau Laut. Oleh/By:
Dulsalam & Sukadaryati. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 20 (1) 2002:
Investigation on assessing the productivity and cost of log-skidding

using a farm tractor type Ford 5660 was carried out at the Semaras plantation
forest under PT. Inhutani's concession situated in Pulau Laut (South
Kalimantan) in 1999. The objective was to get appropriate and reliable
information on the productivity and cost of log-skidding. The data collected
were skidding-distance, working time, log volumes, purchasing cost, and labor
wage; and further, they were all incorporated for assessment.
The results were : 1). Log volumes skidded using the farm tractor ranged
between 0.065-1.134 m3/one trip with an average of 0.434 m3/one-trip, while
skidding-distance varied from 0.25-1.85 hm with an average of 0.937 hm, 2).
Skidding time was in the range of 0.06 1.14 hours/one-trip with an average of
0.23 hours/one-trip, 3) The productivity of log skidding using the farm tractor
recorded between 0.062 6.086 m3-hm/hour with an average of 2.075 m3-
hm/hour, while the cost of log-skidding was in the range of Rp. 9,522/m3-hm
with average at Rp. 931,000/m3-hm Rp. 55,777/m3-hm, and 4) In
implemanting the use of farm tractor for logskidding, the log volume and
skidding-distance are suggestedat at about 1.2 m3 and 2 hm, respectively.
Keywords: Productivity, cost, log-skidding, farm tractor.
114/5, 2009
Produktivitas dan Biaya Penyaradan Skyline Isuzu 240 di Satu
Perusahaan Hutan Tanaman Industri di Jambi. Oleh: Sona
Suhartana. Prosiding Seminar Hasil Penelitian Hasil Hutan Bogor, 19
Desember 2002: 213-219. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan

Penelitian telah dilaksanakan pada tahun 2002 di satu
perusahaan HTI di Jambi. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui
besarnya produktivitas dan biaya penyaradan dengan menggunakan
skyline Isuzu 240.
Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi waktu sarad, jarak sarad dan
volume kayu yang disarad. Semua pengeluaran seperti pemakaian
bahan bakar, oli/gemuk, upah, biaya penyusutan, biaya
pemeliharaan/perbaikan, bunga, asuransi, pajak. Data diolah secara
tabulasi.
Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa: (1) Produktivitas
penyaradan dengan sistem skyline Isuzu 240 berkisar antara 17.71-
25.48 m3/jam dengan rata-rata 21.06 m3/jam; (2) Biaya produksi
penyaradan dengan sistem skyline Isuzu 240 sebesar Rp. 3,768. 17/m3.
Kata kunci: Produktivitas, biaya produksi, penyaradan, skyline Isuzu

240.
115/5, 2009
Perbandingan Penyaradan Kayu dengan Sistem Manual dan
Eksavator di Hutan Rawa Bagian 1: Produktivitas Kerja. Oleh: Sona
Suhartana. INFO Hasil Hutan 6 (1) 2000: 31-37. Pusat Penelitian dan
Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tahun 1998 di dua perusahaan

hutan di Riau, dengan tujuan membandingkan produktivitas kerja alat
penyaradan kayu dengan eksavator dan dengan sistem manual. Data
yang di kumpulkan adalah : volume kayu ,jarak sarad dan waktu efektif
penyaradan. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji-t.
Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa rata-rata produktivitas kerja
alat penyaradan kayu dengan eksavator adalah 20.51 m3.hm/jam dan
untuk sistem manual sebesar 14.35 m3 hm/jam .Hal ini berarti
peningkatan produktivitas kerja sebesar 6,16 m3.hm/jam(berbeda
sangat nyata pada taraf 99%).

Kata kunci: Produktivitas kerja, penyaradan kayu, eksavator, manual,
peningkatan.
116/5, 2009
Produktivitas Traktor Caterpillar D7G di Suatu Perusahaan Hak
Pengusahaan Hutan di Jambi = The Productivity of D7G Caterpillar
Tractors at a Forest Company. in Jambi. Oleh/By: Dulsalam dan
Sukanda. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 6 (6)1989: 368-372. Pusat
An investigation on the productivity of D7G caterpilar troctors was

caried out at a forest company in Jambi in 1985.Three tractors were selected
randomly to be observed. The productifity of these tractors was collected
through work time study. The purpose is to find the productivities of D7G
caterpillar tractors so that this information can be used by forest companies in
planning skidding operation. This investigation results reveal that:
1. D7G caterpilar tractors can be used to skid logs at dryland forests having
easy and moderate topoghrapies. At skidding distances ranging from 75-
535 m with an average of 324 m these tractors can skid logs having volumes
3 3
ranging from 5.01-16.88 m /trip with an averge of 9.08 m /trip.
2. The average productivities of A, B and C skidding tractors were 59.22 ,
3
89.81 and 123.69 m . hm/hour, respectively. The productivities among
tractors were significantly different due to different skidding distances,
tractor conditions, driver skills, average stand volume per ha, soil
conditions, skidded log volume and topography. The average productivity
of the three tractors was 92.09 hm/hour.
117/5, 2009
Kajian Penggunaan Kapasitas Traktor Komatsu D85e-Ss dalam
Upaya Peningkatan Produktivtas Penyaradan = An Anallsis of
Tractor Komatsu D85e-Ss Capacity Utilization and The possibility of
Increasing Skidding Productivity. Oleh/By: Wesman Endom dan
Sukanda. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 13 (6) 1995: 231-245. Pusat
This research was aiming at identifying the tractor skidding capasity in

logging operation in the natural production forest. The tractor observed was
Komatsu D85E-SS, and in thus study the specific gravity of 0.8 for all species
was assumed.
The result shows that the capasity of skidding was about 14.7 ton or
equal to 18.40 m log. However, it was found that from 52 observations, 8% were
done under the 20% capasity and 8% were done by winching.
Those figures indicate that the skidder capasity has not yet fully utized.
Therefore, the possibilty to increase the volume of skidding is widely open,
meaning that the logging wastest can be overcome by skidding those above clear
bole parts together with the main log.
3
The cost of skidding per m compared with 20 years ago was found to be
3
three time higher. The cost skidding per m was about Rp. 3225,- at the average
distance of 3.16 hm.
e. Muat bongkar
118/5, 2009
Efisiensi Pengangkutan dan Muat Bongkar Kayu di Suatu
Pengusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Tengah = The Efficiency of Log
Hauling and Loading-Unloading at One Logging Company in Central
Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Dulsalam & Arifin Suzanto. Buletin
An investigation on the efficiency of Log Hauling and Loading-
unloading was carried out at one logging company in Central Kalimantan in
1994. The objectives is to get some information about the efficiency of log
hauling and Loading-unloading to increase their productivity. Data on volume
of log hauling and loading-unloading as well as the working time were
collected.

The results are as follow : The average of log hauling by group A and
3
group B were 784.09 m km/hour with efficiency of 53.22% and 987.87
m3km/hour with the efficiency of 57.71% respectively. Besides that, the
average of log loading-unloading were 12.82 m3m/minute with the efficiency
3
of 81,88% and 73.73 m m/minute with the efficiency of 56.04% respectively.
To increase and the productivity of log hauling, log loading and unloading, it is
suggested that log hauling, loading and unloading should be prepared well
such that the activities can run well.
Keywords: Efficiency, hauling, loading, unloading, logging.
119/5, 2009
Kajian Produktivitas Alat Muat Kayu KPH2 di BKPH Gunung Halu,
KPH Bandung Selatan Perum Perhutani Unit III Jawa Barat = A
Technical and Economical Studies of The Wood Loading Equipment
KPH2 at BKPH Gunung Halu, KPH Bandung Selatan Perum Perhutani
Unit III West Java. Oleh/By: Zakaria Basari, Sona Suhartana,
Wesman Endom, Dulsalam & Yayan Sugilar. Buletin Penelitian Hasil
Hutan, 20 (2) 2002: 165-176. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.
The KPH2 a type of equipment for wood loading into truck was designed
by Forest Engeenering and Forest Harvest Divition Forest Products Research
Centre Bogor. An operation trial has been done in BKPH Gunung Halu,
Bandung Selatan Forest District, Perum Perhutani Unit III West Java.
The objevtive of this study is to see the productivity and operation cost of
loading rasamala log (Altingia excelsa) into truck, using a helper KPH2 and
by manual system.
The results showed that productivity of KPH2 Equipment and manual
were 0.02 m3/minute/m and 0,04 m3/minute/m, with operation cost of Rp.
18,523.00/m3 and Rp. 2,000.00/ m3 and respectively.
Keywords: Harvesting, productivity, loading, cost.
120/5, 2009
Produktivitas dan Biaya Muat Bongkar Kayu Bulat dengan
Menggunakan Alat Mekanis Oleh: Yuniawati & Sona Suhartana.
INFO Hasil Hutan 12 (1) 2006: 25-32. Pusat Penelitian dan
Muat bongkar dolok merupakan salah satu kegiatan dalam

pemanenan hutan. Di luar Pulau Jawa, pada areal yang luas, muat
bongkar umumnya menggunakan peralatan mekanis. Harga alat muat
bongkar sangat mahal sehingga perlu direncanakan secara matang
sesuai keadaan lapangan. Dengan mengetahui produktivitas dan biaya
muat bongkar, pemilihan alat yang sesuai dapat lebih mudah
dilakukan.
Beberapa hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Caterpillar 966C
beroda menghasilkan produktivitas muat tertinggi. Produktivitas
bongkar muat tertinggi menggunakan Allis Chalmers 745H dengan
risiko kerusakan kayu sangat kecil. Biaya muat bongkar yang terendah
masing-masing menggunakan wheel loader Komatsu WA350.
Kata kunci: Muat bongkar, produktivitas, biaya.
f. Pengangkutan
121/5, 2009
Produktivitas Angkutan Lori Dorong di Hutan Jati = Hauling
Productivity by Hand Lorry in The Teak Forest. Oleh/By: Apul
Sianturi. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 1 (4) 1984: 20-23. Pusat
A study on the productivity of lorry transportation in the teak forest was

carried out in 1982, at three forest Districts. Time study have been conducted
for this purpose.

