LITERATURE REVIEW
KOLABORASI INTERPROFESIONAL
DI RUMAH SAKIT
NIM. 1703003
MAKASSAR 2020
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ABSTRAK
Latar belakang: Salah satu yang menunjang pelaksanaan IPC yaitu sarana komunikasi yang dapat
menyatukan data pelayanan kesehatan pasien secara komprehensif sebagai sumber informasi bagi setiap
profesi dalam pengambilan keputusan. Untuk mempermudah proses komunikasi dalam memantau
riwayat kesehatan pasien, setiap PPA diwajibkan untuk membuat rekam medis. Tujuan: Untuk
mengetahui peran rekam medis dalam meningkatkan komunikasi efektif pada pelaksanaan kolaborasi
interprofesional. Metodologi: literature review dengan pencarian artikel di Google Scholar, GARUDA
dan Proquest untuk menemukan artikel sesuai kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi kemudian dilakukan review.
Hasil: RM pada pelaksanaan IPC digunakan sebagai media komunikasi dimana setiap temuan dan
pendapat PPA dituangkan dalam rekam medis dan disatukan dalam CPPT. Metode yang dilakukan untuk
meningkatkan komunikasi efektif yaitu melakukan analisis kuantitatif dan kualitatif untuk
mengidentifikasi ketidaklengkapan isi rekam medis serta revisi formulir rekam medis secara berkala.
Faktor yang mempengaruhi komunikasi pada IPC yaitu kepemimpinan, karakteristik, media komunikasi
dan beban kerja. Kesimpulan: CPPT adalah sarana komunikasi pada pelaksanaan IPC dimana hasil
temuan kesehatan, renacana perawatan, serta tindakan/prosedur dituangkan. Untuk menjaga komunikasi
berjalan dengan efektif dilakukan analisis kuantitatif dan kualitatif dan revisi formulir rekam medis.
Faktor yang mempengaruhi komunikasi pada kolaborasi interprofesi yakni kepemimpinan, karakteristik,
media komunikasi dan beban kerja.
vii
ABSTRACT
Background: One of the things that supports the implementation of interprofessional collaboration is a
communication that can integrate patient health service data comprehensively as a source of information
for every profession in decision making. In order to simplify the communication process in monitoring
a person's medical history, every caregiver professional is required to make a medical record. Objective:
To determine the role of medical records improving effective communication in the implementation of
interprofessional collaboration. Methodology: Literature review by searching for articles on the Google
Scholar, GARUDA and Proquest databases to find articles according to inclusion and exclusion criteria,
then a review is carried out. Result: Medical records in the implementation of interprofessional
collaboration are used as a medium of communication where every health professional's findings and
opinions are recorded in the medical record. Medical records that can compile records belonging to
related health professionals is Integrated Patient Progress Notes. The method used to improve effective
communication is to perform quantitative and qualitative analysis to identify incomplete medical record
contents and revise the medical record forms regularly. Factors that influence communication on
interprofessional collaboration are leadership, characteristics, communication media and workload.
Conclusion: medical records, especially in IPPN, are a medium of communication in the implementation
of interprofessional collaboration that contains health findings, treatment plans, and actions given to
patients. In order to keep communication running effectively, quantitative and qualitative analyzes are
carried out and revise the medical record forms regularly. Factors that influence communication in
interprofessional collaboration are leadership, characteristics, communication media and workload.
viii
PRAKATA
Puji syukur kita panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT atas rahmat dan karunia-Nya
sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir dalam bentuk karya tuli ilmiah yang
karya tulis ilmiah ini dalam rangka memenuhi persyaratan untuk menyelesaikan
program studi DIII Rekam Medis dan Informasi Kesehatan di Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu
motivasi dan doa dari berbagai pihak selama penulisan karya tulis ini. Oleh karena itu,
dengan hati yang tulus dan penuh rasa hormat penulis ingin menyampaikan
penghargaan dan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya untuk orang tua: Ayahanda
Omon Priyatna dan Ibunda Nurhayati B, S.Pd terima kasih telah membesarkan dan
mendidik penulis dengan segala kasih sayang, perhatian, dorongan moral dan material
serta doa yang terus mengalir untuk penulis sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan
Demikian pula penulis haturkan dengan rasa penuh hormat dan terima kasih
kepada:
Sulawesi Selatan.
ix
2. Bapak Dr. Ns. Makkasau, M.Kes. selaku Ketua STIKES Panakkukang Makassar
serta selaku penguji yang senantiasa memberi arahan dan masukan berupa kritik
3. Bapak Syamsuddin, A.Md.PK., SKM., M.Kes., selaku Ketua Prodi DIII RMIK
4. Bapak Ari Sukawan, S.St., M.Kes dan Bapak Muh. Zukri Malik, S.Kep, Ns,
dan pikiran untuk mengarahkan penulis dalam penulisan serta motivasi bagi
penulis.
5. Bapak dan Ibu dosen serta seluruh staf Program Studi DIII RMIK yang telah
mendidik dan memberikan ilmu yang bermanfaat dan bantuan yang telah diberikan
tersayang Nurul Adhima Priyanti, S.Psi yang telah memberikan doa yang tulus
serta dukungan baik moral maupun materil selama perjalanan kehidupan penulis
7. Terima kasih kepada teman senasibku Adinda Jayanti dan Nur Indah Sari yang
setia menemani keseharian penulis susah maupun senang dari awal hingga saat ini
x
8. Terima kasih kepada sahabat-sahabatku Mia, Nia, Milanda, Ami, Riska, Alma
yang memberi dukungan, motivasi dan warna tersendiri dalam perjuangan susah
segala dukungan, motivasi dan kurang lebih tiga tahun kekeluargaan yang telah
10. Terima kasih pula kepada berbagai pihak yang selalu memberikan semangat,
motivasi dan perhatian yang tulus serta mendoakan penulis dalam mengerjakan
terdapat pada karya tulis ini, penulis memohon maaf atas kekurangan dan
kesalahan tersebut. Penulis sangan mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang bersifat
kesempurnaan. Akhir kata penulis mengucapkan terima kasih semoga karya tulis
Penulis
xi
DAFTAR ISI
PRAKATA ............................................................................................ ix
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
xii
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
B. Pencarian Literature
xiii
2. Database Pencarian Literature .......................................... 18
A. Hasil ............................................................................................. 28
B. Pembahasan ................................................................................. 36
BAB V PENUTUP
A. Kesimpulan .................................................................................. 47
B. Saran ............................................................................................ 47
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN
xiv
DAFTAR TABEL
xv
DAFTAR GAMBAR
xvi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
xvii
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang
paripurna yang menyediakan pelayanan melalui rawat jalan, rawat inap dan gawat
darurat. Tujuan utama rumah sakit adalah memberikan pelayanan kesehatan yang
kesehatan di berbagai profesi. Berbagai profesi yang terlibat yakni terdiri dari
tenaga kefarmasian, tenaga gizi, tenaga keterapian fisik, tenaga keteknisan medis
hubungan baik antar manusia. Komunikasi efektif merupakan unsur utama suatu
masalah keselamatan pasien (Hadi, 2017). Oleh karena itu komunikasi yang efektif
1
2
komunikasi dan kurangnya pemahaman anggota tim. Kolaborasi tim yang baik
hubungan antara pelajar, praktisi, pasien, keluarga pasien serta komunitas dalam
perawatan kesehatan apapun sebab tidak ada profesi tunggal yang dapat memenuhi
Komunikasi yang efektif antar setiap profesi juga penting untuk memberikan
pengobatan yang efisien dan berorientasi komprehensif. Hal ini juga tercantum
salah satu dari sasaran keselamatan pasien adalah komunikasi yang efektif.
Komunikasi di rumah sakit tidak hanya dilakukan secara tatap muka melainkan
juga melalui suatu media komunikasi yang ada di rumah sakit yang disebut dengan
Rekam Medis adalah berkas yang berisi catatan dan dokumen tentang
identitas pasien, pemeriksaan, pengobatan, tindakan dan pelayanan lain yang telah
diberikan kepada pasien (Permenkes RI Nomor 269 Tahun 2008). Berkas rekam
3
medis merupakan salah satu media komunikasi verbal secara tertulis yang
digunakan oleh dokter, perawat dan tenaga kesehatan lainnya. Salah satu yang
medis yang tidak terintegrasi dapat menyebabkan tidak efisiennya antara unit dan
unit lainnya dalam pengerjaannya karena data yang diinput dibuat berulang mulai
dari admission, poliklinik dan pelaporan di rekam medis . Sedangkan rekam medis
mempertahankan kondisi pasien. Melihat dari kenyataan yang terjadi, rumah sakit
perlu membuat inovasi dalam pencatatan rekam medis sebagai suatu mutu
model rekam medis terintegrasi merupakan standar penilaian mutu rumah sakit.
Oleh karena itu perlu dikembangkan catatan status kesehatan yakni rekam medis
yang terintegrasi. Salah satu bagian dari rekam medis terintegrasi adalah
kegiatan menilai kelengkapan isi dan kekonsistenan mutu suatu rekam medis.
proses pengobatan dan pelayanan kesehatan pasien. Salah satu faktor yang
pengobatan pasien, dokter dengan apoteker terkait masalah penyediaan obat untuk
pasien, dsb. Dampak komunikasi pada rekam medis yakni dapat meningkatkan
mutu dari rekam medis itu sendiri. Dengan demikian peran rekam medis sangat
kolaborasi interprofesional.
jelas, fenomena yang diungkap dalam Karya Tulis Ilmiah dilengkapi dengan data
antara lain :
efektif pelaksanaannya
3. C (Comperation) : -
5
B. Rumusan Masalah
C. Tujuan Penulisan
1. Tujuan Umum
2. Tujuan Khusus
interprofesional
D. Manfaat Penulisan
1. Manfaat Teoritis
pelayanan kesehatan.
