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PENENTUAN STRUKTUR BAWAH PERMUKAAN

BUMI DANGKAL DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN
METODA GEOLISTRIK TAHANAN JENIS 2D
(Studi Kasus Potensi Tanah Longsor di Panawangan, Ciamis)

TESIS
Karya tulis sebagai salah satu syarat
Untuk memperoleh gelar Magister dari
Institut Teknologi Bandung

Oleh

SYAMSUDDIN
NIM : 22304009
Program Studi Geofisika Terapan

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG

2007
 PENENTUAN STRUKTUR BAWAH PERMUKAAN
BUMI DANGKAL DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN
METODA GEOLISTRIK TAHANAN JENIS 2D
(Studi Kasus Potensi Tanah Longsor di Panawangan, Ciamis)

Oleh

SYAMSUDDIN
NIM : 22304009

Program Studi Geofisika Terapan

Institut Teknologi Bandung

Menyetujui
Tim Pembimbing

Tanggal, 09 April 2007.

Pembimbing Pertama Pembimbing Kedua

____________ ___________ _________________

(Dr. rer.nat. RM Rachmat Sule) (Dr. Tedy Setiawan)

ii
 PEDOMAN PENGGUNAAN TESIS

Tesis S2 yang tidak dipublikasikan terdaftar dan tersedia di Perpustakaan Institut

Teknologi Bandung, dan terbuka untuk umum dengan ketentuan bahwa hak cipta
ada pada pengarang dengan mengikuti aturan HaKI yang berlaku di Institut
Teknologi Bandung. Referensi kepustakaan diperkenankan dicatat, tetapi
pengutipan atau peringkasan hanya dapat dilakukan seizin pengarang dan harus
disertai dengan kebiasaan ilmiah untuk menyebutkan sumbernya.

Memperbanyak atau menerbitkan sebagian atau seluruh tesis haruslah seizin

Direktur Program Pascasarjana, Institut Teknologi Bandung.

iii
 Dipersembahkan kepada:
Istri Tercinda Niswati Jamil, S.Pd dan
Anak Tersayang Zahira Salsabila Putrisyam

iv
 UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH

Puji dan syukur penulis haturkan kehadirat Allah SWT, yang senantiasa
melimpahkan Rahmat dan Karunia-Nyalah sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan
penyusunan tesis ini dengan lancar. Adapun judul tesis ini adala PENENTUAN
STRUKTUR GEOLOGI DANGKAL DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODA
GEOLISTRIK TAHANAN JENIS 2D (Studi kasus: Potensi Tanah Longsor di
Panawangan, Ciamis). Dalam tesis ini, dibahas tentang kemampuan metoda
Geofisika (Geolistrik Tahanan Jenis 2D) untuk mendeteksi bidang gelincir tanah
longsor.

Sehubungan dengan selesainya penyusunan tesis ini, maka penulis sepatutnya

mengucapkan terima kasih kepada beberapa pihak antara lain:
1. Bapak Dr. rer-nat RM Rachmat Sule, selaku pembimbing pertama dan
Dr. Tedy Setiawan, selaku pembimbing kedua yang senatiasa memberikan
tuntunan dan arahan mulai dari proses penelitian hingga penyusunan tesis ini.
2. Bapak Dr. rer.nat. Wahyudi W. Parnadi, sebagai ketua sidang dan
Dr. Agus Laesanpura, Dr. Darharta Dahrin, dan Dr. Eng. TA Sanny,
selaku anggota tim penguji dalam mencapai strata Magister.
3. Bapak, selaku Ketua Program Studi Geofisika Terapan dan Dr. Wawan
Gunawan A. Kadir, selaku Pembantu Dekan I Fakultas Ilmu Kebumian dan
Teknologi Mineral, serta Prof. Dr. Joko Santoso, salaku pemegang puncak
pimpinan di ITB – Bandung
4. Bapak dan Ibu Dosen dalam program studi Geofisika Terapan, yang tak
bosan-bosannya memberikan dan memindahkan ilmunya setetes demi setetes
sampai penulis menyelesaikan studi di Program Pascasarjana ITB.
5. Para Pegawai program studi Geofisika Terapan, yang senantiasa memberikan
informasi dalam memperlancar segala urusan.
6. Saudara Riky, Ari dan Maxi, serta Pak Agus Hidayat, yang membantu
penulis dalam proses pengambilan data di lapangan.
7. Teman-teman angkata 2004 (K’ Ramdani, Uni Huriyah, Mba Ade, Mas
Ardian, Bang Analiser, Mba Dian, Adik Novri, Pak Edi, Partner Iman),