The study shows that:
1. The loading productivity of a 6-men crew are 2.2 , 1.7 , and 1m3 per hour in
the Bojonegoro, Mantingan, and Blora Forest Districts respectively, with
an average of 1.6 m3 per hour.
2. Loading capacity of one lorry varies from 2.6 to 4.7 m3 of logs with an
average of 3.6 m3.
3. Lorry speed varies from 5.7 to 6.8 km per hour, with an average of 6.9 km
per hour.
4. Unloading pruductivity varies from 5.6 to 12.9 m3 per hour, with an
average of 7.5 m3 per hour.
5. Hauling cost varies from Rp. 86 to Rp. 92 per m3 km, with an average of Rp.
88 per m3 km.
122/5, 2009
Produktivitas Angkut Truk dan Truk Semi Trailer di Sumatera dan
Kalimantan Selatan = Log Hauling Output of Truck and Semi Trailer
Truck in Sumatera and Sout Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Apul Sianturi &
An investigation on log hauling by truck and semi-trailer truck has been

carried out at 14 concession areas in Sumatera and 5 concession areas in South
Kalimantan in 1980 and 1981. The investigation comes to the following
conclussions:
1. Logging companies in Riau, Jambi and South Sumatera use poorly
constructed forest roads without any graveling. On theother hand those in
South Kalimantan are relatively good graveled roads.
2. Effective hauling outputs of trucks range from 91 to 361 m3 km/round trip
hour, with an average of 247 m3 km/round trip hour, and those of semi,
trailer truck from 265 to 841 m3 km/round trip/hour, with an average of 494
m3 km/round trip hour.
3. There is prononeed linier between hauling distance and round trip time.
123/5, 2009
Pengaruh Jumlah Tenaga Pendorong terhadap Kecepatan Lori pada
Pengangkutan Kayu = The Effect of Crew Size on The Speed of Hand
Lorry In Wood Transportation. Oleh/By: Apul Sianturi & Dulsalam.
This investigation was carried out in the padangan Forest District,
Perum Perhutani Unit II, East Java, employing crews of various sizes, i.e., 4, 5
and 6 men to push the loaded lorries.
Lorry speed is influenced by several facto, e.g., slope, crews size, team-
work among crew members. The influence of crew size on lorry speed turned
out to be insignificant.
The average speed of lorries are 3.3 km/hours, and 4.7 km/hours and 4.3
km/hours with standard error of 0.7 km/hourrs, 0.8 km/hours and 0.9 km/hours
for 4, 5 and 6-man, crew, respectivelly.
124/5, 2009
Produktivitas dan Biaya Angkutan Truk di Tiga KPH Perum
Perhutani Jawa Tengah = Truck Hauling Cost and Productivity at
Three Perhutani Forest Districts in Central Java. Oleh/By: Dulsalam &
Apul Sianturi. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 5 (2) 1988: 37-41. Pusat
An investigation on truck hauling of logs has been carried out at three
Perhutani Forest Districts in Central Java, in 1980, 1981 and 1982. The
investigation comes to the following conclusions:
1. Annual working days for gasoline trucks range from 689 to 1.676 hours
with an average of 1.40 hours, and that for diesel trucks from 671 to 811
hours with an average of 790 hours.
2. Effective hauling output of gasoline trucks in ton-km/year ranges from
9,833 to 65,482 with an average of 33,000, and that for diesel trucks from
6.683 to 108.948 with an average of 33,650.

3. Hauling cost by gasoline truck in Rp per ton-km for the years 1980, 1981,
1982 increases from year to year, namely Rp.95,128 and Rp.169, and that
by diesel truck Rp.78, Rp.80 and Rp.83, consecutively.
4. Hauling cost by gasoline truck is higher that by diesel truck.
5. The highest component cost of hauling logs by gasoline truck is fuel, i.e. 43
percent, and that at diesel truck, spare parts, i.e. 62 percent.
125/5, 2009
Produktivitas dan Biaya Angkutan Kayu dengan Rel Baja dan Rel
Kayu = Productivity and Cost Study of Log Haulage on Steel and
Wooden Rails. Oleh/By: Dulsalam. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 5 (2)
The paper presents the result of a study on the productivity and cost of
haulage on steel and wooden rails. The study was conducted at 4 logging
companies in West Kalimantan during year 1982. There were 2 methods of log
haulage observed, namely using locomotive and manual pushing.
The logging companies generally used rail weighing 7-10 kg/m and 5 x 7
cm wooden rail. The distance between steel and wooden rails were respectively
60-70 cm and 60 cm or less. The crew size varied from 8 to 12 men for
locomotive haulage consisting of 12-16 lorries, and 2-4 men/lorry for haulage
on wooden rail. The result of the haulage study reveals also the productivity
3 3
figures of respectively 156.9 m km/hour and 2.4 m km/hour for the first and the
second methods mentioned above.
Log transportation on steel rail is safer for the labour compared with that
on wooden rail, and the life of steel rail is much longer than that of wooden rail.
Although steel rail is higher in the investment cost compared with wooden rail
(Rp.14-21 million/km and Rp. 2.35 million/km respectively), the average
3 3
haulage cost per m km is about one-third of the latter (Rp. 80.1/m km and Rp.
3
254.4/m km. Respectively).
126/5, 2009
Studi Kasus Produktivitas dan Biaya Angkutan dengan Truk Isuzu di
Dua Hak Pengusahaan Hutan di Sumatera Barat = Case Study of
Hauling Productivity and Operating Cost of Isuzu Trucks at Two
Forest Companies in West Sumatera Oleh/By : Dulsalam & Sukanda.
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 6 (1)1989: 6-11. Pusat Penelitian dan
A Study on productivity and operating cost of Isuzu TWD 20 (1979
model) trucks has been carried out at two forest companies in West Sumatera.
The result shows that:
1. The average hauling productivity at PT Ragusa Ltd and PT Pasar besar is
113 m3 km/hour and 211 m3 km /hour, respectively.
2. The averge operating cost at PT Ragusa Ltd and pasar besar is respectively
Rp.93,-/m3 km and Rp. 57,-/m3 km.
127/5, 2009
Produktivitas dan Biaya Pengangkutan Tiga Jenis Truk Angkutan
Kayu di Tiga Hak Pengusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Barat = Hauling
Productivity and Hauling Costs of Three Types of Log Hauling Trucks
at Three Logging Companies in West Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Sukanda,
Dulsalam & Ishak Sumantri. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 6 (4) 1989:
An investigation on hauling productivities and hauling costs of three

types of log hauling trucks was carried out at three logging companies in West
Kalimantan in 1988. three types of logging trucks, i.e. Nissan with semi trailer,
Berliet with semi trailer and Nissan truck, were observed. The productivities of
trucks were gathered through time study while the hauling costs were
calculated based on secondary data. The purpose of the investigation is to find
hauling productivities, operating costs of trucks and hauling costs.
The results of the investigation are as follows:
1. The average hauling productivities of Nissan with semi trailer, Berliet with

semi trailer and Nissan trucks are 484.99 m3 km/hour, 492.02 m3 km/hour
and 292.07 m3 km/hour, respectively.
2. The average hauling costs of Nissan with semi trailer, Berliet with semi
3 3
trailer and Nissan trucks are Rp. 63.08 m km, Rp. 64.66/m km and Rp.
3
84.33/m km, respectively.
3. The differences in both the hauling produktivities and hauling costs either
between Nissan logging truck with semi trailerand nissan logging truck or
between berliet logging truck with semi-trailer and nissan logging truck
were highly significant because of the diperences in logging truck
capacities, transport distances and driver skills. But the hauling
productivities and hauling costs between berliet logging truck with semi-
tailer and nissan logging truck with semi-trailer did not differ significantly
because the logging truck capaticies, transport distance and driver skiil in
PT Kawedar are compratively simmilar to those in PT Erna Juliawati.
4. Hauling costs by using smallar trucks are more expensive than those by
using larger truck.
128/5, 2009
Prestasi Pengemudi Truk Angkutan di Suatu Pengusahaan Hutan di
Kalimantan Barat = Logging Truck Draivers Performances at Forest
Company in West Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Dulsalam & Sukanda. Jurnal
An investigation on logging truck drivers' performances was carried

out at a logging company in West Kalimantan in 1988. Seven logging truck
drivers were observed using seven Nissan TZ 50 semi-trailer logging trucks
(made in 1979). The purpose of this investigation is to find out logging truck
drivers' performances necessary for logging companies to plan their
employment in hauling activity. For this purpose, the investigation was done
through work time study.
The investigation comes to the following conclusions:
1. PT Duadja II employs several logging truck drivers having various skills.
Nissan TZ 50 semi-trailer logging trucks are used to transport logs from
the forest to log pond.
2. Average performances of A, B, C, D, E, F, and G logging truck drivers were
765.79, 695.85, 652.56, 843.31, 74.,07, 709.20, and 759,00018
3
m km/hour, respectively.
3. The performances among logging truck drivers were significantly different
due to the differences in load volumes and logging truck speeds as well as
drivers' age and education levels.
129/5, 2009
Penilaian Jumlah Penggunaan Truk Angkutan di Dua Perusahaan
Hutan dI Sumatera Barat = A Study on The Productivity of Logging
Trucks at Two Forest Companies in West Sumatera. Oleh/By:
Dulsalam. Jurnal Penelitian hasil hutan 6 (8) 1990: 488-494. Pusat
A study on the productivity of logging trucks at two forest companies

was done in 1984, and the result is reported in this article. Four logging trucks
used by PT Ragusa and five by PT Pasar Besar were selected randomly to study
transport time and load volumes through work time study. The purpose is to
find out the optimum number of trucks suitable to transport logs from the
forests to log ponds processing places or other distribution point. The result
shows that:
1. Isuzu TWD 20 trucks were used to transport logs at the two forest
companies.
2. The average log volume per and trip transportation at PT Ragusa and PT
3 3
Pasar Besar were 15.20 m and 12.84 m , respectively.
3
3. Average productivity at PT Ragusa and PT Pasar Besar were 45.6 m /day
3
and 25.68 m /day, respectively.
4. Logging truck productivities were possibly influenced by load volumes and
transport distance.

5. The number of logging trucks actually urged in hauling logs at PT Ragusa
and PT Pasar Besar were 5 and 11 units, respectively. Procurement of new
or reparation of idle logging trucks is strongly recommended.
130/5, 2009
Evaluasi Jumlah Penggunaan Truk Angkutan di Suatu Peusahaan
Hutan di Riau = An Evaluation of The Number of Logging Trucks Used
by a Forest Company in Riau. Oleh/By: Dulsalam. Jurnal Penelitian
Hasil Hutan 8 (1) 1990: 1-7. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.
A study of the number of logging trucks used by a forest company in

Riau was carried out in 1989. To evaluate the number of logging trucks,
transport times and load volumes of logging trucks were collected through a
work time study. The objective is to find out the number of logging trucks which
meets the logging company's production target. The investigation comes up to
the following conclusion:
1. Log number and load volume averages hauled by Nissan TZ 52 logging
3
trucks were 4 logs/trip and 23.84 m /trip, respectively. At the distance of 21
km, the logging trucks normally took 190.65 minutes (3.18 hours) to
transport logs from the forest to log yard. Logging trucks could transport
logs three round trips per day.
3
2. The normal average productivity of the logging trucks was 71.52 m per
day.
3
3. The average productive time of logging trucks was 71.52 m per day.
4. The number of logging trucks available was 2 units which conformed with
the company's production target. For better operations, it is recommended
that the company has one additional logging truck to meet its production
target in the next working plan.
131/5, 2009
Prestasi Pengemudi Truk Angkutan Kayu dari berbagai Kelompok
Umur = Logging Truck Drivers Performances at Several Age Groups.
Oleh/By: Dulsalam. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 8 (2) 1990: 37-41.
An investigation on logging truck drivers' performances was conducted