2. Manfaat Praktis
pelayanan kesehatan.
BAB II
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
termasuk keadaan sakit, pengobatan saat ini dan masa lampau yang ditulis
terhadap pasien.
saat ini, dan saat lampau yang ditulis oleh para praktisi kesehatan dalam
Hatta, 2008).
7
8
medis yang baik dan benar tertib administrasi di rumah sakit tidak akan
dari pasien mengenai riwayat kesehatan, riwayat penyakit di masa lalu dan
sekarang selain itu juga pengobatan yang telah diberikan kepada pasien
a. Bagi Pasien
2) Menyediakan data bagi pasien jika pasien datang untuk yang kedua
malpraktek.
(Rustiyanto, 2009)
penelitian.
10
pelayanan dan pengobatan terhadap pasien sebab pada setiap formulir pada
rekam medis tertuang secara tertulis maupun terekam atas segala identitas
mengevaluasi rekam medis agar mutu rekam medis tetap terjaga. Analisis
yang ada pada analisis kuantitatif antara lain: Identifikasi pasien, Laporan
mutu suatu rekam medis serta kekonsistenan isi dari rekam medis.
Komponen yang ada pada analisis kualitatif antara lain: Catatan diagnosa
1. Pengertian Komunikasi
pertukaran informasi dengan satu sama lainnya yang pada gilirannya akan
tiba pada saling pengertian yang mendalam (Abdul Nasir et all, 2009)
2. Bentuk Komunikasi
verbal secara lisan dapat dilakukan secara tatap muka langsung atau
(Kusumawati, 2016).
antara lain :
suatu pesan hingga sampai pada penerima pesan. Tidak hanya dari sisi
3. Tujuan Komunikasi
4. Proses Komunikasi
pesan artinya menciptakan suatu ide atau gagasan. Ini terjadi pada benak
kepala seseorang melalui proses kerja system saraf. Pesan yang terbentuk
tidak langsung. Pesan yang diterima kemudian akan diolah melalui system
reaksi dari orang tersebut. Apabila ini terjadi, maka orang tersebut kembali
tindakan ini akan terjadi secara berulang-ulang (Abdul Nasir et all, 2009).
dari latar belakang profesi yang berbeda dengan pasien dan keluarga pasien
Kesehatan adalah:
kepada pasien,
masing,
berperan penting dalam asuhan primer yaitu tenaga klinis, perawat, tenaga
terapi fisik, teknisi medis/penata anestesi dan lainnya sesuai kebutuhan dari
pasien juga merupakan faktor penting, hal ini dikarenakan peran mereka
16
pasien sangat dinamis dan banyak tenaga kesehatan yang terlibat dari
menulis resep obat dan alat kesehatan dan sebagainya. Paradigma perawat
2016).
atas empat domain utama yaitu klasifikasi peran, fungsi tim, menangani
METODE PENELITIAN
A. Desain Penelitian
criticize dan compare yaitu menemukan persamaan pada jurnal yang dilakukan
B. Pencarian Literature
Sumber data pada literature review adalah data sekunder yaitu artikel
literature.
17
18
kita buat sehingga harus disusun dengan tepat. Kata kunci yang digunakan
menggunakan kata kunci alternatif lain yang serupa dengan kata kunci
utama.
Tabel 1
Kata Kunci Literature Review
Rekam Medis Kolaborasi Komunikasi efektif
Interprofesional
Health record Kolaborasi Interprofesi Effective
Communication
OR OR OR
Medical record Interprofessional Komunikasi
collaboration
OR
IPC
Proquest.
19
2020. Data penelitian ini adalah data sekunder yang diperoleh bukan dari
digunakan bersamaan dengan kata kunci pada mesin pencari atau database
seperti penggunaan AND, OR dan NOT, maka hal ini akan memberikan
kata kunci.
Tabel 2
Startegi Pencarian Literatur
Database Startegi pencarian artikel/jurnal
Google scholar Kolaborasi interprofesional DAN Komunikasi
efektif DAN Rekam medis
Garuda Kolaborasi interprofesi dan komunikasi
Proquest Interprofessional collaboration AND Effective
Communication AND Medical record
ditambahkan kata kunci medical record dengan tipe jurnal dan ditemukan
Kriteria inklusi yaitu syarat yang harus dipenuhi artikel tersebut untuk
penulis. Kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi ditentukan berdasarkan topik penulis yang
21
terkait dengan peran pmik dalam meningkatkan komunikasi yang efektif antar
eksklusi yang disusun penulis sebagai salah satu cara dalam menentukan
literature yang akan dijadikan sebagai sumber data sekunder antara lain:
Tabel 3
Kriteria Inklusi dan Eksklusi
INKLUSI EKSKLUSI
Peran rekam medis pada pelaksanaan Tinjauan komunikasi verbal langsung
kolaborasi interprofesional antar profesi
Metode yang digunakan dalam
meningkatkan komunikasi yang Tinjauan kesiapan interprofessional
efektif pada pelaksanaan kolaborasi dalam berkolaborasi
interprofesional.
Faktor yang mempengaruhi
komunikasi pada pelaksanaan
kolaborasi interprofesional
Artikel tahun 2015-2020 Artikel tahun < 2015
Bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris Selain Bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris
yang kemudian akan dipaparkan pada hasil penelitian dan dianalisis dalam
Gambar 1
Flow Diagram Proses Pencarian Literatur
Start
Pencarian artikel/jurnal
Google Schoolar=69,
Garuda=3, Proquest=916
n= 988
Penyaringan artikel/jurnal
Full Text, PDF, tahun 2015-
2020, dan sebagainya
n=83
33 dikeluarkan berdasarkan
kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi
End
24
Bantaeng”.
Practice”.
Indonesia”.
E. Ekstraksi Data
Tabel 4
Ekstraksi data artikel/jurnal penelitian
NO Judul Artikel / Jurnal, Metode penelitian Faktor yang Media yang
Penulis, Tahun (Desain, Populasi, mempengaruhi digunakan dalam
variabel) komunikasi pelaksanaan komunikasi
IPC pelaksanaan IPC
1 Hubungan Interprofesional Deskriptif korelasi dan Kerjasama, kemitraan, Catatan
Kolaborasi dengan desain cross sectional/ koordinasi dan pengambilan Perkembangan
Pelaksanaan Catatan semua pemberi pelayanan keputusan bersama Pasien Terintegrasi
Perkembangan Pasien kesehatan / Karakteristik,
Terintegrasi di RSUD Kerjasama, Kemitraan,
PROF. DR H.M Anwar Koordinasi, Pengambilan
Makkatutu Kabupaten Keputusan Bersama
Bantaeng
(Lestari et al., 2017)
2 Peningkatan Komunikasi Literature review Kepemimpinan Catatan
dalam Pelaksanaan transformasional, Perkembangan
Interprofessional pengetahuan, lama kerja Pasien Terintegrasi
Collaboration melalui
25
Catatan Perkembangan
Pasien Terintegrasi (Ridar &
Santoso, 2018)
3 The Implementation of Desain kualitatif dengan Workloads, Attitudes,and Integrated Patient
Progress Notes
Integrated Patient Progress pendekatan Behavior of Health
Notes in Interprofessional fenomenologikal / Professions and
Collaboration Practice medical specialists, Inappropriate Policy
(Kusumaningrum et al., nurses, pharmacists,
2019) nutritionists and
physiotherapists / the role
of each health profession,
Motivation, behavior,
workloads, policy
4 Peningkatan Komunikasi Literature Review Masih digunakannya Catatan
dalam Pelaksanaan dokumentasi dalam catatan Perkembangan
Interprofessional yang terpisah antar anggota Pasien Terintegrasi
Collaboration pada Pasien profesi
di Rumah Sakit (Purba,
2019)
26
5 How to Optimize Integrated Studi kualitatif dan Educational backgrounds, Integrated Patient
Patient Progress Notes: A analisis tematik / health less opportunity to know and Progress Notes
Multidisciplinary Focus professional engage with each other’s
Group Study in Indonesia profession
(Kamil et al., 2020)
27
BAB IV
A. Hasil
Tabel 5
Karakteristik Data Literature
N Nama Nama Judul Metode Hasil Penelitian Sumber
O Penulis Jurnal (Populasi/ Database
(Tahun) (Vol, Sampel)
No)
1 Yani JST Hubungan Non Hasil uji Chi- Google
Lestari, Kesehat Interprofesi Eksperimen square bahwa ada Schoolar
Ariyanti an (7,1) onal tal dengan hubungan
Saleh, Kolaborasi pendekatan Kolaborasi
Syahrir dengan kuantitatif, interprofesional
A.Pasinrin Pelaksanaan Deskriptif dengan catatan
g (2017) Catatan korelasi dan perkembangan
Perkembang desain cross pasien terintegrasi
an Pasien sectional, dengan arah
Terintegrasi (Pemberi korelasi yang
di RSUD Pelayanan positif yang berarti
Prof. DR. Kesehatan semakin baik
H.M. berjumlah kolaborasi
Anwar 81 orang) interprofesional
Makkatutu maka semakin baik
Kabupaten pula pelaksanaan
28
29
Bantaeng catatan
perkembangan
pasien terintegrasi
2 Imaningty Prosidi Peningkatan Literature Peningkatan Google
as Ridar ng Komunikasi review komunikasi secara Schoolar
dan Agus Semina dalam efektif dengan tim
Santoso r Pelaksanaan kesehatan lain
(2018) Nasion Interprofesi dibutuhkan dalam
al onal pelaksanaan
Unimus Collaboratio Interprofesional
(1,1) n melalui Collaboration
Catatan sehingga petugas
Perkembang kesehatan dapat
an Pasien melakukan
Terintegrasi tindakan pelayanan
kesehatan yang
aman dan efektif.