v
 serta teman di kosan (K’ Rahim, K’ Ibrahim Puang Iwan, Puang Madi, Enye,
Defa, Amrin, Pak Rustan, Pak Zainuddin, dll) yang senantiasa memberikan
dorongan dan motivasi sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tesis ini.
8. Yang terhormat Ibunda Yabang dan Ayahanda Malang, yang tak henti-
hentinya mendoakan dan memberikan dorongan moril maupun materil.
9. Istriku yang tercinta Niswati, yang menjadi motivator utama dan senantiasa
berdoa untuk penyelesaian tesis ini. Dan anakku tersayang Zahira Salsabila
Putrisyam, yang senantiasa menunggu untuk dibelai.
10. Dan seluruh teman-teman yang tidak sempat disebutkan namanya dalam tesis
ini yang turut memberikan bimbingan, nasihat, dukungan, serta saran-saran
demi kelancaran penyelesaian studi ini.

Sebagai manusia biasa, penulis menghaturkan maaf karena tesis ini tidak akan
luput dari berbagai kesalahan dan kekurangan. Dan akhirnya penulis berharap
semoga tesis ini ada manfaatnya bagi yang memerlukannya begitu pula bagi
penulis. Terima kasih.

Bandung, 09 April 2007

Penulis

vi
 ABSTRAK

PENENTUAN STRUKTUR BAWAH PERMUKAAN BUMI DANGKAL

DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODA GEOLISTRIK
TAHANAN JENIS 2D
(Studi Kasus Potensi Tanah Longsor di Panawangan – Ciamis, Indonesia)

Oleh
Syamsuddin
NIM : 22304009
Salah satu jenis bencana alam yang sering terjadi di Indonesia adalah tanah
longsor. Bencana tanah longsor yang telah terjadi di beberapa kawasan di
Indonesia telah memakan korban yang tidak sedikit, baik jiwa maupun harta
benda. Bencana tanah longsor terjadi karena adanya gangguan keseimbangan
lereng secara gravitasional yang disebabkan oleh bertambahnya beban material
pembentuk lereng. Air yang meresap ke bawah permukaan bumi akan tersimpan
di dalam pori-pori batuan, sehingga akan menambah beban material tersebut.
Akibatnya daya dukung (gaya kohesi) tanah jadi berkurang. Potensi tanah longsor
dapat diteliti dengan memanfaatkan teknologi geofisika. Salah satu metoda
geofisika yang dapat digunakan dalam penelitian potensi tanah longsor adalah
metoda geolistrik tahanan jenis.

Metoda geolistrik tahanan jenis (2D) secara profiling telah digunakan untuk
menggambarkan kondisi bawah permukaan bumi, termasuk menentukan bidang
gelincir longsoran. Metoda ini mendeteksi sifat kelistrikan bumi dan sangat peka
terhadap material yang mengandung air. Konfigurasi elektroda yang digunakan
adalah konfigurasi Wenner Alpha dan Wenner Beta. Dari beberapa kasus
”sintetik” dan ”riil” yang telah dilakukan, terlihat bahwa konfigurasi Wenner
Alpha cukup sensitif dalam mendeteksi perubahan resistivitas bumi/model secara
vertikal. Sedangkan konfigurasi Wenner Beta cukup baik sensitivitasnya, baik ke
arah vertikal maupun lateral. Dengan demikian aplikasi kedua konfigurasi tersebut
di lokasi penelitian akan mempertajam gambaran bawah permukaan bumi.
Pengolahan data 2-Dimensi telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat
lunak RES2DINV.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya bidang gelincir yang ditandai oleh kontras
resistivitas yang berkesinambungan membatasi blok material yang memiliki
resistivitas tinggi dengan yang rendah. Bidang batas itu diperkirakan sebagai
bidang kontak antara breksi vulkanik tua Formasi Cijulang yang lebih kompak
dengan breksi vulkanik muda Hasil Gunungapi G. Sawal yang kurang kompak .
Kesimpulan ini diperkuat oleh hasil survei GPR yang menggambarkan juga
adanya reflektor yang dapat berfungsi sebagai bidang gelincir.