in West Kalimantan Province in 1988. The objective of the investigation is to
find out the logging trucks drivers' performances at several age groups.
The drivers of Nissan TZ 50 logging trucks at a logging company were
observed using time study. To Achieve the study's objective, the drivers were
categorized into four groups based on their age, namely ≤ 30, >30-35, >35-40,
and > 40 years.
The results of the study were as follows:
1. Logging truck drivers at the logging company are relatively old with the
age between 30 and 45 years.
2. Logging truck drivers performances with the age groups of ≤ 30, > 30-35, >
3 3
35-40, and > 40 years were 702.87 m -km/hour, 796.80 m -km/hour and
3
684.54 m -km/hour, respectively.
132/5, 2009
Study Penggunaan Truk Colt Diesel 100 PS untuk Pengangkutan
Bibit dalam Pembangunan Hutan Tanaman Industri = Study of The
Use Colt Diesel 100 Ps Truck for Seedling Transportation in Timber
Estate Estblishment. Oleh/By: Dulsalam. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.
This paper discribes the study of the use of colt diesel 100 PS truck for
seedling transportation in timber estate estblishment carried out at one timber
estate company in South Sumatera in 1991.The objective is to find out the
information about the use of colt diesel 100 PS truck for seedling

transportation. Data on productivity and cost of colt diesel 100 PS truck as
weel as hauling distance and labors' wages were collocted. The study result are
as follows :
1. Colt Diesel 100 PS truck is appropriate for transforting seedling from
plantation sites in timber estate area. To make loading and unloading easy
and to avoid the damage of seedling during transportation activity,the
seedling should be put into strong wood boxes.
2. Colt Diesel 100 PS truck can be loaded with 20 to 21 seedling boxes
consisting of 1.200 to 1,260 seedling. The productivity of Colt Diesel 100
PS truck for seedling transportation varied from 8,756 to 13,340 seedling-
km/hour with an average of 10,944 seedling-km/hour.
3. Cost of Colt Diesel 100 PS truks per seedling ranged between Rp.3.20 and
4.84/ seedling-km with an average of Rp.387/ seedling-km.
4. To make seedling transportation activity runs well,it is suggested that
forest roads be paved so that they can be used at all weather conditions.
133/5, 2009
Pengangkutan Kayu dengan Truk di KPH Bojonegoro dan Saradan =
Timber Transportation by Truck in Bojonegoro and Saradan Forest
Districts. Oleh/By: Apul Sianturi & Dulsalam. Jurnal Penelitian
Hasil Hutan 2 (2) 1985: 13-16. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
An observation on wood transportation by truck has been carried out in
the Bojonegoro and Saradan Forest Districts. Trucks are Mercedes Benz,
consisting of models ranging from 1970 to 1975. The annual operation days of
truck at the Bojonegoro and Saradan Forest Districts are 147 and 193 days
resfectively. The average annual hauling capacity of trucks in Bojonegoro and
Saradan is 14,964 ton-km per year and 41,145 ton-km per year respectively.
The average hauling cost in Bojonegoro and Saradan is Rp.300,- per ton-
km and Rp.107,- per ton-km respectively. This cost is broken down into the
following components: Fuel, 9 percent; grease, 9 percent; spare parts, 55
percent; tyres, 23 percent; miscellaneous, 4 percent.
134/5, 2009
Pengaruh Kerusakan dan Kelerengan Jalan Hutan Terhadap
Produktivitas Pengangkutan Kayu : Studi Kasus di Kalimantan Barat
= The Effect of Forest Road Damage and Slope on Timber
Transportation Productivity. A Case Study in West Kalimantan.
Oleh/By: S. Sutopo & Rahardjo S. Suparto. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.
Timber transportation productivity decreases when forest road is

deteriorated and The slope is large. This study tried to investigate the effect of
slope and road damage on timber transportation productivity, and was carried
out at the PT Sari Bumi Kusumah forest company areas in west Kalimantan in
1987.
The Investigation results are as follows:
1. Slope Difference of 5% has significant effect on tranportation productifity.
On flat, medium and steep slopes, the productivities are 265, 219 and 132
3
m .km/hr, respectively.
2. Transportation productivity is significantly influenced by a difference of
15% damage on the road.Productivities on relatively good road, medium
3
damaged and badly damaged roads are 292, 213 and 136 m . km/hr,
respectively.
3. On flat and badly damaged roads (at a damage level greater than 30%),
transportation productivity is reduced 64% which caused significant
financial loss. The allowable road damage on flat terrain without cousing
financial loss is 40%.
4. On medium terrain and medium damage roads (at damage levels between
15% and 30%), The loss is significant. Medium damaged (between 15%
and 30%) and heavy damaged roads (greater than 30%), coused
transportation productivities to be decreased as much as 25% and 58%
respectively. The allowable road damage on medium terrain without
cousing financial loss is 26%.

5. On steep terrain, transportation productivity is decreased significantly i.e
58% of those on medium damaged roads (between 15% and 30%). A
maximum road damage of 18% is allowable without cousing financial loss.
6. There is a significant interaction between slope and road damage. The
steeper of slope and the heavier of road damage, the larger of decrease in
transportation productivity.
3
7. In the transportation distance of 60 km and the timber price of US $ 70/m .If
timber transportation productivity decreases 30%, it is strongly suggested
to repair damaged road immediately in order prevent financial losses.
135/5, 2009
Pengaruh Tanjakan dan Volume Muatan Terhadap Produktivitas
Lori Dorong di Hutan Jati = The Effect of Slopes and Load Volumes on
The Productivity of Hand Lorry in Teak Forests. Oleh/By: Dulsalam.
An investigation on the effect of slopes and load volumes on the
productivity of hand lorry was carried out at Padang an Forest District, Unit
II Perum Perhutani, East Java, in 1983. In the investigation, four levels of
slopes ( i.e. 3, 4, 5, and 6 percent), four levels of load volumes ( i.e. 3.5, 4.0, 4.5,
3
and 5.0 m ) and crew of 4 workers were used. The objective was to find the
productivity of hand lorry operating on several slopes and with several load
volumes. The results reveal that :
3
1. The productivities of log hauling larry ranged from 7,16 to 25,09 m
3
km/hour with an average of 16,45 m km/hour.
2. Higher slope and load volume coused the decrease in lorry productivity.
3. The relation of productivity (Y), slope (X1 ) and load volume (X2 ) can be
expressed by the following equation of linear multiple regression:
2
Y = 48,626 2,199 X1 5,342 X2 with R = 0,58
4. Slopes and load volumes have highly significant effect on productivities.
136/5, 2009
Evaluasi Logging Truk Berdasarkan Umur Pakai, Produktivitas dan
Biaya Angkutan = Logging truck evaluation based on life time,
productivity and hauling cost. Oleh/By: Sukanda, Jurnal Penelitian
Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
In many forest concesions today, old logging trucks of 5-9 years old are
being used. These trucks will be continuously used as long as spare parts are
available and the equipment can be repaired. The results are low productivity
and high cost.
An observation in the field on 9 and 2-year old logging trucks in Central
Kalimantan shows the following results:
1. For logging truck condition of 9-year old, effective working time is 63%
3
and productivity is 10,921 m /year which are lower than those for logging
truck of 2-year old with effective working hour of 80.5% and productivity
3
of 18,678 m /year.
2. Hauling with logging truck of 9-year old is more expensive than that of
3 3
logging truck of 2-year old, i.e : Rp. 4,940/m /50 km ( Rp. 99/m /km ) and
3 3
Rp. 4,360/m /50 km ( Rp. 87/m /km ), respectively which means the
3 3
difference of 580/m /50 km ( Rp. 12/m /km ).
3. Due to large amount of maintenance cost, especially spare part cost than
reached 54% of the total cost, the 9-year old logging trucks are not efficient
anymore and, therefore, need to be replaced.
137/5, 2009
Produktivitas dan Biaya Traktor Pertanian untuk Pengangkutan
Bibit dalam Pembangunan Hutan Tanaman Industri = Productivity
and Cost Seedling Transportation Using Farm Tractor in Timber State
Establishment. Oleh/By: Dulsalam. Buletin penelitian Hasil Hutan 14
Bogor.

This paper present the study result of the use for farming tractor for
seedling transportation in timber estate company in South Sumatra in 1991.
The objective was to obtain information about the use of farm tractor for seeding
transportation. Data on the number of transported seedling and working time
per trip as well as hauling distance and labor's wages were colected. The result
are as follows:
1. Farm tractor trailer is appropriate for transporting seedling from
plantation site to timber estate area.
2. The seedling should be put into strong wood boxes to make loading and
unloading easy and to aviod seedlings the damage during transportation
activity.
3. Trailer of farm tractor can be loaded with 20 seedling boxes consisting of
1,200 seedlings. The productivity of farm tractor for seedling
transportation varied between 7,362 seedling km/ hour and 13,488
seedling km/hour with an average of 10,032 seedling km/hour.
4. Cost of farm tractor for seedling transportation ranged from Rp. 3,01,-/
seedling km- Rp. 5.51,-/seedling km with and average of Rp. 4.10,-/
seedling km.
5. Farm tractor can still be used in heavy terrain and mudy roads.
Keywords: Productivity, cost, farm tractor, seedling transportation.
g. Hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK)
138/5, 2009
Studi Perbaikan Cara Penyadapan Kopal di KPH Sukabumi = Study
on The Improvement of Copal Tapping Procedure at Sukabumi Forest
District. Oleh/By: Soenarno, Maman Mansyur Idris & Zakaria Basari.
Copal from Agathis tree has been one of important forest products, not
only as export commodity but also as raw material for some industries. In the
last few years however production in this country began to decrease, due to
inefficient tapping by the forest worker.
Because of this reason a study on the tapping procedure is necessary.
This report deals with a preliminary study on the present “quarre” type of
tapping procedure commonly adopted by the forest worker. The locality chosen
was Gede Barat Sub forest district at Sukabumi, West Java.
Three factors were chosen for the tapping study, namely the effect on of
resin productivity of the location of the wound with respect to west and east
direction (factor A), time of tapping (factor B), and type of wound covering
(factor C).
The result of this study shows that :
1. Covering of tap wound does not cause incoveniences to the worker.
2. Resin productivity is not significantly affected by the wound location.
3. The highest production of the resin per tree comes from the wound cut in the
morning and covered with black coloured polyethelene sheet.
139/5, 2009
Beberapa Macam Perlakuan Terhadap Penyadapan Agathis spp.

untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Getah = Some Treatments on The Tapping
of Agathis spp. to Increase Resin Yield. Oleh/By: Dulsalam & Ishak
Sumantri. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 2(2) 1985: 10-12. Pusat
An investigation into tapping of Agathis spp.using several methods has
beencarried out in malang forest District, unit II Perum Perhutani, East Java,
in 1983. The methods are designed to increase resin yield per unit time by
manipulating tapping time, duration and covers and orientation.
The investigation reveals that:
1. Average resin production of the agathis spp. For one week to two weeks
times using of black and white plastic cover s are respectively 9.85
gram/tree and 9.61 gram/tree. Without plastic cover the yield is 7.76
gram/tree, shigtly lower than when they are covered.