Upaya yang
dilakukan untuk
meningkatkan
komunikasi antar
profesi adalah
dengan catatan
perkembangan
pasien terintegrasi
3 Puput Risti Jurnal The Desain Pendokumentasian Google
Kusumani Ners Implementa kualitatif Catatan Schoolar
ngrum, dan tion of dengan Perkembangan
30
efektifnya pengisian
dokumen CPPT.
- Kompetensi atau latar
pendidikan anggota tim
yang tidak merata,
seseorang yang diploma
memiliki kompetensi
yang berbeda dengan
latar pendidikan lainnya
sehingga menjadi
kendala apabila tidak
dilakukan pelatihan
3 Media komunikasi -Tidak lengkapnya [2], [4]
media komunikasi
diakibatkan pencatatan
yang berada dilembar
yang terpisah
-Format CPPT yang
menyediakan kolom
yang kecil dan sempit
4 Beban kerja -Tidak maksimalnya [3], [5]
pencatatan asuhan pada
rekam medis
diakibatkan beban kerja
yang berlebihan
-faktor waktu dan
meningkatkannya
beban kerja lainnya
34
1. Kepemimpinan
2. Karakteristik
dalam aspek berkomunikasi satu sama lain juga berbeda [2], [5].
3. Media Komunikasi
Sehingga beberapa orang tidak dapat melihat catatan atau terlalu sibuk
untuk memeriksa catatan profesi lain [4]. Selain itu format pada kolom
lembar CPPT yang disediakan terlalu kecil dan sempit, sehingga PPA
4. Beban Kerja
yang dilakukan oleh PPA tetapi beban kerja lainnya seperti melakukan
operasi dan lain-lain. Waktu yang tersedia dan kesibukan yang terus
B. Pembahasan
pelayanan lain yang telah diberikan kepada pasien. Berkas rekam medis
digunakan oleh ahli tenaga kesehatan untuk medapatkan data data dari
pasien mengenai riwayat kesehatan, riwayat penyakit di masa lalu dan masa
sekarang, selain itu juga pengobatan yang telah diberikan kepada pasien.
Hal ini telah sesuai dengan yang dinyatakan oleh Komisi Akreditasi
pelayanan kesehatan.
37
Dalam lembar CPPT ini setiap PPA yang berkaitan dan bergabung
diskusi dari setiap profesi dalam bentuk format SOAP (Subject, Object,
pendokumentasian dilakukan.
a. S (Subject), adalah keluhan pasien saat ini yang didapatkan dari hasil
tanda vital, skala nyeri dan hasil pemeriksaan penunjang pasien terkini.
(SNARS, 2016).
Pada lembar CPPT ini berisi identitas pasien, tanggal dan jam
klinis lainnya oleh PPA yang kemudian diverifikasi dengan paraf serta
38
salah dengan garis lurus kemudian disertai dengan paraf (Permenkes No.
antara lain dokter, perawat, ahli gizi, apoteker dan tenaga kesehatan lainnya,
evaluasi setiap profesi yang disatukan dalam lembar CPPT serta sebagai
39
Sesuai dengan nilai guna dari rekam medis yakni sebagai alat
memiliki nilai legal atau hukum dimana sebagai bukti tertulis maupun
2019). Maka dari itu diperlukan metode yang efektif untuk menghindari
kejadian yang tidak diinginkan seperti kasus hukum yang melibatkan tenaga
sebesar 8,6% atau sebanyak 7 responden dan hasil pelaksanaan CPPT yang
pasien dilakukan oleh PPA yang bersangkutan. Lalu setelah pasien pulang
dilengkapi dengan jangka waktu 2x24 jam. Apabila telah lengkap atau telah
dilengkapi maka rekam medis dievaluasi kembali dan apabila masih ada
Pasal 5 Ayat (2), rekam medis harus dibuat segera dan dilengkapi setelah
lain yang telah diberikan kepada pasien. Sehingga untuk itu perlu dilakukan
metode yang efektif untuk mejaga kelengkapan rekam medis tetap terjaga
1) Identifikasi Pasien
2) Laporan Penting
3) Autentikasi
Perawatan
tidak lengkap maka kualitas data yang dihasilkan tidak baik dan tidak akurat
berkas rekam medis yaitu untuk mengidentifikasi bagian yang tidak lengkap
agar dapat dikoreksi sehingga rekam medis menjadi lebih lengkap dan dapat
dipakai untuk pelayanan lanjutan kepada pasien. Selain itu berguna untuk
melindungi dari kasus hukum, memenuhi aturan dan analisa statistik yang
akurat.
tenaga petugas kesehatan. Selain itu, dokter merasa bahwa kolom yang
disediakan pada lembar CPPT terlalu kecil dan sempit sehingga perlu
Hal ini tidak sejalan dengan teori Huffman (1999), bahwa formulir
informasi atau pesan kepada setiap orang yang telah diatur formatnya
43
dilakukan dan sebagainya. Maka dari itu perlunya kebijakan rumah sakit
Kolaborasi Interprofesional
(2019). Dan untuk penelitian yang menyatakan beban kerja sebagai faktor
beda (Kamil et al, 2020). Hal ini dapat memicu terjadinya kesalahan atau
bahwa rencana perawatan yang terintegrasi dan tunggal lebih terukur dan
lebih baik daripada rencana perawatan yang terpisah. Pada KARS juga telah
centered care atau perawatan yang berpusat kepada pasien yang dapat
kesehatan.
disebabkan oleh beban kerja yang terus menumpuk, ketika poliklinik penuh
PENUTUP
A. Kesimpulan
B. Saran
47
48
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The Relationship between Interprofesional Collaboration and the Integrated Record of Patient Progress at
Prof. dr. H.M. Anwar Makkatutu Local Public Hospital in Bantaeng
ABSTRAK
Model rekam medik terintegrasi merupakan standar penilaian mutu rumah sakit, sehingga setiap rumah sakit diharapkan
dapat mengembangkan model ini demi terpenuhinya standar mutu pelayanan kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan
menganalisis Hubungan Interprofesional Koloborasi terhadap pelaksanaan catatan perkembangan pasien terintegrasi di
Ruang Rawat inap RSUD. Prof. Dr. H.M. Anwar Makkatutu Kabupaten Bantaeng. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode
kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional study. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 81 orang dengan berbagai profesi di
ruang perawatan bedah, anak, interna, neuro dan obgin RSUD. Prof. Dr. H.M. Anwar Makkatutu Kabupaten Bantaeng.
Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui pengisian kusioner dan observasi untuk memperoleh data sosial demografi dan
penilaian pelaksanaan IPC serta catatan perkembangan pasien terintegrasi. Hasil penelitian dengan analisis uji chi-Square
dan uji spearman correlation yang menunjukkan pelaksanaan kolaborasi interprofesional berjalan baik dalam pengisian
catatan perkembangan pasien terintegrasi dengan kekuatan korelasi kuat dan arah kekuatan positif dilihat dari aspek
kerjasama yaitu 98,6% (p=0,000) dengan nilai korelasi r=0,635,aspek kemitraan 97,2% (p=0,000) nilai korelasi
r=0,590, aspek koordinasi 98,6% (p=0,000) nilai korelasi r=0,686 dan aspek pengambilan keputusan bersama 95,9%
(p=0,001) dengan nilai r=0,531.
ABSTRACT
A model of integrated medical record is a standard hospital quality ratings, so that every hospital is expected to develop
this model by fulfillment of quality standards of health care.This study aims to analyze the relationship between
Interprofesional collaboration and the integrated record of patient progress in the patient rooms of Prof. Dr. H.M.
Anwar Makkatutu Local Public Hospital in Bantaeng. The Research used the quantitative method with the cross
sectional study approach. It involved 81 sample of 81 from various professions in the surgical treatment, pediatric,
internal medicine, neurologi and Obstetrics and gynocology rooms of Prof. Dr. H.M. Anwar Makkatutu Local Public
Hospital in Bantaeng.The data about social demography conditions were collected with questionnaires and
observations. There was also and assessment of IPC and the integrated record of patient progress. The results of chi-
square analysis and Spearman correlation test showed that the Interprofesional Collaboration has been well
Implemented in the integrated record of patient progress, with a strong correlation and positive strength direction, in
terms of collaboration aspect (98.6%, p = 0.000, r=0,635), partnership aspect (97.2%, p= 0.000, r=0,590), coordination
aspect (98.6%, p = 0.000, r=0.686), and shared decision-making aspect (95.9%, p = 0.001, r=0.531).