Kata kunci: Tanah longsor, bidang gelincir, resistivitas, sensitivitas, dan inversi

vii
 ABSTRACT

DETERMINATION OF NEAR-SUBSURFACE
BY USING 2D RESISTIVITY METHODS
(Case Study of Landslide Monitoring at Panawangan Area – Ciamis, Indonesia)

By
Syamsuddin
NIM: 22304009

One of the natural hazards that is often occurred in Indonesia is landslide. This
hazard occurs normally in area which has high density of population. Thus, if they
are happened could caused a big number of victims, damage and property loss.
Landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground
movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows. The
hazards will happen if gravity’s action on an over-steepened slope is getting larger,
which caused the material fall down from its initial equilibrium. The increase of
water content inside earth material is the primary reason for a landslide. The
potential of landslide can be detected by applying geophysical methods; one of
them is 2D-resistivity method. This method has been used to determine the near-
subsurface structure of the earth including detection of landslide’s slip plane.

This Method is an indirect method, in which the results of this method could give
an overview of resistivity distribution inside subsurface. There are several kinds
of electrode configurations. Two of them, namely wenner-alpha and wenner-beta,
have been use in the study area at panawangan area, Ciamis. Base on synthetic
study that has been carried out, wenner alpha configuration is sensitive in
detecting resistivity changes is vertical direction. Where as, Wenner-beta
configuration is sensitive in detecting resistivity changes in both vertical and
horizontal directions. The results of inverted resistivity data showed the same
characteristics as have been proved in synthetic study. Processing of resistivity
data used RES2DINV software.

The obtained results of the study show that some contracts between low and high
resistivity values in some part of the sections could be the position of slip plane
inside subsurface. Those contrasts are interpreted boundary between old volcanic
breccias of Cijulang Formation (more compact) and young breccias of Gunung
Sawal Formation (less compact). This interpretation has a good agreement with
the result of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), which show the existence of strong
reflection on the same location.

Keyword: Landslide, slip-plane, resistivity, sensitivity, and inversion.

viii
 DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ··············································································· i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ·································································· ii
HALAMAN PEDOMAN PENGGUNAAN TESIS ··································· iii
HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN ······························································· iv
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ···································································· v
ABSTRAK ····························································································· vii
ABSRACT ······························································································ viii
DAFTAR ISI ·························································································· ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR ··············································································· xi
DAFTAR TABEL ··················································································· xvi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ············································································ xvii
Bab I Pendahuluan ············································································· 1
I.1 Latar Belakang Penelitian ···························································· 1
I.2 Batasan Masalah ········································································· 4
I.3 Maksud dan Tujuan Penelitian ····················································· 4
I.4 Sistimatika Penulisan ·································································· 5
Bab II Metoda Geolistrik Tahanan Jenis 2D ·········································· 6
II.1 Prinsip Dasar Metoda Resistivitas ············································· 6
II.2 Potensial Pada Bumi Homogen Isotropis ··································· 8
II.3 Potensial Elektroda Arus Tunggal pada Permukaan Medium
Isotropis ·················································································· 9
II.4 Potensial Dua Elektroda Arus pada Permukaan Homogen
Isotropis ·················································································· 10
II.5 Konfigurasi Elektroda dan Sensitivitasi ····································· 12
II.6 Model Sintetik ········································································· 18
II.7 Hubungan parameter geolistrik dengan parameter gerakan tanah 24
Bab III Tinjauan Daerah Penelitian ························································ 27
III.1. Fisiografi dan Geomorfologi daerah ········································· 27
III.2. Stratigrafi dan Struktur Geologi ················································ 32
III.3. Tata Guna Lahan ····································································· 33

ix
 III.4. Gerakan Tanah ········································································ 34
Bab IV Akuisisi, Pengolahan dan Interpretasi Data ································· 44
IV.1 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ······················································ 44
IV.2 Peralatan ··················································································· 45
IV.3 Teknik Pengambilan Data ·························································· 45
IV.4 Pengolahan Data ······································································· 50
IV.5 Interpretasi Data Resistivitas ······················································ 51
Bab V Korelasi Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Geolistrik Tahanan Jenis dengan
Data Pendukung ········································································ 64
V.1. Hasil Metoda Geolistrik Tahanan Jenis ········································· 64
V.2. Hasil Metoda GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) ···························· 65
Bab VI Kesimpulan dan Saran ······························································· 71
VI.1 Kesimpulan ··············································································· 71
VI.2 Saran ························································································ 71
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ·············································································· 72