2. The application of black plastic cover at tapping his significantly increased
the yield up to 26.9% and those covered with white plastic of 23.8%. In both
cases the resin yield is significantly higher compared to result obtained
when tapping was carried out without cover.
3. Average resin yield at tapping face oriented to in east and west from one to
two weeks are 7.48 gram/tree and 11.26 gram/tree, respectively.
4. The tapping face oriented to the west increases the resin yield up to 50.5%
compared with that oriented to the east.
5. The average resin yield for one and two weeks are respectively 8.57
gram/tree and 9.95 gram/tree. Duration of tapping of the agathis spp. For
one and two week does not effect the production level. Therefore 2 week
tapping is not recommended.
140/5, 2009
Penyadapan Getah Pinus merkusii dengan Menggunakan Beberapa

Pola Sadap dan Tingkat Konsentrasi Zat Perangsang = Resin Tapping
on Pinus merkusii Using Various Tapping Patterns and Stimulant
Concentration Levels. Oleh/By: Ishak Sumantri dan Wesman Endom.
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 6 (13) 1989: 152-159. Pusat Penelitian
Three methods for tapping pine tree resin i.e., 3 x 4 cm, 1.5 x 8 cm and
indian tapping method were investigated in Cianjur Forest District in 1988.
To increase the resin yield, sulphuhric acid (H2SO4) with 0%, 15%, 25%, and
35% concetration were used. Each tapping method was applied on fourty pine
trees. The results are as fallows:
1. Using stimulant with the tree methods of tapping increase the resin yield.
2. From The three tapping methods applied, indian tapping method showed
the highest resin yield, i.e 12.72 gram/ tree / day.
3. Indian Tapping method gives Rp. 5/kg profit. This value was found by
subtracting selling price ( Rp. 150/kg) with production cost (Rp. 145/kg).
141/5, 2009
Manipulasi Pola Sadap Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Getah Pohon
AGATHIS (AGHATIS SP.) = Tapping Design Manipulation to Increase
Resin Yield of Aghatis sp. Oleh/By: Ishak Sumantri dan Dulsalam.
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 9 (1) 1991: 1- 4. Pusat Penelitian Dan
This paper presents the results of investigation on tapping desaigns

manipulation to increase resin yield of agathis sp. carried out in Wonosobo Sub
Forest District, Purworejo Forest District, Unit II Perum Perhutani Central
Java, in 1989. The objective is to find out the tapping design that can increase
resin yield. For this purpose, the slanted and horizontal tapping designs were
applied. Data obtained were analysed by using nested designs with 2 x 5 x 4 x
factors. The results are as follows:
1. An average resin yield of Agathis sp. in Wonosobo Sub Forest District was
2.47 gram/tree/day with the range between 0.71 and 8.29 gram/tree/day.
2. The average resin yields of Agathis sp. using slanted and horizontal
tapping design were 2.30 and 2.65 gram/tree/day, respectively.
3. The average resin yields of Agathis sp. in Februari, March, April, May and
June were 1.88, 2.52, 2.62, 2.65 and 2.69 gram/tree/day, respectively.
4. The average resin yield of Agathis sp. at the first, second, third and fourth
tappings were 2.35, 2.45, 2.53 and 2.65 gram/tree/day, respectively.
5. The resin yield among tapping months were different significantly while
the resin yields either between tapping designs or among tapping
prequencies were not significantly different. Compered to resin yield of
horizontal tapping design, the resin yield of slanted tapping design was
15% higher.
142/5, 2009
Hubungan Antara Diameter Pohon dan Produksi Getah dalam
Penyadapan Getah Agathis spp. = Relationship Between Tree
Diameter and Copal Production on The tapping of Agathis spp.

Oleh/By: Ishak Sumantri. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 9 (6) 1991:
This paper presents the result an investigation of the relationship
between tree diameter and copal production in the Agathis spp. tapping. Copal
tappings were done using slanted and horizontal tapping patterns on the
Agathis trees having diameter between 24 and 40 cm with the age of 20 years.
The results of data analysis are as follows:
1. At the even age agathis trees, there was no relationship between tree
diameter and copal production.
2. Viewing from the coefficient of determination, the contribution of slanted
tapping pattern was 12% and horizontal tapping pattern was 1%. Other
factors that may affect copal production are the collor of bark and leaf,
crown size and the direction of resin conal.
3. Better relationship between diameter and copal production may be obtained
if the size of tapping quare is proportional to tree diameter/ perimeter.
4. Further investigation, by including other variables, is suggested in order to
formulate better relationship.
143/5, 2009
Perbaikan Sistem Pemungutan Lak dalam Rangka Peningkatan
Produksi = The improvement of Lac harvesting System to Increase
Production. Oleh/By: Ishak Sumantri. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan.
Bogor.
A research on the improvement of lac harvesting system had been
conducted in probolinggo Forest District, Unit II Perum Perhutani, East Java.
Harvesting system and plantation site were observed to find higher lac
production.
The result are as follows :
- The selective system is better than total cut system in producing lac.
- The plantation on top of the hill produce more lac than other placees due to the
richness of sun shine.
144/5, 2009
Cara Pengusahaan Hutan Nipah (Nypa Fructicans) di Batu Ampar
Kalimantan Barat = Utilizatiton and Tapping Technique of Nypa
Forest (Nypa Fructicans) in Batu Ampar West Kalimantan Oleh/By:
Sukanda. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 13 (4) 1994: 153-161. Pusat
Nipah (Nypa fructicans) is a species of the palmae family which grows

on swampy areas,coastal and along bankriver. It is commonly known that the
tree is able to produce so called nira (fruits) which can be used for sweety
material.
The Utilizatiton and development of wild nypa forest as sweetty material
has been done by PT Milatronika Karya Nipah Indonesia in Sponti Jaya Nypa
forest,Sub Distric of Batu Ampar,Pontianak. In order to produce some amount
of nira from nypa,tending and special care particulary to thr fruit stems are
requered. The nira processed into redish sugar,and sugar,cristle sugar,acid and
fresh drinking water is obtained through cutting of the fruit stem.
The red fructosa of nira has a composition as follows: sucrose 83.67%
reduction sugar 2.27% total sugar 90.57%,carbon 4.57% and the rest in the
form of parfume (nipa specific). The other benefits of nypa forest Utilizatiton
are to create employment and regional development.
h. Ergonomi
145/5, 2009
Kecelakaan Kerja dalam Kegiatan Eksploitasi Hutan di Kalimantan
Tengah = Work Accidents in the Logging Industry in Central
Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Maman Mansyur Idris & Soenarno. Jurnal
Logging in Central Kalimantan is generally mechanized, utilizing

modern machines. Involved in these activities are local labourers, many among

which have not benefited any adequate training for their jobs. They are
originally farmers or farm labourers, and most of them had very little, if any
education. It is therefore, not surprising that they can't operate or handle the
machines properly.
The logging industry in characterized by hard work requiring, high skill
and alertness.
Shortcomings in these qualities leads to accidents caused by inumerable
factors that are constantly present in the tropical high forests.
To develop safety programs research is needed to gather information on
work accidentsat varios logging companies through the year. The aim of this
study is to find out about the effects of mechanized logging system on accident
occurences. The study was conducted in Central Kalimantan, resulting in the
following conclusions:
1. Accident frequeny rate according to ANSI standard for 500 labourers
ranges 95 to 151 accident per million work hours.
2. Accident severity rate according to ANSI standard for 500 labourers
ranges from 4,000 to 8,000 days lost per million work hours.
146/5, 2009
Penyakit Pekerja dalam Kegiatan Eksploitasi Hutan di Kalimantan
Tengah = Workers Illness in Logging Activities in Central Kalimantan.
Oleh/By: Sunarno dan Maman M. Idris. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.
Working conditions in tropical forests, especially in logging, are

generally difficult. The materials handled are heavy, outdoor weather
conditions are unpredicted, the growth of vegetation are commonly dense, and
temperature and humidity are mostly high. These conditions, together with
inappropriate workers' facilities and nutrient will lead to bad health conditions
and occurence of various illnesses.
An investigation carried out in two logging companies in Central
Kalimantan reveald that there are 8 kinds of illnesses that are commonly
suffered by workers, i.e : Influenza, malaria irritation of respiratory systems,
felling of nausea, back and neck problems, headache/giddiness, sore eyes, and
skin disease. The highest risk of having illness is for those working in
transportation operations, followed by felling, skidding, and workshop. It is
also found that the least risk is timber cruising activity.
147/5, 2009
Perbaikan Beban Kerja antara Kegiatan Penebangan Secara Mekanis
Melalui Penerapan Prinsip Ergonomi = Improvement of Stress in
Mechanical Felling Activities Through the Application of Ergonomik
Principles. Oleh/By: Soenarno dan Maman Mansyur Idris. Jurnal
Tree felling operations in Indonesia are commonly done by standing or
bending workers, using chain saws. These techniques cause high stump
residues (about 8.94%) and increase workers' energy consumption by 12% for
standing and 55% for bending workers' positions.
From ergonomics point of view, above techniques cause body position to
be less natural, produce longer static muscular work hours, reduce work hours,
create early fatique and physiological effect like work stress.
This paper described the effect of improved felling method on work stress
of chain saw operators and construction wood production.
An investigation was carried out in twoprivate forest companies in
Central Kalimantan in 1988.
The results are as the following :
1. The improved felling method decreases work stress of chain saw operators,
showed by the reduction of pulse rate to the amount of 13 15 beats/minute.
2. The improved method of felling trees with buttress heights of < 50 cm and
50 -150 cm cause the increase in construction wood products about 0.354
3 3
m and 0.542 m per tree felled,respectively.

148/5, 2009
Antropometrik Penebang Jati di BKPH Bandungsari KPH
Purwodadi Perum Perhutani Unit I Jawa Tengah = Antropometric of
Teak Loggers in Bandungsari Sub Forest District Purwodadi Forest
Distric, Central Java. Oleh/By: Sona Suhartana dan Maman Mansyur
Idris. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 7 (1) 1990: 28-32. Pusat Penelitian
Anthropometric data of the workers are essential in the practice of

ergonomics, especially for the design of work places, machines and equipment
in order to attain work comfort and increased work productivity.
Anthropometric measurements were carried out to 18 teak loggers aging
between 20-35 years. The measurements included: body, shoulder, elbow and
hip height; shoulder and hip widht; length of arm and hand, length of upper
arm, lower arm and hand; upper reach and arm span (measurements in
standing position). In sitting position, the body measurements comprised
sitting, elbow, hip and knee height; length of upper and lower log.
The result showes that elbow height of teak logger has high variability
and decrease their working comfort and productivity.
Length of arm and hand which are longer than axe handle on the other
hand speed up working fatique and inefficient work.
149/5, 2009
Produktivitas dan Beban Kerja Operator Gergaji Rantai, pada
Kegiatan Penebangan Pohon Berbanir Tinggi di Hutan Alam di
Kalimantan Tengah = Chain Saw Operators Productivity and
Workstress on High Buttress Tree Felling In Natural Rain Forest in
Central Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Maman Mansyur Idris & Soenarno.
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 9 (2) 1991: 45-52. Pusat Penelitian dan
In general, there are three basic types/methods of chain saw operator's

body position in doing mechanical tree felling in natural forest i.e; felling with
squat, felling with standing in deeply bending forward and standing while both
arms in extreme position in the soulder joint. However, the body position of
chain saw operator in high buttress tree felling are usually in standing while
both arms in extreme position in the shoulder joint.
The extreme body position above does not only generate static muscular
load causing early fatique and pain in the shoulder joint (Hagberg, et al, 1987)
but also cause physiological load during work (Ayaz, 1987). For this matter, a
study was conducted for the imfrovement of worker's productivity and
workstress by introducing a new method of body positions felling technique.
The investigation took place at Central Kalimantan in 1989. The results
of this research as follows :
1. From faal variable point of view, the chain swa operator's wosrkstress
during work is higher than the limited workstress level recommended by
International medical opinion.
2. New felling technique applied on high buttress tree of 150 to 300 cm can
reduse workstress rate about 3-8 beats/min. While, if it is applied on high
buttress tree of > 300 cm causes the operator chain saw's workstress about
1-4 beats/min lower than operator chain saw's workstress in felling of tree
with conventional method.
3. Productivity rate with new felling method applied on buttress high of 150
3 3
cm 300 cm and > 300 cm are about 19.298 m /hr and 18.207 m /hr. The
productivity rate with conventional method applied on high buttress of 150
3 3
cm 300 m > 300 cm are 22.974 m /hr and 24.9794 m /hr.
4. Although the use of new method on high buttress tree felling causes
negative effect in work productivity but in fact it can increase the forest
wood utilization about 2.63% - 4.27%.
150/5, 2009
Penggunaan Gergaji Rantai pada Penebangan Jati dan Dampaknya
terhadap Kebisingan dan Beban Kerja = The Use Chainsaw in Teak
Felling and its Noise Impact on Working Stress. Oleh/By: Soenarno &
Maman Mansyur Idris. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 9 (4) 1991: 139-