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bersama-sama (Jeffrey & Foster, 2012). Dalam berarti semakin baik pengambilan keputusan
penelitiannya Merrigan et al (2016), di rumah bersama dalam kolaborasi interprofesional maka
sakit anak Philadelphia menunjukkan bahwa semakin baik pelaksanaan catatan perkembangan
kemitraan dalam kolaborasi antar profesi untuk pasien terintegrasi. Pengambilan keputusan dalam
membantu rancangan, menilai, dan memajukan hal pengisian lembar catatan perkembangan
perawatan dalam pelayanan kepada pasien dan pasien terintegrasi menunjukkan paling banyak
keluarga. Penelitian Igumbor et al (2014), pada kategori baik (95,9%). Penelitian
menunjukkan kemampuan bermitra dokter dan Wahyuningsih (2013), menunjukkan bahwa
petugas kesehatan lainnya untuk secara efektif pengambilan keputusan memiliki pengaruh positif
mempertahankan hasil pengobatan dan perawatan terhadap kinerja para petugas kesehatan. Hal ini
pasien dan berpotensi memberikan kontribusi dapat dilihat pula pada hasil lembar observasi
untuk pengobatan pasien HIV dengan mekanisme bahwa lebih dari separuh petugas kesehatan dalam
dukungan yang relevan. Demikian pula penelitian pengisian lembar terintegrasi berada dalam
Bond et al (2012), menyimpulkan bahwa kategori lengkap. Penelitian Dominick et al
kemitraan dalam kolaborasi memiliki potensi (2012), menyimpulkan bahwa pengambilan
untuk meningkatkan akses, kualitas, dan efisiensi keputusan bersama dalam kolaborasi
dalam perawatan kesehatan. Kemitraan lebih interprofesional dalam hal perawatan pasien yang
tersebut harus dikembangkan dan dievaluasi tertuang dalam dokumentasi terintegrasi
secara mendalam, dan pelajaran yang dapat secara memerlukan waktu agak lama, kurangnya
luas dibagi untuk memandu para pembuat informasi berpusat pada pasien yang menjadi
kebijakan. tantangan struktural penting untuk pengambilan
Secara statistik diketahui ada hubungan keputusan bersama. Menurut penelitian
antara kolaborasi interprofesional aspek Moisoglou et al (2014), bahwa perawat dan
koordinasi dengan pelaksanaan catatan dokter tidak memiliki pandangan yang sama
perkembangan pasien terintegrasi. Kebutuhan mengenai efektivitas komunikasi dan peran dalam
mengkoordinasikan berasal dari berbagai proses pengambilan keputusan dari pasien perawat
spesialisasi. Aspek spesialisasi pengetahuan yang perawatan.
berbeda ini, membutuhkan penggabungan, berupa
transfer informasi secara medis dan sosial KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
sehingga pelayanan yang diberikan kepada pasien Penelitian ini menyimpulkan secara
lebih komprehensif (Morris & Boussebbaas, statistik maupun secara klinik terdapat hubungan
2010). Sesuai dengan penelitian Perry & Robben interprofesional kolaborasi baik dari aspek
(2012), menyatakan bahwa dari hasil wawancara kerjasama, kemitraan, koordinasi maupun
banyak peserta wawancara yang mengungkapkan pengambilan keputusan bersama dengan
bahwa terjadi peningkatan kolaborasi antara para pelaksanaan catatan perkembangan pasien secara
profesional dengan disiplin lain. Hu (2014), dalam terintegrasi. Perlu pengembangan model
penelitiannya yang menggunakan pendekatan interprofesional kolaborasi yang baku di RSUD
multi metode untuk menganalisis dampak dari Prof. Dr. H.M. Anwar Makkatutu Kabupaten
pelayanan pasien secara terintegrasi dilayanan Bantaeng dan adanya kebijakan-kebijakan rumah
sosial dengan melibatkan berbagai profesi, sakit yang mendukung pelaksanaan IPC yang
diperoleh hasil bahwa koordinasi dengan berbagai dapat meningkatkan kemampuan tenaga kesehatan
tim kesehatan lain dalam hal pelayanan terhadap dalam hal skill dan sikap yang mampu
pasien dapat meningkatkan perbaikan dalam berkolaborasi sehingga pelaksanaan IPC dapat
fungsi fisik dan meningkatkan kepuasan pasien lebih baik.Menyajikan efektifitas sistem teknologi
dari 82% menjadi 85%. informasi dalam melakukan pencatatan serta
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendokumentasian perkembangan pasien
secara statistik ada hubungan antara pengambilan terintegrasi menggunakan sistem komputerisasi
keputusan bersama dengan pelaksanaan catatan sebagai sarana komunikasi antar tim kesehatan
perkembangan pasien terintegrasi (p=0,001). Nilai khususnya keperawatan dalam pemberian asuhan
korelasi r=0,531 menunjukkan kekuatan korelasi keperawatan secara komprehensif dan profesional.
sedang dengan arah korelasi yang positif yang Dibuatkan sistem pengembangan Sumber Daya
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Manusia (SDM) dengan melakukan berbagai Explorative, Qualitative Stud Into Patients’
program pelatihan berkesinambungan dan Satisfaction With Physiotherapy.
pendidikan terkait IPC dan pelaksanaan catatan Physiotherapy 87,10–20.
perkembangan pasien terintegrasi kepada seluruh Moisoglou I., Gikopolou D., Lazakidou A., &
tenaga kesehatan yang terlibat. Meningkatkan Prezerakos P. (2014). The Assessment Of
kerjasama perawat, dokter maupun tenaga Nurses’ Work Environment: The Case of a
kesehatan lainnya dalam kegiatan formal dan Greek General Hospital. Hemodialysis Unit,
informal untuk menjalin keakraban dan General Hospital of Lamia: Greece.
komunikasi yang efektif.Penelitian terkait Merrigan K., Elizabeth A., & Steinmiller. (2016).
interprofesional kolaborasi dan pelaksanaan Kids Care: A Behavioral Model To
catatan perkembangan terintegrasi masih jarang Strengthen Patient And Familypartnerships:
dilakukan, diharapkan ke depan penelitian dengan Family Matters.
topik ini akan lebih banyak. Mishra D. (2015). Understanding Security
Failures of Two Autenthication and Key
DAFTAR PUSTAKA Agreement Schemes for Telecare Medicine
Bond C., Alison B., & David K. (2012). Information System. Springer Science
Prescribing And Partnership With Patients: Business Media: New York.
British Journal Of Clinical Pharmacology. Morris F. & Boussebbaas. (2010). Coordination
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04330.x Of Physicians' Operational Activities: A
Dominick L., Suepattra G., May R., Caroline T., Contingency Perspective.
& Glyn E. (2012) Authoritarian Physicians doi.10.1108/01443571111111919.
AndPatients’ Fear Of Being Pohan I. (2015). Jaminan mutu Layanan
Labeled‘Difficult’ Among Key ObstaclesTo Kesehatan : Dasar-dasar Pengertian dan
Shared Decision Making: Health Affairs DOI Penerapan. EGC: Jakarta.
10.1377.2011.0576. Pomey. (2010). Does Accreditation Stimulate
Hu X. (2014). The Effect of Breast Cancer Health Change? A Study of Impact of the
Education on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Accreditation Process on Canadian Health
Practice: Community Health Center. Journal Care Organizations. Licensee BioMed
Cancer Education. 29:375-381 DOI Central Ltd.
10.1007/s13187-014-0622-1. Perry & Robben. (2012). Impact Of
Igumbor J., Pascoe S., Rajap S., Townsend W., & Interprofessional Education On
Sargent J. (2014). A South African Public- Collaboration Attitudes, Skills, And Behavior
Private Partnership HIV Treatment Model: Among Primary Care Professionals. Issue
Viability and SuccessFactors Journal Of Continuing Education In The
Jeffrey J. & Foster N. (2012). A Qualitative Health Professions 32 (3) 196–204.
Investigationof Physical Therapists’ Wahyuningsih. (2013). Kepercayaan Dan
Experiences And Feelings Of Pengambilan Keputusan Terhadap Kinerja
Managingpatients With Nonspecific Low Perawat. 2nd International Seminar on
Back Pain. Physical Therapy Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE
Kvarnstrom S. (2008). Difficulties In 2013).
Collaboration: A Critical Incident Study Of Weaver T. (2008). Enhancing Multiple
Interprofessional Healthcare Teamwork: Disciplinary Teamwork. Nursing Outlook,
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191 – 203. Zwarenstein M., Goldman J., & Reeves S. (2009).
Komisi Akreditasi Rumah Sakit. (2012). Panduan Interprofessional collaboration:effects of
Penyusunan Dokumen Akreditasi. 2012 practice-based interventions on professional
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Abstrak
Latar Belakang : IPC adalah kemitraan antara tenaga kesehatan dengan latar belakang
profesi yang berbeda dan bekerja sama untuk memecahkan masalah kesehatan dan
menyediakan pelayanan kesehatan. Namun kenyataannya di beberapa rumah sakit besar di
Indonesia masih belum tampak kolaborasi tim. Salah satu faktor yang menghambat
pelaksanaan kolaborasi interprofesi adalah karena buruknya komunikasi antar profesi.
Tujuan : Memberikan gambaran upaya dalam peningkatan komunikasi dalam pelaksanaan
interprofessional Collaboration
Metode : Metode yang digunakan pada makalah ini menggunakan studi literature review.
Literatur yang digunakan didapatkan dari Science Direct, Google Scholarrodan Jurnal
Kedokteran Indonesia dari tahun 2004 sampai tahun 2017. Pencarian literatur dilakukan
dengan kata kunci transformasional leadership, Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC),
Komunikasi dan catatan perkembangan pasien terintegrasi.