x
 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar I.1. Peta potensi tanah longsor di Jawa Barat dan Banten
(Direktorat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi,
2005) ······································································ 3
Gambar II.1 Sumber arus tunggal di permukaan medium homogen
isotropis (Loke, 2004) ····················································· 9
Gambar II.2 Dua elektroda arus dan potensial di permukaan bumi
homogen isotropis (Musa, 2004) ······································ 10
Gambar II.3 Kisaran rata-rata harga resistivitas spesifik dan permitivitas
relatif beberapa jenis batuan.(Schon, 1996) ······················ 12
Gambar II.4 Kisaran resistivitas beberapa jenis batuan, tanah, dan
mineral (Loke, 2004) ······················································ 12
Gambar II.5 Konfigurasi elektroda dalam eksplorasi geolistrik (Loke,
2004) ············································································· 13
Gambar II.6 Model sintetik yang menunjukkan sensitifitas tiap
konfigurasi elektroda dalam eksplorasi geolistrik (Darlin &
Zhou, 2004) ···································································· 16
Gambar II.7 Model sintetik satu blok ·················································· 18
Gambar II.8 Model penampang resistivitas semu konfigurasi Wenner
Alpha ············································································· 19
Gambar II.9 Hasil inverse dari model sintetik konfigurasi Wenner
Alpha. (a) Resistifitas semu pengukuran, (b) Resistifitas
semu perhitungan (respon model), (c) Hasil inversi ·········· 19
Gambar II.10 Model penampang resistivitas semu konfigurasi Wenner
Beta ··············································································· 20
Gambar II.11 Hasil inverse dari model sintetik konfigurasi Wenner Beta.
(a) Resistifitas semu pengukuran, (b) Resistifitas semu
perhitungan (respon model), (c) Hasil inversi ··················· 20
Gambar II.12 Model penampang resistivitas semu konfigurasi Pole-Pole 21
Gambar II.13 Hasil inverse dari model sintetik konfigurasi Pole-Pole.
(a) Resistifitas semu pengukuran (respon model),

xi
 (b) Resistifitas semu perhitungan, (c) Hasil inversi ··········· 21
Gambar II.14 Model penampang resistivitas semu konfigurasi Pole-
Dipole. (a) Forward Pole-Dipole dan (b) Reverse Pole-
Dipole ············································································ 22
Gambar II.15 Hasil inverse dari model sintetik konfigurasi Pole-Dipole
(a) ke depan dan (b) ke belakang, masing-masing (atas)
Resistifitas semu pengukuran, (tengah) Resistifitas semu
perhitungan (respon model), (bawah) Hasil inverse ··········· 23
Gambar III.1. Fisiografi Jawa Barat (van Bemmelen, 1949 dalam
Martodjojo, 2003) ··························································· 27
Gambar III.2. Kenampakan morfologi daerah penelitian dari citra satelit
(Google Earth) ············································································· 29
Gambar III.3. Gambaran morfologi daerah penelitian ditandai dengan
rapat-renggangnya kontur (Pusat vulkanologi dan Mitigasi
Bencana Geologi Bandung, 2005) ···································· 31
Gambar III.4. Pola aliran sungai daerah enelitian (Pusat vulkanologi dan
Mitigasi Bencana Geologi Bandung, 2005) ······················ 31
Gambar III.5. Peta Geologi Daerah Penelitian (Pusat vulkanologi dan
Mitigasi Bencana Geologi Bandung, 2005) ······················ 33
Gambar III.6. Keadaan daerah penelitian; (a) Morfologi perbukitan
dengan berbagai macam tumbuhan, (b) tanaguna lahan
sebagai persawahan, (c) kolam atau tambak air tawar
sebagai salah satu kegunaan lahan ··································· 34
Gambar III.7. Jatuhan atau runtuhan batu (Pusat Vulkanologi dan
Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, 2007) ····································· 36
Gambar III.8. Slides: a) Gerakan Blok Batu, dan b) Longsoran Rotasi
(Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, 2007) · 36
Gambar III.9. Flows: 1) Longsoran translasi, 2) Aliran bahan rombakan,
dan 3) Rayapan tanah (Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi
Bencana Geologi, 2007) ·················································· 37
Gambar III.10. Beberapa ilustrasi jenis utama tanah longsor oleh Highland
L. dan Johnson M. (USGS, 2004) ···································· 38