It is obvious that the use of chainsaw in teak felling has some advantages
not only in increasing productivity but also in reducing felling defects.
Nevertheless, using chainsaw in teak felling has also created a lot of
inconveniences to forest worker. These include the distruction of physical
climatic conditions and heavier phsycological stress of forest workers due to
combined physical workload, Noise and fear of accident effects.
Base on the above reasons, research on noise and forest workers'
workstress is needed. This research is intended to determine a better method of
felling technique in the efforts of controlling nois to provide a more favourable
conditions for the workers. This research was carried out in Saradan Forest
District, East Java.
The results of the research reveal that both noise and the workes' stress
rate occuring at teak felling is higher than at acceptable by the “World medical
conventions” (Grandjean 1982). The average noise level rate is about 110 dB
(A), and the average forest workers' stress is about 126 heart beats/min for
chainsaw operator and about 98 heart beats/min for the helper.
151/5, 2009
Pengaruh Latihan Kerja terhadap Volume Limbah Ekploitasi = The
Influence of Training on Felling Waste. Oleh/By: Marolop Sinaga,
Sampe Radja S & Maman Mansyur Idris. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.
An investigation of felling waste was carried out at three forest

enterprises in North Sumatera. In each forest enterprise, the operators were
trained before data collection was conducted.
The result that training has significant effect on reducing the volume of
felling waste. The average felling waste before and after training are
3 3
respectively 0.705 m /tree and 0.185 m /tree.It is therefore recommended that
operator needs to be trained before.
152/5, 2009
Beberapa Masalah Ergonomik dalam Kegiatan Penebangan di
Kalimantan Barat = Some Ergonomic Problems in Logging Activities in
West Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Maman Mansyur Idris & Zakaria Basari.
Preliminary study on ergonomics of forest concessions was emphasized

on mechanic operators activities, with 62 respondents.
The questioneire consists of ten problem areas, namely audiometry,
pollution, vibration, phisycall work load, logging equipment operation, work
capacity, psychology of work load, accident, safety, and the inventory of past
ergonomic research.
In general, the research indicated that the forest concession holders were
not well aware of the importance of ergonomic aspects in their ventures.
153/5, 2009
Kondisi Ruangan Kerja Pada Tiga Pabrik Kayu Lapis di Sumatera
Selatan = Working Conditions of Three Plywood Factories in South
Sumatera. Oleh/By: Maman Mansyur Idris & Sona Suhartana. Jurnal
An investigation on working condition of three plywood factories in

South Sumatra was conducted in1987. The objective is to find out the workers'
judgement about their working conditions in terms of conveniences.
The total of 265 respondents from plywood factories employed in the
processing steps of wood preparation,peeling, reeling, unreeling, veneer
preparation, gluing, pressing, finishing, quality control, packaging,workshops
and laboratories were interviewed.
The results showed that in each processing step, more than 60%
respondents felt their working space conditions were far from being convenient
due to inapropriate air circulation, dust, bad smell, noise, and vibration.

154/5, 2009
Tingkat Kebisingan di Industri Penggergajian Kayu : Studi Kasus
Dua Penggergajian Kayu di Kalimantan Selatan = Noise Level in The
Sawmilling Industry. A Case Study in Two Sawmills in South
Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Soenarno & Maman Mansyur Idris. Jurnal
Wood processing in Indonesia, especially sawmilling industries have

been increased in the last decade. Until 1985, about 295 sawmilling industries
with the production capacity of more than 8,500,000 m3/year have been
installed. These industries have contributed to Indonesian foreign exchange of
US $ 1,800.37 million. In their operations, the problem of ergonomics, such as
high noise levels has not considered yet.
An investigation was conducted in two sawmilling industries in South
Kalimantan with the results as follow:
1. Noise level in the second industry was varied from 96 to 102 dB(A), and in
the first industry was ranged from 92 to 94 dB(A). This difference is due to
differences in the machine lay out and working space design. Both levels are
higher than the maximum tolerable noise level of 85 dB(A).
2. Noise protection means for workers in the first industry are not required fir
the time being, but in the second industry they are strongly recommended.
C. Dampak Pemanenan
155/5, 2009
Kerusakan Tegakan Sisa Akibat Eksploitasi Hutan dengan Sistem
Traktor dan Highlead = Residual Stand Damages Due to Tractor and
Highlead Logging System. Oleh/By: Jurnalis Thaib. Jurnal
Tractor and highlead yarding systems are the most common logging
systems in the Indonesian Selective Cutting (TPI) of its tropical rain forest
exploitations. The study of the logging system performances were conducted to
evaluate the extend of residual stand damages. Studies in 22 forestry
concessions revealead that the TPI concept have not been adopted satisfactorily.
The study also confirmed that the average number of trees having 35 cm
minimum diameter are 11.6-70.8 trees per ha of commercial species and 18.7-
79.4 trees per ha for all species. With regard to the TPI, there were only 52.6
percent of the forest concessions conformed with the specified conditions where
at least 25 potential trees per ha sould remained in the residual stands.
Comparative study with highlead yarding system indicated that average
number of potential trees in the residual stands were 5.1-16.6 trees per ha of
commercial species and only 6.3-21.7 trees per ha for all species. None of the
concessions with highlead logging systems have met the TPI requirements.
The residual stand damage when using highlead yarding are
significantly higher (P < 0.05) in comparison with that of the tractors. The
residual stand damages were 68.7 to 71.7 percent for highlead system while
only 3.9-52.2 percent for the tractor. The study concluded that with respect to
damages, tractor yarding is preferable over highlead.
Dampak Pemanenan 129

156/5, 2009
Pengaruh Intensitas Penebangan dan Lereng terhadap Keterbukaan
Tanah = The Effect Of Felling Intensity and Slope on Ground Exposure.
Oleh/By: Jurnalis Thaib. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 2 (4) 1985: 28-
Ground exposure is one of the stand damages caused by logging. Logging

which generally do not comply with the stipulation of the Indonesian Selective
Cutting (TPI) system, have caused varying degrees of ground exposure as
follows:
On slopes of 0-25% where the number of trees felled per hectare are 0-4,
5-9 and 10 or up, ground exposure varied between 5.4-13.8%, 13.4-22.5%, and
20.9-26.6% respectively.
On slopes of 26% and up, where the number of trees felled per hectare are
0-4, 5-9 and 10 or up, ground exposure varied between 7.6 13.8%, 11.9 19.7%
and 17.1 24.6% respectively.
Dominant factors in the process of ground exposure are management,
particularly with regard to the organization of skidding and hauling activities,
and the number of trees felled per unit area. Unproductive tractor movements
e.g. in location logs, increases ground exposures and total cost per unit logs
produced, and should therefore be avided.
157/5, 2009
Tingkat Kerusakan Tegakan Hutan Akibat Operasi Penebangan
pada dua Hak Pengusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Barat = Timber
Stand Damage Levels Coursed by Felling Operations at Two Forest
Consession in West Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Jurnalis Thaib. Jurnal
Penelitian Hasil Hutan 6 (2)1989: 137-141. Pusat Penelitian dan
Minimum level of stand damages is one of the obyektives of the tropical

rain forest harvesting practices in which the Indonesian selective cutting
system is applied. In order to meet that obyective, various manual should be
prepared based on sound quantitative data.
Observation on stand damages due to felling operations has been carried
out in Sukajaya Makmur Enterprise (SJM) and Kawedar Mukti Timber
Enterprise (KMT), both located in west kalimantan. The stand damages caused
by felling one tree vary from 3 to 8 trees with an average of 6 trees in SJM, and
from 2 to 7 trees with an average of 4 trees in KMT. The relationships between
stand damage (Y) and stand density (X) are : Y = -4.69 + 0.08 X for SJM and Y
= - 6.83 + 0.08 X for KMT. The results of the study showed that the major
causes of the variation of stand damages are improper direction of tree felling,
and less control from supervisors/ managers.
158/5, 2009
Pembalakan Ramah Lingkungan untuk Minimasi Kerusakan
Tegakan Tinggal : Kasus di Satu Perusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan
Timur = Reduced Impact Logging to Minimize Residual Stand
Damages a Case Study in a Forest Company in East Kalimantan.
Oleh/By: Maman Mansyur Idris & Sona Suhartana. Buletin
Reduced impact logging is one of the main issue in the coming era of
ecolabelling and free trade. The study was carried out at a forest company in
East Kalimantan in 1997. The goal of the study is to minimize residual stand
damage as an effort in ensuring sustainabilitynof forest utilization.
Data collected were: (1) Felled trees, trees with the diameter 20 cm and
up, damaged trees; (2) the number and condition of poles; (3) the number and
condition of sapling and (4) the number and condition of seedling.
The result of the study show; the average of residual stand damages for
trees poles, sapling and seedling and seedling are: 11.2%; 4.9%; and 5.7%
respectively for controlled and 13.1%; 11.97%; 12.9%;14.42% respectively,for
conventional logging. The decrease of residual tand damages for poles, sapling
and seedling are 7.07%; 8.4% and 8.72% respectively (highly significant).