Hasil dan Pembahasan : Upaya yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan komunikasi dalam
pelaksanaan interprofessional collaboration adalah dengan menggunakan catatan
perkembangan pasien terintegrasi (CPPT). Metode pencatatan terintegrasi ini diharapkan
dapat meningkatkan komunikasi efektif antar profesi, pencatatan dilakukan lebih optimal,
meminimalkan mis komunikasi, dan meningkatkan keselamatan pasien yang berdampak
kepada mutu pelayanan.
Kesimpulan : Peningkatan komunikasi dalam praktek interprofessional collaboration dapat
ditingkatkan dengan penerapan catatan perkembangan pasien terintegrasi
Kata kunci :Transformasional Leadership, Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC),
Komunikasi Dan Catatan Perkembangan Pasien Terintegrasi.
Abstract
Background : IPC is a partnership between health workers from different background to
collaborate solving health problem together and providing health service. But in reality, in
few big hospitals in Indonesia, there is no good team cooperation shown. One obstacle of
inter-profession collaboration practice is because of the lack of communication between the
profession.
Goals :To give big picture of how to improve communication in inter-profession
collaboration practice.
Method :Method used in this paper is literature review study. Literatures used are from
Science Direct, Google Scholarro and Indonesia Medical Journal from 2004 until 2017.
Literature search is done with keywords as follow, transformational leadership,
Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC), communication, and integrated patient development
notes.
Result and Study : Efforts made to develop communication in Interprofessional
Collaboration practice is by using integrated patient development notes (CPPT). This method
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PENDAHULUAN
Menurut UU nomor 44 tahun 2009 pasal 1 ayat 1 tentang rumah sakit, pengertian
rumah sakit adalah institusi yang memberikan pelayanan kesehatan paripurna yang
menyediakan pelayanan melalui rawat jalan, rawat inap dan gawat darurat. Pelayanan
kesehatan yang paripurna menurut UU nomor 44 tahun 2009 pasal 1 ayat 3 adalah pelayanan
yang meliputi pelayanan promotif, preventif, kuratif dan rehabilitatif.
Pelayanan kesehatan yang diberikan di rumah sakitdilakukan oleh berbagai profesi
tenaga kesehatan. Berbagai profesi yang terlibat dalam pelayanan kesehatan terdiri dari
tenaga medis, tenaga psikologi klinis, tenaga keperawatan, tenaga kebidanan, tenaga
kefarmasian, tenaga gizi, tenaga keterapian fisik, tenaga keteknisian medis dan teknik
biomedika (UU Nomor 36 tahun 2014). Pelayanan kesehatan di rumah sakit merupakan
pelayanan dari berbagai profesi kesehatan yang berkolaborasi untuk mengoptimalkan
pelayanan kesehatan (Sitorus, 2006).Institute of Medicine (IOM) dan World Health
Organization (WHO) meminta tenaga kesehatan profesional untuk bekerja sama dalam
Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC) untuk meningkatkan pelayanan kesehatan (IOM, 2010).
Kolaborasi Interprofesi atau Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC) adalah kemitraan
antara orang dengan latar belakang profesi yang berbeda dan bekerja sama untuk
memecahkan masalah kesehatan dan menyediakan pelayanan kesehatan (Morgan et al, 2015).
Menurut WHO, IPC terjadi saat berbagai profesi kesehatan bekerja sama dengan pasien,
keluarga dan komunitas untuk menyediakan pelayanan komprehensif dan berkualitas tinggi
(WHO, 2010). IPC dimaksudkan untuk mencapai tujuan dan memberi manfaat bersama bagi
semua yang terlibat (Green and Johnson, 2015).
Tenaga kesehatan harus melakukan praktek kolaborasi dengan baik dan tidak
melaksanakan pelayanan kesehatan sendiri-sendiri (Orchar et al, 2005 dan Fatalina, 2015).
Dampak dari kolaborasi yang buruk adalah tingginya kesalahan dalam pembuatan resep di
Indonesia (sebanyak 98,69%) akibat dari kesalahan dalam penulisan resep dokter, apoteker
yang tidak tepat dalam penyiapan obat dan pemberian informasi mengenai obat tersebut
(Easton, 2009). Selain itu menurut National Prescribing Service Australia menyebutkan
bahwa 6% kasus yang terjadi di rumah sakit disebabkan karena efek samping obat dan
kesalahan selama perawatan. Hal ini muncul karena buruknya kolaborasi antar profesi
kesehatan (Perwitasari, 2010). WHO (2009) menjelaskan bahwa 70-80% kesalahan yang
terjadi di pelayanan kesehatan diakibatkan oleh buruknya komunikasi dan kurangnya
pemahaman anggota tim. Kolaborasi tim yang baik dapat mengurangi masalah patient safety
(WHO, 2009).
Kurangnya penerapan kolaborasi interprofesi sesuai dengan penelitian yang dilakukan
oleh Fatalina (2015) yang berjudul Persepsi dan Penerimaan Interprofessional Collaborative
Practice di Bidang Maternitas pada Tenaga Kesehatan. Penelitian tersebut dilakukan di RSUP
Dr. Sardjito. Penelitian tersebut mengatakan bahwa belum terlaksana kolaborasi interprofesi
dan masih dilaksanakannya stereotyping kolaborasi tradisional yang beranggapan bahwa
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dokter adalah leader dan decision making dan pelaksana adalah perawat, bidan dan farmasi.
Selain itu masih kurangnya komunikasi yang terjalin antar anggota profesi.
Salah satu faktor yang menghambat pelaksanaan kolaborasi interprofesi adalah karena
buruknya komunikasi antar profesi (Setiadi, 2017). Komunikasi adalah aspek terpenting
dalam kolaborasi antar profesi. Tanpa komunikasi yang efektif maka perawatan pasien akan
menjadi kehilangan arah dan berdasar pada stereotype semata (Cross-Sudworth, 2007).
Komunikasi dalam pelaksanaan IPC juga merupakan unsur penting dalam peningkatan
kualitas perawatan dan keselamatan pasien (Reni, A 2010).
Menurut The American Nurses Association (ANA, 2010), komunikasi menjadi
standar dalam praktek keperawatan profesional. Komunikasi interprofesi menjasi kompetensi
inti dalam praktek kolaborasi interprofesi. Untuk melakukan kolaborasi yang baik dibutuhkan
komunikasi secara efektif dengan tim kesehatan lain, sehingga dapat melakukan tindakan
pelayanan kesehatan yang aman dan efektif. Hal ini juga diatur dalam Permenkes
1691/MENKES/PER/VIII/2011 yang menyebutkan bahwa salah satu dari sasaran
keselamatan pasien adalah komunikasi yang efektif.
Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, penulis ingin mengetahui mengenai gambaran
upaya yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan komunikasi dalam kolaborasi interprofesi.
METODE
Metode yang digunakan pada makalah ini menggunakan studi literature review.
Literatur yang digunakan didapatkan dari Science Direct,Google Scholardan Jurnal
Kedokteran Indonesia. Sumber yang diambil dari tahun 2006 sampai tahun 2015. Pencarian
literatur dilakukan dengan kata kunci transformasional leadership, Interprofessional
Collaboration (IPC), Komunikasi dan catatan perkembangan pasien terintegrasi.
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~ 149 ~
http://prosiding.unimus.ac.id
ISSN 2354-7642 (Print), ISSN 2503-1856 (Online)
Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan Indonesia INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF NURSING
Tersedia online pada: AND MIDWIFERY
http://ejournal.almaata.ac.id/index.php/JNKI
1
STIKes Muhammadiyah Klaten, Mahasiswa Magister Keperawatan FK UNDIP
2
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro Semarang.
3
Departemen Ilmu Keperawatan, Fakultas Kedokteran, UNDIP, Semarang.
E-mail: puput.risti_ners@yahoo.co.id
Abstrak
Interprofessional Collaborative Practice (IPCP) adalah bentuk kolaborasi dan komunikasi
di antara profesi kesehatan dalam pendekatan terkoordinasi untuk berbagai pengambilan
keputusan tentang masalah kesehatan untuk memastikan bahwa perawatan yang diberikan
dapat diandalkan dan berkelanjutan. Implementasi IPCP membutuhkan media pendukung,
yaitu, dengan mengintegrasikan catatan perkembangan pasien ke dalam yang terintegrasi.
Oleh karena itu, petugas kesehatan dapat berkolaborasi dengan menggunakan catatan
perkembangan pasien terintegrasi ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi
dokumentasi implementasi catatan perkembangan pasien terintegrasi di IPCP oleh dokter,
perawat, apoteker, ahli gizi, dan fisioterapis di ruang rawat inap Rumah Sakit UGM, Yogyakarta.
Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologis hermeneutik.
Sampel direkrut menggunakan purposive sampling, yang melibatkan 14 peserta utama.
Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dengan wawancara semi terstruktur dan
dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis isi. Hasil mengidentifikasi 4 tema terkait, termasuk:
(1) pemahaman, (2) kepatuhan, (3) media penggerak IPCP, (4) beban kerja, sikap, perilaku
dan kebijakan (sosialisasi) yang menghambat implementasi IPCP. Studi ini menyimpulkan
bahwa mendokumentasikan catatan perkembangan pasien terintegrasi dapat mendorong
praktik kolaboratif untuk mengoptimalkan layanan terintegrasi.
Abstract
Interprofessional Collaborative Practice (IPCP) is a form of collaboration and communication
among the health professions in a coordinated approach to various decision-making on
health issues to ensure that the care provided is reliable and sustainable. The implementation
of IPCP requires supporting media, i.e., by integrating the patient progress notes into the
integrated one. Therefore, the health workers can collaborate by the use of this integrated
patient progress note. This study aimed to explore the documentation implementation of
integrated patient progress notes in IPCP by doctors, nurses, pharmacists, nutritionists,
and physiotherapists in the inpatient wards of UGM Hospital, Yogyakarta. This study
used a qualitative design with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The samples
were recruited using purposive sampling, involving 14 main participants. The data were
collected through in-depth interviews with semistructured interviews and analyzed using
the content analysis technique. The results identified 4 related themes, including: (1)
the understanding, (2) the compliance, (3) the driving media of IPCP, (4) the workloads,
attitudes, behaviors and policies (socialization) which inhibited the implementation of IPCP.
32 Puput Risti Kusumaningrum, Edi Dharmana, Madya Sulisno, 2018. JNKI, Vol. 6, No. 1, Tahun 2018, 33-42
This study concluded that documenting the integrated patient development record could
foster collaborative practices to optimize the integrated services.
Article info:
Article submitted on July 04, 2017
Articles revised on August 06, 2017
Articles received on September 26, 2017
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21927/jnki.2018.6(1).32-41
34 Puput Risti Kusumaningrum, Edi Dharmana, Madya Sulisno, 2018. JNKI, Vol. 6, No. 1, Tahun 2018, 33-42
professions work together, discuss and “The role of a nutritionist includes
coordinate each other in decision making; all nutritional assessment, nutritional
calculations, and provide adiet to the
health professions also have an equal position.
patient.” (P02)
The following statements were presented by the
participants: “The physiotherapist works in the
scope of the motion problem and body
“In writing the note, we coordinate function.” (P04)
each other in making the decisions.
We also discuss it with each other.” The understanding of the health profession
(P05)
about IPPN documentation in the implementation
“In the implementation, we have
discussions with all teams involved, of IPCP, in general,is suitable with the concept
and we workcollaboratively.” (P07) that IPPN is information about the development
“The patient management can be of patient care which is written in the same sheet
performed more quickly since all
by multiple disciplines. Therefore, it provides an
health personnel cooperates with
each other.” (P09). ease for the caregivers to access information on
patient progress. This integration requires each
The Role of the Health Professions profession to perform their duties and authority
professionally (11).
The participants stated that the fulfillment of
In implementing IPPN, the health professionals
IPPN requires the roles of each health profession
need to cooperate, discuss, and coordinate each
according to their respective disciplines so that
other in making decisions. All health professions
collaborative practices can be created, and thus
have anequal position so that the principle of
will accelerate healing and reduce the adverse
collaboration can be created. This is in line witha
events. The following statements were presented
study by Yani Lestariet al (2017) which indicated
by the participants.
that interprofessional collaboration was well
“… the doctor in charge of patient implemented in the writing of IPPN. The study
mainly functions to coordinate the indicated a strong and positive correlation in the
patient problems; the others give aspect of cooperation, partnership, and decision
some inputs.” (P10)
making. Thus, better implementation of IPCP will
“…the doctor in charge of thepatient
will establish themedical diagnosis, result in better IPPN.
g i v e t h e t h e r a p y, a n d m a k e The health professions playing their
adecisionregarding the treatment respective fields of science willadvanceIPCP
given to the patient as well as make
among the health professions, where the focus
a decision on the patient’s discharge
from thehospital.” (P09). is on the patient or patient-centered care,
“The nurses have a role as sustainable and integrated in accordance with
acommunicatorbetween health the concept of integrated care.
professions, and between patients
Patient-centered care requires integrated
and health professions.” (P07)
“My role as a physiotherapist is to documentation that demands each profession
educate patients to develop their self- to make a record of the patientin the same
reliance.”(P03) document. This method is expected to optimize
“I think the role of a nutritionist is to
IPCP among health professions. Furthermore,
performnutritional care to patients,
provide food, and give nutrition the fulfillment of the record can be more optimal
education.” (P11) since all health professions write on the same
36 Puput Risti Kusumaningrum, Edi Dharmana, Madya Sulisno, 2018. JNKI, Vol. 6, No. 1, Tahun 2018, 33-42
“I have attended the CMRR. It is such and more collaborative; the interventions are
an activity where one representative clear and thus minimizeoverlapping events (17).
of each health profession is to do
This is congruent with a study by Patriciaet al.
an evaluation, including the IPPN.”
(P01) (2014) which found that integrated medical record
“…through the medical record review, makes the services more integrated, the patients
we canevaluate the completeness of are givenmore attention,andthe collaboration can
IPPN.” (P02)
be better (18).
“To my knowledge, usually there is
an integrated medical records audit The documentation of IPPN can be
including IPPN especially in the face optimally implemented if there are adequate
of accreditation.” (P07). supporting facilities. The availability of such
facilities and infrastructure as the documentation
The Role of Case Manager form/sheet, room for filling the IPPN, NIC/NOC
Participants revealed that the roles of books, pens for nurses in the wards are very
acase managerare as facilitator, collaborator, important to motivate health professionsto carry
performing monitoring and evaluation, as well out documentation according to the hospital
as providing feedback. There were three case standard (19).
managers at the study site who carried out the Motivation related to reward and punishment
task in accordance withtheir roles. in documenting IPPN in this study has not been
structured and not yet applied. The fundamental
“There is already a case manager, principle of motivation is the power that drives
who performs the evaluation and also
the individual to do something to meet the need
supervision to the ward.” (P02)
“There is a case manager. He is the at a particular time (20). This is related to the
one who checks whether there is a need for such a system for IPPN documentation
professional who is not yet visiting. He so that the compliance can be increased and
also does the supervision and gives a
the program runs optimally. Improving IPPN
reminder.” (P04)
“Here, there is also a case managerwho documentation can be done through monitoring
acts as a collaborator between health and evaluation since regular and periodic
workers, and between patients and monitoringand evaluation can result in some
health workers.” (P09)
feedbacks submitted to the health profession
for optimal improvement. Once the compliance
The compliance of the health profession
behavior is developed, there will emerge positive
in documenting the IPPN in the implementation
cultureson the basis of awareness of the health
of IPCP requires facilities and infrastructure,
professions that IPPN documentation is important
monitoring system, evaluation and feedback,
to do in accordance with the standard (21).
motivation and role of case manager. This
The roleof case managers is very essential
study also shows that the procedure of writing
in developing positive cultures. One of the
IPPN documentation has been appropriately
roles of case managers in implementing IPPN
carried out. An understanding of IPPN writing
documentation is to monitor the filling of the records
by medical specialists, nurses, pharmacists and
by the health professions of doctors, nurses,
physiotherapists using SOAP and nutritionists
pharmacists, nutritionists,and physiotherapists.
using ADIME indicates that this understanding
According to KARS (2015), a case manager is
is important so that the patient planning can be
a hospital professional who conducts the patient
clearer and more directional, more communicative
service management, coordinates with the
38 Puput Risti Kusumaningrum, Edi Dharmana, Madya Sulisno, 2018. JNKI, Vol. 6, No. 1, Tahun 2018, 33-42
“In addition to the IPPN, we should also “IPPN is vigorously socialized before
write the nutritional care. Sometimes, the accreditation; but when the
I write the nutritional care in the accreditation is over, things go like
nutrient installation, and the IPPN is usual.” (P05)
not comprehensively written due to “There is a lack of socialization through
the busy work.” (P02). workshop/seminar/training. If there is
socialization, unfortunately, only one
representative, who is usually the
Attitudes and Behaviors of the Health
head of theunit, is participating. After
Personnel that, he/she will share the information
The negative attitudes and behaviors with others, and this can lead to
different perceptions.” (P08)
of health professions that can inhibit the
implementation of IPPN, among others are
Based on the results of interviews with
laziness, tiredness, differences in perception,
doctors, nurses, nutritionists, pharmacists,and
forgetfulness and being in a rush. These are
physiotherapists, it was indicated that the
expressed by some patients as below:
workload, attitudes,and behaviors of health
“When there is information missing professions and inappropriate policies could be
in the IPPN, probably it is because an obstacle if they are not fixed immediately.
we forget or be in a hurry. There is no A study by I Gusti AA showed that there was a
intention to do so.” (P06)
relationship between knowledge, attitudes and
“Sometimes I feel lazy since I have to
fill the IPPN every day. So sometimes workloadsand the completeness of documenting
I don’t do it maximally.” (P11) process (28). The health professions at UGM
“The inhibiting factor is the difference hospital, although they have high workload due to
of perception. There is only one
a large number of patients and have to share their
representative attending the
socialization, so there can be adifferent focus to serve doctor’s visit in the inpatients and
perception. Sometimes we also forget outpatients, had applied professional attitudes,
NIC NOC, and we are sometimes too i.e., prioritizing patient safety, working according
lazy to open the book.” (P07)
to their competence, and being responsible.
“Sometimes we are doing it in a hurry,
and thus the result is not appropriate The health professions have played their
with the existing standard.” (P11) roles regarding time allocation, roles of health
professions, staff relations, adivision of authority,
Policy (Socialization) and joint decision making though they are not
The results of interviews revealed that yet maximal. Un-optimal attitudes and behaviors
the socialization of IPPN conducted by hospital in the documentation of IPPN were due to the
management still lackssince it has not reached workload and lack of human resources in the
all the health professions and has not been professions of pharmacists, nutritionists, and
thoroughly carried out. The following statements physiotherapists. As a result, they do not pay
are mentioned by the participants: attention to the completeness of the document
filling.