Base on the result, it is recommended that controlled logging should be
practiced because it can minimize residual stand damages.
Keywords: Reduced impact logging, minimize impact,residual stand damage.
159/5, 2009
Kerusakan Tegakkan Tinggal dan Produktivitas Kerja pada Tebang
Penjarangan Secara Selektif : Kasus di Satu Perusahaan HTI di
Sumatra Selatan = Residual Stand Damage and Work Productivity
Thinning: A Case Study at a Timber Estate Company in South
Sumatera. Oleh/By: Sona Suhartana & Dulsalam Buletin Penelitian
Hasil Hutan, 19 (1) 2001: 9-17 Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
The study was carried out at a timber estate company in South Sumatera
in 1999. The aim of the study is to know the effect of sellective thinning to
residual stand damage and work productivity.
Data collected were: thinned and damaged trees; residual stand;
thinning time; diameter and length of thinned trees. The data was analized by
tabulation.
The results of the study showed that the average of residual stand
damaged and the average of work productivity in selective thinning were
3
respectively 6.22% and 56.167 m /hour.
Keywords: Selective thinning, residual stand, damage, work productivity.
160/5, 2009
Dampak Pembalakkan Berwawasan Lingkungan (PBL) terhadap
Kerusakan Tegakan dan Biaya Penyaradan di Hutan Produksi Alam
= The Effect of Reduced Impact Logging and Stand Damage and
Skidding Cost in Natural Production Forest. Oleh/By: Sona
Suhartana. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 20 (4) 2002: 285-301. Pusat
This paper deals with the result of study on implementing Reduced
Impact Logging (RIL) as well as Conventional Logging (CL), which was
carried out in natural production forest under the concession operation of a
forest company in Riau in 2001. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of
reduced impact logging on possible improvement or securing the stand
damage, level of ground exposure, top soil displacement, and cost related
skidding productivity.
The data collected in this regard were the number of felled trees (stands),
number of trees with the diameter of 20 cm or greater, number of damaged trees
and poles, ground exposure, top soil displacement, skidding cost, and skidding
productivity. The data as such consisted of to main catagories, i. e. the one and
the other one that resulted consecutively from the implementation of RIL and
CL systems. The two-category data were analyzed with respect to their possible
differences using a t-test.
Result of study revealed that the implementation of RIL system brought
out more convenient impacts in comparison to the CL, as follows: (1) Level of
tree (stand) damage would decrease by about 5.4% (highly significant); (2)
Ground exposure decreased by around 9 percent (significant); (3) the decrease
in top soil displacement by about 2.4 mm (highly significant); (4) skidding cost
3
decreased by some Rp. 398.98 per m . With respect to skidding productivity
3
using RIL (compared to CL), there was apparently an increase by about 2.6 m
per hour. However, such an increase was not significantly different.
Based on environmental, technical and economical considerations, the
RIL system for future logging operation can be recommended in preference to
the CL.
Keywords: Reduced impact logging, conventional skidding, forest-stand

damages, skidding cost, natural forest.

161/5, 2009
Pengaruh Penyaradan terhadap Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal pada
Berbagai Tingkat Kelerengan = The Effect of Skidding to Residual
Stand Damage on Several Slope Degrees. Oleh/By: Dulsalam &
Sukanda. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 5 (5) 1988 : 307-310. Pusat
An investigation on the effect of skidding to residual stand damage on

several slope degrees has been done at PT Sumpol Timber in South Kalimantan
in 1987. The purpose of this investigation is to seek in three differnet slope
degrees : i.e : 0 20%, 20 40, and > 40%. Sample plots were selected with
completely randomized design.
Results of this investigation are concluded as follows :
1. Skidding has caused part of the risidual stand to damage.
2. The residual stand damage caused by skidding renges from 10 Tress/ha to
70 tress/ha (from 6% to 29%) with an average okf 30 trees/ha (15%) with
standard error of 3.60 trees/ha.
3. The residual stand damage caused by skidding on:
a. 0-20% slope ranges from 10 trees/ha to 50 trees/ha (6-18%) with an
average of 23,3 trees/ha (11%)
b. 20-40% slope ranges from 10 tress/ha to 70 trees/ha with an average of
30 trees/ha (15%).
c. Greater than 40% slope ranges from 20 trees/ha to 70 trees/ha (from
10% to 29%) with an average of 38% trees/ha (19%).
4. The result of Least Significant Difference (LSD) test on the data revealed
that the residual stand damage between 0-20% and > 40% slope differs
significantly at 95% level. The higher the slope degree the greater the
residual stand damage took place.
5. It is therefore sugested that skidding on 40% slope degree or more be done
with great care in order to decrease the residual stand damage.
162/5, 2009
Pengaruh Penyaradan Kayu dengan Traktor Rantai Kelabang
terhadap Penggeseran dan Pemadatan Tanah Hutan = The Effect of
Dolok Skidding by Crawler Tractors on Forest Soil Displacement and
Compaction. Oleh/By: Maman Mansyur Idris, Yahya Fakuara,
Gunarwan Suratmo & Rahardjo S. Suparto. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.
The study of the effect of log skidding by crawler tractors on forest soil
displacement and compaction was carried out in one logging company in West
Kalimantan in 1986.
The results of the study are as the following:
1. The average volume of soil displacement was 0.06 cu.m/m of skid road, it is
equal to 0.061 ton/sq.m. This level of soil displacement is higher than the
soil loss tolerance of 0.0002 ton/sq.m.
2. Soil compaction, as indicated by the average soil bulk density is 0.16
g/cu.cm. At this level of compaction, the porosity is 56% (far higher than
10% minimum porosity), which means that the growth of vegetation will
be still favourable.
3. The role of soil water content an slope on forest soil displacement was
positively significant. The role of skidding intensity on forest soil
compaction was posotively significant and the role of soil water content and
slope on forest soil compaction was negatively significant.
163/5, 2009
Pengaruh Penyaradan Kayu dengan Traktor Rantai Kelabang
terhadap Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal = The Effect of Log Skidding
Operations by Crawler Tractor on The Damage of Residual Stand.
Oleh/By: Maman Mansyur Idris, Yahya Fakuara, Gunarwan Suratmo
& Rahardjo S. Suparto. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 5 (7) 1988: 404-

The study of the effect of log skidding on the damage of residual stand was
carried out in one logging company in West Kalimantan in 1986. The meaning
of residual stand in the study are trees with diameter 20 cm and up. The result of
the study shows that the average damage of residual stand is 18% per hectare,
not included the damage caused by felling i.e. 15% per hectare. According to
Indonesian Selective Cutting System, the residual stand is good enough to
fulfill the sustained yield condition, that is keep at least 25 core trees to be left
per hectare. The role of skidded trees number and stand density was significant
effect on the residual stand damage.
164/5, 2009
Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal Akibat Kegiatan Penebangan dan
Penyaradan: Kasus di Suatu Perusahaan Hutan di Riau = Residual
Stand Damages Causes by Felling and Skiding Activities: A Case Study
in A Logging Company in Riau. Oleh/By: Sona Suhartana &
Dulsalam. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 12 (1) 1994 : 25 - 29. Pusat
This paper present study result of residual stand damages caused by

felling and skidding activities. The case study was carried out at PT Dwi Marta
in Riau in1993. the aims are: (1) to find the impact of felling and skidding on
residual stand damages, (2) to know the factors influencing the residual stand
damages and (3) to find the way of reducing residual stand damages.
Data on the number of trees with diameter 20 cm and up, trees damages
were collected. The data was analised by using the multiple regression.
The result of study shows :
1. The residual stand damage caused by felling ranged between, 2.7-10.6%
with an average of 6.6%ha.
2. The residual stand damage caused by skidding with crawler tractor varied
from 2.7% to 22.3% with an average of 12.7% dst.
3. Both the number of trees felled and the slope in had highly significant effect
to residual stand damages. The greater the number of trees felled and the
slope,the greater the residual stand damages.
165/5, 2009
Dampak Penyaradan Kayu Terhadap Terjadinya Keterbukaan Lahan
di Kawasan Dua Perusahaan Hutan di Riau = The Impact of Log
Skidding on Ground Exposure at Two Forest Companies in Riau.
Oleh/By: Sona Suhartana. Buletin Penelitia Hasil Hutan 14 (2) 1996:
This paper present the result of the study on ground exposure caused by
skidding. The case study was carried out at two forest companies in Riau in
1995. The aim of the study ware : 1. to find the road skidding condition that
show by the ground exposure caused by skidding. 2. to know the factors
influencing the ground exposure and 3. to find the way of reducing ground
exposure.
Data collected ware the number of trees falled/skidded, the number of
trees with diameter 20 cm and up. Length and area of skidding road. The data
was analizer by using the multiple regression.
The study showed the folowing result:
1. The average of non-productive skidding road is 13.4% from the number of
productive skidding road;
2. The exrtavagant of tractor operation was 2680 hours;
3. The forest damage was 154.4 m2 per ha;
4. The ground exposure caused by sidding was 14.1 %;
5. The number of trees falled/skidded was highly significant to ground
exposure.
Keywords: Skidding, skidding road, ground exposure.
166/5, 2009
Minimasi Keterbukaan Lahan melalui Penyaradan yang
Direncanakan: Kasus di Dua Perusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan
Timur = Minimizing Ground Exposure by Planned Skidding : Case
Study at Two Forest Companies in East Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Sona
Suhartana. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 14 (10) 1996: 444 - 453.

This paper present the result of the study on ground exposure caused by
planned skidding. Log skidding by tractor can cause serious ground exposure.
By practicing planned skidding, that ground exposure can be minimazed. The
case study was carry out at two forest companies in East Kalimantan in 1996.
The aim of the study is ti find the effect of planned skidding on ground exposure
by minimizing non-productive skidding road.
Data collected were the number of trees felled/skidded, number of trees
with diameter 20 cm and up, slope and ground exposure. The data was analized
by using the t-test and the multiple regression.
The study showed the following result:
1. The average of non-productive skidding road caused by planned skidding is
4.4% from the number of productive skidding road and for convertional is
9.9%. this difference of 5.6% is highly significant.
2. The average of ground exposure caused by planned skidding is 11.2% and
for conventionalis 15.2%. This difference of 4.0% is singnificant.
3. The factors that positively influenced the ground exposure and non-
productive skidding road are the number of trees felled/skidding and stand
density, and the factor that negatively influenced tham is slope for planned
skidding. It is found that the ground exposure in conventional skidding is
influenced the slope (highly significant).
The planned skidding could reduce ground exposure indicated by
minimum non-productive skidding road.
Keywords: Minimizing ground exposure, non-productive skidding road,

planned skidding.
167/5, 2009
Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal Akibat Penyaradan dengan Traktor
pada Berbagai Tingkat Kerapatan Tegakan = Residual Stand
Damages Caused by Skidding Tractor on Several Stand Density Levels.
Oleh/By: Dulsalam, Sukanda & Ishak Sumantri. Jurnal Penelitian
Hasil Hutan 6 (6)1989: 349-352. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
An investigation on residual stand damages caused by skidding tractor
on several stand density levels was carried out at PT Sumpol Timber in South
Kalimantan in 1987. Forty five sample plots were selected randomly in this
research. The purpose is to gather information about the residual stands
damages caused by skidding tractor on several stand density levels. The result
of investigation reveals that:
1. The number of trees having diameter of 20 cm and up varies from 80 to 300
trees/ha with an average of 190.22 trees/ha.
2. The residual stand damages for the area with stand densities of <150,150-
199, and ≥ 200 trees/ha were 16.7, 28.3 and 39.0 trees/ha respectively. They
are significantly different.
3. It is suggested that the skidding operations, especially in high stand
density levels, be done with better planning in order to save powers, costs
and resources.
168/5, 2009
Keadaan Jalan Sarad dan Pohon Ditebang Pada Tegakan Tinggal di
Kawasan sebuah Perusahaan Hutan Riau = Skiddingroad and Tree
Felled Situation on Residual Stand at a Forest Company in Riau.
Oleh/By: Jurnalis Thaib & Sona Suhartana. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.
An investigation of skidding performance was conducted at one Forest

company in Riau, in 1988. The results showed that stand density ranges from
126 to 190 trees with an average of 158 trees /ha, soft soil without any rock, land
slope ranges from 6.8 to 20.0% and the trees felled from 2 to 8 with an average of
5 trees/ha. Also it was found that the length of productive skidding road ranges
from 91.0 m to 329.8 m with an average of 210.4 m/ha while the length of
unproductive skidding roads varies from 2.5 m to 49.9 m with an average of
26.2 m/ha.