“What inhibits the program is because The policies which inhibited the
the policy of the hospital which only implementation of IPPN include the limitation
invites one representativeto be present
of representatives who participated in the
at the socialization. There is also lack
of training to improve the skills of the program socialization and lack of training related
health professions.” (P04) to the documentation of IPPN, as well as the
40 Puput Risti Kusumaningrum, Edi Dharmana, Madya Sulisno, 2018. JNKI, Vol. 6, No. 1, Tahun 2018, 33-42
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muhainipurba21@gmail.com
ABSTRAK
Latar belakang : IPC adalah kemitraan antara tenaga kesehatan dengan latar belakang profesi
yang berbeda dan bekerja sama untuk memecahkan masalah kesehatan dan menyediakan
pelayanan kesehatan. Namun kenyataannya di beberapa rumah sakit besar di Indonesia masih
belum tampak kolaborasi tim. Salah satu faktor yang menghambat pelaksanaan kolaborasi
interprofesi adalah karena buruknya komunikasi antar profesi. Tujuan : Tujuan penulisan ini
yaitu mengidenifikasi peningkatan komunikasi dalam pelaksanaan interprofessional
collaboration pada pasien di rumah sakit. Metode : Metode yang digunakan merupakan
literatur review atau suatu perbandingan atau analisis antara satu jurnal dengan jurnal lainnya
dari berbagai sumber seperti referensi jurnal, buku teks dan e-book. Hasil : Upaya yang
dilakukan untuk meningkatkan komunikasi dalam pelaksanaan interprofessional collaboration
adalah dengan menggunakan catatan perkembangan pasien terintegrasi (CPPT). Metode
pencatatan terintegrasi ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan komunikasi efektif antar profesi,
pencatatan dilakukan lebih optimal, meminimalkan mis komunikasi, dan meningkatkan
keselamatan pasien yang berdampak kepada mutu pelayanan. Kesimpulan : Peningkatan
komunikasi dalam praktek interprofessional collaboration dapat ditingkatkan dengan penerapan
catatan perkembangan pasien reintegrasi.
Kata Kunci : Peningkatan komunikasi, Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC), rumah sakit.
ABSTRACT
Background : IPC is a partnership between health workers with different professional
backgrounds and working together to solve health problems and provide health services. But the
reality is that in some large hospitals in Indonesia there is still no team collaboration. One factor
that hinders the implementation of interprofessional collaboration is due to poor communication
between professions. Purpose : The purpose of this paper is to identify improved
communication in the implementation of interprofessional collaboration in patients in hospitals.
Method : The method used is a literature review or a comparison or analysis of one journal with
other journals from various sources such as journal references, textbooks and e-books. Results :
Efforts made to improve communication in the implementation of interprofessional
collaboration were to use integrated patient development records (CPPT). This integrated
recording method is expected to improve effective communication between professions,
recording is carried out more optimally, minimizing mis communication, and increasing patient
safety which has an impact on service quality. Conclusion : Improved communication in
interprofessional collaboration practices can be improved by applying reintegration patient
progress notes.
Keywords : Improved communication, Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC), hospitals.
Latar Belakang Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC)
melalui rawat jalan, rawat inap dan latar belakang profesi yang berbeda dan
Berbagai profesi yang terlibat dalam (WHO, 2010). IPC dimaksudkan untuk
pelayanan kesehatan terdiri dari tenaga mencapai tujuan dan memberi manfaat
medis, tenaga psikologi klinis, tenaga bersama bagi semua yang terlibat
medis dan teknik biomedika (UU baik dan tidak melaksanakan pelayanan
(IOM) dan World Health Organization penulisan resep dokter, apoteker yang
(WHO) meminta tenaga kesehatan tidak tepat dalam penyiapan obat dan
Indonesia
This article was published in the following Dove Press journal:
Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare
Hajjul Kamil 1 Introduction: Hospitals in Indonesia are obligated to implement Integrated Patient Progress
R Rachmah 1 Notes (IPPNs), also known as the “Catatan Perkembangan Pasien Terintegrasi”. A progress
Elly Wardani 1 note contains the entire interaction between patients and health professionals, including
Catrin Björvell 2 physicians, nurses, pharmacists, dietitians, and physiotherapists. However, since the first
For personal use only.
launch in 2012, obstacles and problems in completing this integrated documentation remains
1
Nursing Leadership and Management
nationwide.
Department, Faculty of Nursing,
Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aim: The objective of this investigation was to identify health professional’s perspectives on
Indonesia; 2Department of Neurobiology, obstacles and problems using IPPNs and facilitators that may optimize their use.
Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Methods: Five focus group discussions (FGDs) involving 37 participants took place. All
FGDs were recorded, translated, and transcribed verbatim. A thematic analysis was used to
interpret the data.
Results: The thematic analysis of the material revealed three main categories for each of the
two topics; Topic 1. Perceived problems hindering integrated documentation: lack of super-
vision, competence, workload; topic 2: perceived strategies to optimize integrated documen-
tation: organizational support, joint practices, integrating technology with IPPN.
Conclusion: The results indicate that health professionals see the importance of using
IPPNs but only if implemented with educational and organizational support and that the
use of an electronic patient record may be more effective than a paper record. To continue the
implementation of IPPNs, it is suggested that it is preceded by educational and organizational
support.
Keywords: integrated documentation, Indonesia, patient report, safety, service quality
Introduction
Introducing care coordination as a health reform means essentializing communication and
increasing interactions between health professionals. Multiprofessional communication is
necessary to avoid or at least minimize misinformation, maintain coordination, and
improve care management.1 It is acknowledged that proper documentation in the patient’s
health-care record has larger significance than simply recording the history. The patient’s
health-care record is the main communication medium between health-care professionals,
helping them to deliver a high quality of care. The importance of proper documentation in
Correspondence: Elly Wardani the health-care setting has been noted for centuries. Florence Nightingale mentioned how
Nursing Leadership and Management
Department, Faculty of Nursing, meticulous patient documentation is tightly linked to a high level of health-care quality.
Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, A collection of data and information that Nightingale analyzed at that time provided
Indonesia
Email ellywardani@unsyiah.ac.id evidence linking cleanliness to the number of preventable deaths in health-care settings.2
Although the importance of health-care documentation accuracy.8 The most frequent mistakes were improper
has been identified, communication problems across health- method of error correction, which is supposed to be one
care disciplines still exist. In 2005, Joint Commission line crossed out and signed; nursing notes on patient pro-
International3 reported that 90% of unanticipated events not gress were unclear and lacked information; the name and
related to the patient’s illness that resulted in death or serious signature of the provider were not written clearly; the date
physical or psychological injury to the patient were due to and hour of completion of the patient progress note were
Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 165.215.209.15 on 18-Jan-2020
breakdowns in communication between health-care not recorded; the progress notes among the health provi-
professionals. ders were inconclusive. The progress notes from each
It is difficult to deliver a high quality of care without health professional were independent of and irrelevant to
a transparent, uniform system of health-care documenta- other health professionals’ notes.9 These findings are con-
tion; hence, this is one of the hospital accreditation criteria trary to the documentation procedures standardized by the
set out by the Hospital Accreditation Commission of World Health Organization,10 whereby hospitals and
Indonesia (Komisi Akreditasi Rumah Sakit [KARS]). health professionals must provide comprehensive and
Integrating health professionals’ patient progress notes complete documentation.
were viewed as a solution to bridge this information gap, Although these problems are known, less is known
minimizing communication barriers between health-care about the factors that impede the ideal patient progress
providers and hence decreasing unexpected or accidental documentation and solutions that would escalate the
events.4 In response to this, KARS introduced the “Catatan implementation of IPPNs in Indonesia. To address this
For personal use only.
Perkembangan Pasien Terintegrasi”, referred to here as the gap, the aim of this study was to explore perspectives
Integrated Patient Progress Note (IPPN). This was and opinions on the problems hindering effective use of
a manifestation of a patient-centered care initiative aimed IPPNs among health professionals as well as to identify
at increasing the quality of documentation in general and possible ways to optimize the completion of collaborative
to minimize communication barriers between health-care patient progress notes.
providers.
IPPNs required health professionals to document Methods
patient progress notes on the same sheets in the same This qualitative study used focus group discussions (FGD)
part of the patient’s health record. The IPPNs contained to collect data and applied a thematic analysis as proposed
chronologic documentation of the entire interaction by Braun and Clarke11 to analyze the data. The study took
between the patient and health professionals, including place in a large urban hospital in Indonesia with five-star
physicians, nurses, pharmacists, dietitians, and phy- national accreditation. The hospital is a major referral
siotherapists. KARS obligated all hospitals to implement center and teaching hospital. To improve the hospital’s
IPPNs in 2012. Efforts that have been made to optimize its quality of care and services, the hospital made their
implementation include socialization programs through debut toward international accreditation at the end of
training provided by KARS’s certified national surveyors, 2017, targeting Joint Commission International accredita-
benchmarking of provincial hospitals against national tion by 2020.
health centers, or an assistance program whereby the sur-
veyors assisting hospitals with the introduction of IPPNs Participants
and how to complete the form correctly.5,6 Despite all the In order to cover as broad opinions as possible and be
hard work, the implementation has been a dynamic pro- able to create groups where the participants were comfor-
cess involving multiple health-care teams.5,6 The aim of table with one another, a purposeful selection of partici-
IPPNs was to synchronize care between providers, but the pants was performed. Participants were selected from
documentation still did not describe collaborative practices lists provided by the human resource department. The
among health professionals. In an audit by Noorkasiani inclusion criterion was having one or more years of
et al,7 the completion of the IPPN documentation was work experience at the hospital. Potential participants
shown to be poor. For example, it was found that only were called by phone and asked to take part in the
60% of the nursing patient progress notes audited were study. They were informed about the background and
clear, accurate, and concise, contrary to the recommenda- aims of the study, and anonymity of participants. Thirty-
tion of the Indonesian Ministry of Health for 85% seven health professionals were selected: 8 dietitians, 8
to the possibility of new or emerging themes that might to know more about how to fill it correctly, and anything
emerge during the final check and a final agreement was related to it . . .. (Pharmacist 2)
reached.