The ratio between the lengths of unproductive and productive skidding
road is 12.5%. By considering tractor's life time 20,000 hours,around 2,500
hours of them are unproductive. Relating this figure with owning and
operating costs, those unprductive skidding road surely cause quite large loss.
Besides, the unproductive tractor movements also cause land exposure to the
2
amount of 122.5 m /ha. All the above disadvantages can be minimized by
planning skidding roads ahead and strictly controlling the operation
169/5, 2009
Limbah Kayu Akibat Pembuatan Jalan Hutan dan Tebang Bayang
pada Enam Hak Pengusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Timur = Wood
Waste Caused by Forest Road Construction and Shadow Cutting at Six
Logging Companies in East Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Maman Mansyur
Idris & Sona Suhartana. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 14 (1) 1996: 7-
This paper present the result of the study on logging waste caused by
forest road coustruction and shadow cutting. The study carried out at six
logging companies in East Kalimantan in 1990.
The aim of the study are: (1) to determine the wood waste caused by forest
road consruction and shadow cutting, (2) to fine the factors influencing the
wood waste and (3) to find the way of reducing the wood waste.
The results of this study shows that the average wood waste from trees
3
felled caused by forest road construction and shadow witting is 1.16 m /ha for
3
commercial wood species and 2.76 m /ha for non-commercial wood species.
Keywords: Wood waste, forest road, shadow cut.
170/5, 2009
Pengaruh Penggunaan Traktor terhadap Tegakan Tinggal pada
beberapa Pengusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Timur = The Effect of
Tractor Logging on The Residual Stand in East Kalimantan Forest
Concessions. Oleh/By: Jurnalis Thaib. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil
Hutan 2 (3) 1985: 10-14 Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil
Hutan. Bogor.
The damage to residual stands as a result of tractor logging is evaluated.

In 10 concessions in East Kalimantan, the number of trees felled per hectare was
corelated with the percent decrease in the number of residual trees (20 cm and
up) per hectare.
The result indicated that increasing the number of trees felled per hectare
caused greater decrease in the precentage of residual trees (20 cm and up).
A better logging plan, including strict adherence to the TPI (Indonesian
Selective Logging) regulations, pre-laid skidding roads and tree location plan is
recommended to reduce the damage to residual stands.
171/5, 2009
Volume dan Klasifikasi Limbah Eksploitasi Hutan = Volume and
Clssification of Logging Waste. Oleh/By: Sampe Radja Simarmata &
Haryono. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 3 (1) 1986: 27-31. Pusat
The aim of the study is to estimate the volume of waste producted by

forest exploitation in the cutting area and to clasiffication of logging waste
based on their sources. The kind of logging waste based on their sources consits
of :
1. Waste come from threes which to be cut and divided of bole (tunggak)
remained stem (batang) bacouse of bucking and stemp up to the first
branch.
2. Damage trees have been coused by influence of both cutting and yarding.
The meaning of waste in the study is stem and branches with diameter up
10 cm and length up 1 m and length of bole do not depend on the size.
Data analysis used statistical methode. The methode was analysis of
variance based on Bartlett test.

3
Average of waste volume per ha is 18,935 m ha consist of soure of
cutting tress 57.12%, effecting of cutting 38.13% and effecting of yarding
4.15%. In order to decrease waste and enhance resources efficiency,quickly
make methode to solve problem with integrated survey between departments
which connect with their problem,forest companies and population sourounded
forest area.
172/5, 2009
Kerusakan Tegakan dan Limbah Pemanenan Hutan Rawa pada
Kawasan Suatu Perusaan Hutan di Kalimantan Barat = Timber Stands
Damages and Waste of Logging at The Swamp Forest of One Forest
Company in West Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Jurnalis Thaib. Jurnal
Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 9 (3) 1991: 97-102. Pusat Penelitian Dan
An investigation was carried out at one swamp forest company in West

Kalimantan. Timber stand conditions indicated by the diameter of tree falled all
of wich were dominant tree species and the density of all tree species having
diameter of 20 cm and up are as follows: the diameter ranging from 39.7 to 62.2
cm with an average of 51.0 cm while the timber density ranging from 89 ti 164
trees with an average of 127 trees per hectare.
By felling one tree for harvesting pupose. It caused residual stand
damages between 0.35 and 1.73 trees with an average of 1.04 trees. This large
range was caused not only by the distribution of timber stands but also by
inappropriate felling directions.
Logging waste that consisted of stump, clear bole, branch and
3 3
vuctimized trees with the diameter of 10 cm up were 0.10 m (2%), 0.80 m
3
(19%), 0.16 m (4%) and (12%), respctively. These wates can be utilized in the
future because output of processing industry is sawn timber only and the
location of log resources area is closed to the saw mill site.
173/5, 2009
Kajian Keberadaan Tegakan Tinggal dan Keterbukaan Lahan pada
Kegiatan Penebangan dan Penyaradan di Suatu Perusahaan Hutan di
Kalimantan Tengah = The Study of Residual Stand Condition and
Ground Exposure Coused by Felling and Yarding Operation At Forest
Concession in Central Kalimantan. Oleh/By: Sona Suhartana. Jurnal
The damages of soil and vegetation coused by felling and yarding

operations are unavoidable eventhough the operations are done very carefully.
The conclusions of several previous studies related to the problem
showed that residual stand damages and ground exposure are influenced by
logging,because felling and yarding operations are carried out without proper
planning.
The aim of the study is to find the level of residual stand damage,total
trees felled per unit area,and ground exposure caused by feeling and yarding
operations.
The study was carried out in forest concession of PT Kayu Tribuana
Rama in Central Kalimantan in 1991. The gathered data were analysed by
simple linier regressions analysis.
The result area as follow :
1. The average of residual stand damage coused by felling and yarding
operation is 11.1% for the average total trees felled of 5.9 trees/ha.
2. The effect of total trees per unit area on residual stand damage is highly
significant. Logging operations in steeper slope could increase residual
stand damage.
3. The average of ground exposure caused by logging operation is 16.7% for
the average total trees felled of 5.9 trees/ha.
4. The effect of total trees felled per unit area on ground exposure is not
significant. Logging operation in the company is not planned to comply
with TPTI regulations.

174/5, 2009
Pengaruh Pemanenan Hasil Hutan Terhadap Tingkat Kerusakan
Tegakan Tinggal pada Dua Hak Pengusahaan Hutan (HPH) di
Kalimantan Barat = (The Effect of Logging to Residual Stand Damaged
in Two Forest Concessions in West Kalimantan). Oleh/By: Sona
Suhartana. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 11 (4) 1993: 153-156. Pusat
Disturbed soil and vegetation caused by logging operation is difficult to
be avoided, even in good logging operation. Past studies related to this problem.
Shows that forest concessions in Sumatera dan Kalimantan used Indonesia
Selective Cutting System (TPTI) as a basic activity in logging operation.
However, because of the weakness of government control activity, most of the
companies were looking for financial benefit only and neglect the sustainability
of the forest.
The aim of this study is two assess the number of commercial trees
(diameter 20 cm and up).damaged during logging operation.
The study was carried out in two forest concessions : PT. Batasan/A and
PT. Tanjung Pura Bakti/B in West Kalimantan.
The result shows that :
1. The average were percentage of commercial trees damaged of diameter 20
cm and up during logging operation are 4.6% in A concessions and 5.6%
in B concessions,
2. The average number of trees in concessions A are 8.9 trees/ha while in
concessions B is 7.8 trees/ha.
175/5, 2009
Klasifikasi Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal, Erosi Tanah Hutan dan
Iklim Mikro untuk Penetapan Ambang Batas dalam Pemanenan
Tebang Pilih di Hutan Alam = Classification Non the Damages of
Residual Forest Stands, Erosion of Forest Soil, and Deteriorating Micro
Climate for Determining Threshold of Logging Impact Employing
Selective Cutting in Natural Forest. Oleh/By: Wesman Endom &
Zakaria Basari. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 19 (2) 2001: 69-88.
The logging impact on wood harvesting operation at natural forest is an

important element that should be pay attention by all people to get sustainable
forest management. This information is needed in order the forest damaged can
be maintained to achieve health forest recovery of the logged forest area and high
potency. So we can do the next harvest with a similar volume and quality or
even more. That is our hope and sustain continuously.
To achieve this, the cryteria and size of threshold forest damages is
required. There is 3 main group of damages of the known i.e. threshold of
residual stand damage, threshold of forest soil damage and threshold of micro
climate.
Based on consideration that in the reality in general was found logging
impact still high so because globally in the wordls asking logging with friendly
it is essensial to provide of limit of forest damage. Some activities that may
produce heavy forest damage was road construction, felling, skidding and
logyard establisment.
Keywords: Impact of logging operation, valution, threshold, sustainable forest

management.
176/5, 2009
Kondisi Tegakan Tinggal di Kawasan Dua Perusahaan Hutan di Riau
= Residual Stand Condition at Two Forest Concessions In Riau.
Oleh/By: Sona Suhartana & Maman Mansyur Idris. Buletin
Log skidding activities using tractor usually caused high residual stand
damages. To reduce the residual stand damages, the factor influencing them
must be identified. A study was carried out at two forest concession in Riau In

1996. The aims of the study are; (1). Two find the level of residual stand
damages caused by felling and skidding, (2). to identify the factors influencing
the residual stand damages and, (3). to find the way of reducing residual stand
damages.
Data colleted were the number of felled trees with diameter 20 cm and up
an damages trees. The data was analysed by using the multiple regresion.
The result of the study show; (1). The average of residual stand damages
caused by felling is 11.5%; (2). the average of residual stand damages caused by
skidding is 15.4%; and (3). the influence of the number of felled trees, stand
density and the slope were highly significant to residual stand damages.
Knowing the factor influencing the risidual stand damages, ones should
be easy to find the way of reducing that damages.
Keywords: Felling, skidding, felled trees, residual stand damage.
III. PENUTUP
Dengan diterbitkannya Abstrak Hasil Penelitian Keteknikan

Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan ini diharapkan akan
memudahkan para pengguna dalam mencari informasi Hasil
Penelitian Keteknikan Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan. Semoga
bermanfaat.
Penutup 147
INDEKS PENGARANG
Arifin 52
Basari, Z. 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 13, 43, 44, 45, 53, 72, 93,
95, 100, 114, 125, 143
Basri, H. 15
Dulsalam 3, 6, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 24, 27, 33, 34,
36, 47, 56, 57, 58, 61, 63, 68, 70, 72,
75, 84, 85, 86, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 99,
100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,
109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 117, 130,
132, 134, 136
Endom, W. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22,
24, 29, 31, 40, 43, 44, 46, 48, 50, 51,
53, 71, 72, 83, 87, 93, 98, 100, 116,
143
Fakuara, Y. 133
Haryono 24, 35, 46, 50, 52, 71, 139
Idris, M.M. 3, 17, 20, 29, 32, 38, 51, 77, 87, 90,
114, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124,
125, 126, 129, 133, 138, 143
Kasile, J.D. 142
Machfudh 35, 42
Manan, S. 18
Rachman, O. 34
Sianturi, A. 18, 56, 57, 58, 101, 102, 103, 110
Simarmata, S.R. 19, 36, 86, 124, 139
Sinaga, M. 1, 19, 27, 80, 124
Soenarno 3, 17, 32, 38, 114, 119, 120, 121,
122, 123, 126
Soerianegara, I. 18
Sugilar, Y. 5, 7, 11, 15, 100
Indeks Pengarang 149