This opinion was further expressed as:
There was general agreement among the participants that continual supervision on documentation, not just leave it
integrated documentation aimed to increase teamwork, to us . . .. (Doctor 5)
coordination, and ease the communication between team
members and that the IPPN helped the health professionals
Competence
to monitor patient progress because all professionals docu-
There was a consensus across the discussion groups that
mented their notes on the same sheets. However, they
there was no coherence in the patient progress notes pro-
confirmed that they were still struggling to complete the
vided by each professional. They felt that the flow of
integrated notes to the expected level. There was extensive
patient care reports did not depict collaborative care.
understanding and acceptance of the pivotal role of inte-
A doctor said:
grated notes to collaborate care documentation.
The thematic analysis of the material revealed three well, it is great to have the integrated report . . . I actually
main themes for each of the two topics that were discussed expect a nice description to what we all have done to the
For personal use only.
in the focus groups. The themes were not mutually exclu- patients, but it does not seem to be there. To be honest, I rarely
sive because some of the statements could fit into more look at other professional’s notes . . . somehow, the available
than one theme. information is not updated on a regular basis. (Doctor 3)
Topic 1: Perceived problems hindering integrated
Within the doctors’ group, there was an agreement that
documentation:
Themes: other professionals’ patient documentation seemed less
Lack of supervision meaningful. This perception was supported by the other
Competence four groups of participants. The pharmacist group, for
Workload example, realized that not all of their members had
Topic 2: Perceived strategies to optimize integrated a similar capability with regard to integrated patient doc-
documentation: umentation. As stated below, the root causes of this pro-
Themes: blem were the variability in educational attainment and
Organizational support lack of training:
Joint practices
There are only a few clinical pharmacists [bachelor level]
Integrating technology with IPPN
working here, and we have a large number of assistant
pharmacists at diploma level . . . this gives us different
Perceived Problems Hindering Integrated abilities to document our work on patients . . . I found
Documentation that our notes are not really meaningful in the integrated
Lack of Supervision documentation . . . the cover is the integrated report but in
Minimal organizational support and supervision were per- the inside is just individual notes . . . it would be useful if
ceived as a barrier to the use of the IPPN. This issue arose there is continuous learning or training on practices either
in-house or in the pre-clinical phase so that we know each
in all the professional groups under study. They expected
other better [each other’s work]. (Pharmacist 5)
support from hospital management to ensure that the col-
laborative report maintained its function as The nurses’ group, in particular, saw the competence issue
a communication medium among them. There was much more intense than the other professionals. They
a feeling of lack of attention from leaders on how to strongly elaborated on how mixed educational back-
maximize the function of the IPPN. A pharmacist said:
grounds were an obstacle that contributed to making docu-
. . .we know that an integrated report is an advantage for mented reports within the IPPN less informative. A nurse
us, but I don’t see much attention is paid to this. We need expressed it as:
It is so hard for some nurses to write integrated notes. We The time available and an increasing amount of work to
have mostly diploma graduated nurses and some at bache- be finished were also viewed as affecting delayed docu-
lor level. Plus, the nurses graduated from multiple schools, mentation and the quality of written reports.
a mix of polytechnic, health higher education and univer-
sity . . . we are struggling to improve nurses critical think-
Perceived Strategies to Optimize the
ing, but their confidence is not high enough to face other
professionals . . . how can we expect that the information Integrated Documentation
Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 165.215.209.15 on 18-Jan-2020
in there [the IPPN] would support other nurses or Participants described several important steps to decrease
a consultant physician in care delivery; we can’t guarantee the perceived barriers.
quality if looking at the nurses conditions here. I believe
they just write for administration purposes only . . . it is Organizational Support
true though. (Nurse 8) The notion of feeling safe and confident at work when the
hospital management board provides continued support for
The comments reflect the influence of the level of educa- the documentation procedure was strongly expressed by
tion on documentation quality and teamwork ability. all five groups of professionals. Supervision and regular
Diverse educational backgrounds are seen as educational services were seen as pivotal factors for
a challenging factor to proper documentation, which also improvement of the documentation. An informant said:
lead to lack of competence in building mutual relation-
ships between professionals. Less opportunity to know and I believe that action is the result of education. It’s a lot
more comfortable to work if the hospital leadership com-
For personal use only.
During our education, we were reminded that nurses work medical profession. A literature review by Bodenheimer and
in partnership with doctors and other professionals . . . Handley15 revealed that multiprofessional goal setting for
nicely said. We work together, but it feels like we don’t patients with chronic diseases was increasingly being used
really engage with others . . . hmm . . . I believe we can in primary health care. The World Health Organization16
work this out if we can manage the professional relation-
published an Action on Interprofessional Education and
ships. (Nurse 4)
Collaborative Practice with the purpose of facilitating initia-
Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 165.215.209.15 on 18-Jan-2020
grate the IT [Information Technology] for IPPN, just menting the care given in the IPPN. When discussing possi-
a button click and less writing and also make patient’s ble ways of optimizing the use of IPPN, organizational
data accessible wherever I am. We as doctors can make
support, as well as an increase in joint practices, was men-
quick updates or any required recommendation to other
tioned. This agrees with earlier research showing that orga-
care providers through an IT system . . .. (Doctor 2)
nization is the key to success in collaborative care. In
Technology was expected to lead to minimum writing time a literature review, San Martín-Rodríguez et al.17 found that
and maximum time with patients. All groups of health organizational support, such as clear leadership and manage-
professionals voiced similar optimism that technology ment of human resources, is pivotal to success in creating
within the IPPN would facilitate their efficacy toward interprofessional collaboration. A focus group study in
patient care. This was supported by a physiotherapist: Sweden came to the same conclusion that the influence of
the organization on documentation procedures is strong, and
. . .. I saw most of us spend so much time writing on the
if this is not taken into consideration, an implementation will
sheets. I was once imagining that one day our IPPN
fail.18
documentation may be paperless with technology. I feel
that it would make things much easier to handle. We can Another barrier discussed in the groups was the increase
[then] have more time for patient care . . .. in workload and that one solution for this may be to integrate
(Physiotherapist 3) technology with the IPPN. Participants suggested that man-
ual documentation is time consuming, adding an extra bur-
den to their work. Although technological intervention in
Discussion collaborative health documentation is a contentious issue,19
This study explored a group of health professionals’ reflec- previous studies have confirmed that technology can improve
tions on their experiences with multiprofessional patient quality and organizational efficiency,20 as well as improve
progress documentation using the IPPN. An interesting documentation.21 Some have suggested that technology-
finding in this focus group study was that the participants based health documentation has the potential to decrease
acknowledged the significance of integrated documentation medical errors by improving access to necessary information
to increase communication and collaboration among health and accurate documentation.22 Increasing accessibility to
providers. Collaboration between different health profes- patient information was mentioned by a participant in this
sionals was seen as necessary to deal with various health study as a perceived benefit of integrating technology into the
complexities that may arise when providing patient care. collaborative documentation. The perception of increase in
With the increasing complexity and demands in health care, workload when starting to document more is well known,
the needs of patients far exceed the expertise of any single and the introduction of IT has often been suggested as a way
to decrease workload and cut down in documentation time. well as permission from the Research and Development
However, there are studies with inconclusive results regard- Center of the hospital where the study took place. Consent
ing the benefits of electronic health records when it comes to for publication is available upon request.
saving time for the clinician. Still, there are other benefits to
electronic health records, such as improving workflow at one Data Sharing Statement
point that may save time at another point.23 All data generated or analyzed during this study are
Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare downloaded from https://www.dovepress.com/ by 165.215.209.15 on 18-Jan-2020
The strengths and limitations of the research should be included in this published article.
considered when interpreting the study findings.
A strength of this study is the diversity of participants Acknowledgments
involved in the FGDs. Multiple professionals were Our thanks to all health professionals involved who con-
included from diverse health disciplines and with tributed their time and efforts in this study.
a variety of expertise working in different hospital units.
This provided a broader perspective on the implementation
Funding
of the IPPN. However, this was somewhat reduced by
The research is part from Penelitian Unggulan Universitas
participants seeming a bit reluctant to expose their perso-
(University Excellent Research) funding scheme, grant
nal experience with the IPPN in favor of more generic,
number: 276/UN11.2/PP/PNBP/SP3/2019, Universitas
group-centered answers. Their arguments mostly centered
Syiah Kuala.
around what was supposed to happen rather than on what
For personal use only.
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Setelah itu melanjutkan ke tingkat selanjutnya pada tahun 2013-2016 di SMK Negeri