Suhartana, S. 20, 49, 77, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 89,
91, 96, 97, 100, 101, 122, 125, 129,
130, 134, 135, 137, 138, 141, 142,
143
Sukadaryati 6, 10, 11, 22, 34, 79, 81, 94, 96
Sukanda 14, 39, 48, 90, 98, 99, 105, 106, 113,
119, 132, 136
Sumanto, D. 13, 44
Sumantri, I. 4, 21, 22, 27, 35, 37, 40, 79, 80, 105,
115, 116, 117, 118, 136
Sumanto, D. 13, 44
Sumantri, I. 4, 21, 22, 27, 35, 37, 40, 79, 80, 105,
115, 116, 117, 118, 136
Suparto, R.S. 18, 55, 59, 60, 61, 111, 133
Suprapto, S. 11
Suratmo, G. 133
Sutopo, S. 41, 55, 59, 60, 66, 90, 111
Suzanto, A. 99
Thaib, J. 127, 128, 137, 139, 140
Tinambunan, D. 6, 9, 12, 27, 28, 38, 41, 47, 54, 62,
63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 73, 74, 88, 92,
102
Tohdjaya, S. 5, 7
Usmansyah, M. 39
Yuniawati 49, 86, 88, 89, 101
INDEKS KATA KUNCI
Agricultural tractor 7
Allowable cut 50
Aman 83
Annual 50
Appropriate equipment 48
Auxiliary tool 14
Biaya 27, 101
Biaya operasi 9
Biaya produksi 82, 97
Bowed 88
Buffalo 95
Chips 34
Computer application 42
Controllod felling technique 79
Conventional 79
Conventional skidding 131
Conversion factor 29
Cooperative 46
Cost 1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 13, 34, 48, 86, 93,
96, 100, 114
Cost of operation 14, 44
Damage 94
Data satelit 27
Digital analysis 42
Effective 15
Efficiency 84, 86, 100
Efficient 15, 50
Efisiensi 72
Efisiensi penebangan 27, 82
Ekskavator 98
Indeks Kata Kunci 151

Equipment 5
Erosi tanah 53
Eucalyptus sp. 2
Excavator 94
Expo-2000 14, 15
Extraction cost 94
Farm tractor 96, 114
Felled trees 144
Felling 144
Felling cost 81
Felling efficiency 89
Felling productivity 79
Felling technique 79, 80, 88
Field technique 11
Forest 29
Forest and land rehabilitation 11
Forest boundary 47, 51
Forest harvesting 14, 44
Forest land-use 47, 51
Forest road 138
Forest road density 45, 76
Forest stand damage 131
Gergaji rantai 82
GIS 53
Ground exposure 135
Hambatan RIL 28
Harvesting 14, 29, 48, 49, 100
Harvesting intensity 45, 76
Haul back dru 16
Hauling 100
Hutan 2
Hutan rakyat 83
Image analysis 42
Impact of logging 14, 44
Impact of logging operation 43, 143
Improved performance 6
Improvement 16, 84
Increasing production 80
Jalan hutan 72
Joint business 46
Kerapatan jalan 27
Kerusakan tegakan 27
Keteknikan hutan 27
Koller 300, 93
Konservasi lahan 53
Land cover 42
Landsat TM 42
Limbah penebangan 82
Loading 6, 100
Log extraction 4, 10, 13, 15
Logging 46, 100
Logging equipment 50
Log loading/unloading 5
Logs 29
Log skidding 95, 96
Lowest possible felling technique 89
Manual 978
Minimize impact 130
Minimizing 92
Minimizing ground exposure 136
Monitoring 47, 51
Mother trees 49
Muat bongkar 101
Multi purpose loader-skidder 6

Murah 83
Natural forest 84, 131
Non-productive skidding road 136
Number of chainsaw 86
Operation cost 46
P3HH24 skyline system 10
Pemanenan hasil hutan 27
Penataan kawasan hutan 53
Penebangan 82, 83
Pengelolaan hutan lestari 72
Pengertian RIL 28
Peningkatan 98
Penyaradan 97
Penyaradan kayu 98
Performance 16
Pine 12
Pine forest 1
Planned skidding 136
Planning skidding 92
Plantation forest 10, 13, 34, 48, 81
Poles 94
Potency 34
Production cost 89
Production target 86
Productivity 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 44, 48,
81, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 100, 114
Produktivitas 9, 27, 82, 97, 101
Produktivitas kerja 98
Ramin 49
Ratio 42
Realized log production 50
Reduced impact logging 28, 130, 131
Remote sensing 42
Remote sensing imagery 47, 51
Residual stand damage 79, 92, 130, 144
Sederhana 83
Seedling transportation 11, 114
Shadow cut 138
Simple auxiliary equipment 7
Sistem kabel layang 9
Sistem konversional 82
Sistem terkendali 82
Skidding 6, 135, 144
Skidding cost 131
Skidding road 135
Skyline 12, 14, 16, 44
Skyline Isuzu 240, 97
Skyline system 1, 4, 11, 13, 93
Snatch block 16
Squatted 88
Strategi implementasi 28
Sustainability 49
Sustainable forest management 43
Teknik pembersihan 2
Temporary workers 22
Thinning 12
Threshold 43, 143
Timber estate 80
Timber harvesting 22, 45, 76
Timber utility efficiency 89
Tree 94
Tree felling 84
Unimog 9
Unloading 100

Valuation 43, 143
Volume 49
Wage system 22
Well-planned log production 50
Winch 7
Wood-constructed carriage 14
Wood production 80
Wood waste 34, 84, 138
Worker’s income 22
Zonasi kawasan hutan 53
INDEKS GEOGRAFI
Aceh 20, 86
Bojonegoro 110
Central Java 1, 3, 70, 71, 90, 103
Central Kalimantan 45, 77, 99, 120, 122, 141
Cianjur 22, 79, 88
East Java 13, 43
East Kalimantan 35, 36, 84, 86, 91, 129, 138
Jambi 68, 70, 72, 80, 82, 94, 96, 98
Kalimantan 58, 65
Kalimantan Barat 20, 29, 61, 77, 105, 106, 111, 119,
125, 128, 140, 142
Kalimantan Selatan 20, 49, 68, 89, 102, 126
Kalimantan Tengah 45, 77, 99, 120, 122, 141
Kalimantan Timur 35, 84, 86, 91, 129, 138
Lampung 40
Pulau Jawa 8
Pulau Laut 12, 18, 55, 80, 95
Riam 56, 63, 73, 108, 134, 135, 137, 143
Saradan 110
South Kalimantan 20, 49, 68, 89, 102
South Sumatra 47, 54, 125, 130
Sukabumi 10, 22, 79, 114
Sulawesi 17
Sumatra 58, 102
Sumatra Barat 20, 105, 107
Sumatra Selatan 47, 54, 107
Sumatra Selatan 47, 54, 125, 130
Sumatra Utara 1
West Java 88, 100
Indeks Geografi 157

West Kalimantan 20, 29, 61, 77, 105, 106, 111, 119,
125, 128, 140, 142
West Pekalongan 1, 9
West Sumatra 20, 105, 107

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ISBN : 978-979-3132-35-8

Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan telah lama

Bogor, Juni 2009

Dr. Ir. Maman Mansyur Idris, MS

B. Pemanenan Hasil Hutan 19

b. Pembukaan wilayah hutan (PWH) 56

061. Intensitas Pembukaan Wilayah Hutan dan Ekstraksi Kayu

g. Hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK) 116

C. Dampak Pemanenan 129

III. PENUTUP 147

Pine forest in Java are mostly found on mountainous areas. To make

Pada buku abstrak hasil penelitian Keteknikan Hutan dan

2 ABSTRAK Hasil Penelitian Keteknikan Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan

Pine forest in Java are mostly found on mountaineus areas. To make

Keyword: Skyline sistem, pine forest, productivity and cost.

Salah satu cara untuk mempermudah penanaman bibit pohon

Kata kunci: Hutan, tunggak, teknik pembersihan, Eucalyptus sp.

4 ABSTRAK Hasil Penelitian Keteknikan Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan

Efektivitas Penggunaan Tirfor dan Katrol Tuas pada Penebangan Jati

An investigation of productivity and cost PF log extraction by using

Keywords: Productivity, cost, log extraction, skyline system.

Loading and unloading works are intermediary activities in the logging

6 ABSTRAK Hasil Penelitian Keteknikan Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan

Keywords: Log loading/unloading, equipment, productivity, cost.

The Exp-2000 is a multipurpose equipment designed for use in logging

Keywords: Multipurpose loader-skidder, loading, skidding, productivity, and

A study on productivity and cost of log skidding using agricultural

8 ABSTRAK Hasil Penelitian Keteknikan Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan

Keywords: Agricultural tractor, productivity, cost, simple auxiliary

Pengeluaran kayu dari petak tebangan ke pinggir jalan angkutan

Dewasa ini penggunaan teknologi tepat guna di bidang

10 ABSTRAK Hasil Penelitian Keteknikan Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan

Kata kunci: Produktivitas, biaya operasi, unimog, sistem kabel layang.

A study on productivity and cost of log extraction using P3HH24

Keywords: Plantation forest, P3HH24 skyline system, productivity, cost.

Log extraction in plantation forest with relative smaller log dimension

Keywords: Plantation forest, P3HH24 skyline system, log extraction,

12 ABSTRAK Hasil Penelitian Keteknikan Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan

This study examined performances of the improved equipment, namely

Keyword: Forest and land rehabilitation, field constraints, seedling

The extraction of pine logs of thinning activity in plantation forest area

Keywords: Skyline, thinning, pine, productivity and cost.

Log extraction in undulating forest areas needs special attention. Forest

14 ABSTRAK Hasil Penelitian Keteknikan Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan

Keywords: Log extraction, skyline system, productivity, cost, plantation forest.

One of more productive log extraction techniques on hilly area is a

Expo-2000 exemplifies prototype designed and built foe yhe extraction of

Keyword: Wood-constructed carriage, Expo-2000, auxiliary tool,

16 ABSTRAK Hasil Penelitian Keteknikan Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan

As an attempt to over come difficulty in manual collection of wood logs

Keywords: Logs extraction, effective, efficient, Expo-2000.

Keyword: Skyline, performance, improvement, haul back drum, snatch block.

18 ABSTRAK Hasil Penelitian Keteknikan Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan

Girdling treatment of teak stand before felling not only intended to

Pemanenan Hasil Hutan 19

An investigation on the “exploitation factor“ in the natural

20 ABSTRAK Hasil Penelitian Keteknikan Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan

This investigation is carried out in the Central Kalimantan and West

Pemanenan Hasil Hutan 21

A study on recover in Meranti logging operation was carried out in West

22 ABSTRAK Hasil Penelitian Keteknikan Hutan dan Pemungutan Hasil Hutan

An investigation of the impact of logging operations on crown damage by

Pemanenan Hasil Hutan 23

Timber harvesting activities in Perhutani areas are with the