xii
Gambar III.11. Gambaran kerusakan infrastruktur di sekitar lokasi
penelitian ······································································· 40
Gambar III.12. Lokasi stasiun pengamatan GPS (Peta kontur dibuat Pusan
Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, 2005) ··········· 41
Gambar III.13. Skema pergerakan titik pantau dengan menggunakan GPS 43
Gambar IV.1 Peta Lokasi Penelitian (Pusat vulkanologi dan Mitigasi
Bencana Geologi Bandung, 2005) ···································· 44
Gambar IV.2 Alat yang dibutuhkan; (a) Resistivity meter McOHM, (b)
GPS portable, (c) Kit connector multi channels ················ 45
Gambar IV.3 Peta lokasi penelitian di dua kampung (a), yaitu kampung
Kondang (b) dan Kampung Cirikip (c). (Peta Geologi
dibuat oleh Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana
Geologi Bandung, edisi tahun 2005) ································ 46
Gambar IV.4 a) Patok kayu dan elektroda yang telah dipasangkan kabel,
b) Kit connector dihubungkan dengan kabel dari elektroda,
c) Kit connector dihubungkan dengan resistivity meter 47
Gambar IV.5 (a) Urutan elektroda untuk Wenner Alpha, (b) Urutan
elektroda untuk Wenner, dan (c) Psedusection untuk
konfigurasi Wenner Alpha. (Loke, 2004) ························· 48
Gambar IV.6 Posisi patok 20 meteran (a) Lintasan L-1 s/d L4 di
Kondang, (b) Lintasan L-5 s/d L-7 di Cirikip ···················· 49
Gambar IV.7 Diagram Alir Penelitian ·················································· 51
Gambar IV.8 Penampang lintasan geolistrik pada daerah persawahan di
desa Cinyasag, kec. Panawangan, Ciamis – Jawa Barat.
(Darso, 2005) ·································································· 52
Gambar IV.9 Profil 2D hasil inverse data geolistrik lintasan 1 di
Kampung Kondang, Cinyasag, Kecamatan Panawangan,
Ciamis – Jawa Barat. (a) Inversi Wenner Alpha, (b) Inversi
Wenner Beta ··································································· 53
Gambar IV.10 Profil 2D hasil inverse data geolistrik lintasan 2 di
Kampung Kondang, Cinyasag, Kecamatan Panawangan,
Kabupaten Ciamis – Jawa Barat (a) Inversi Wenner Alpha,

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 (b) Inversi Wenner Beta ·················································· 54
Gambar IV.11 Profil 2D hasil inverse data geolistrik lintasan 3 di
Kampung Kondang, Cinyasag, Kecamatan Panawangan,
Ciamis – Jawa Barat (a) Inversi Wenner Alpha, (b) Inversi
Wenner Beta ··································································· 55
Gambar IV.12 Profil 2D hasil inverse data geolistrik lintasan 4 di
Kampung Kondang, Cinyasag, Kecamatan Panawangan,
Ciamis – Jawa Barat (a) Inversi Wenner Alpha, (b) Inversi
Wenner Beta ··································································· 56
Gambar IV.13 Profil 2D hasil inverse data geolistrik lintasan 5 di
Kampung Cirikip, Cinyasag, Kecamatan Panawangan,
Ciamis – Jawa Barat. (a) Inversi Wenner Alpha, (b) Inversi
Wenner Beta ··································································· 57
Gambar IV.14 Profil 2D hasil inverse data geolistrik lintasan 6 di
Kampung Cirikip, Cinyasag, Kecamatan Panawangan,
Ciamis – Jawa Barat. (a) Inversi Wenner Alpha, (b) Inversi
Wenner Beta ··································································· 58
Gambar IV.15 Profil 2D hasil inverse data geolistrik lintasan 7 di
kampung Cirikip, Cinyasag, Kecamatan Panawangan,
Ciamis – Jawa Barat. (a) Inversi Wenner Alpha, (b) Inversi
Wenner Beta ··································································· 59
Gambar IV.16 Profil 3D Lintasan 1 – 4 di kampong Kondang dengan
konfigurasi Wenner Alpha (α) ········································· 60
Gambar IV.17 Profil 3D Lintasan 1 – 4 di kampung Kondang dengan
konfigurasi Wenner Beta (β) ··········································· 60
Gambar IV.18 Sayatan vertical profil 3D Lintasan 1 – 4 untuk konfigurasi
Wenner α. (a) Sayatan arah Timur-Barat, (b) sayatan arah
Utara-Selatan ·································································· 61

Gambar IV.19 Sayatan vertical profil 3D Lintasan 1 – 4 untuk konfigurasi

Wenner β. (a) Sayatan arah Timur-Barat, (b) sayatan arah
Utara-Selatan ·································································· 62

Gambar V.1 Hasil Inversi L-6 yang menunjukkan bidang batas Formasi

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 Cijulang dan Hasil Gunungapi G. Sawal ·························· 65
Gambar V.2 Lintasan pengambilan data GPR ······································ 65
Gambar V.3 Profil penampang radargram pada lintasan 6 ····················· 66
Gambar V.4 Profil penampang radargram pada lintasan 7 ····················· 67
Gambar V.5 Skema bidang gelincir longsoran pada lokasi pertama
(Kampung Kondang) ······················································ 68
Gambar V.6 Profil penampang radargram pada lintasan 2 ····················· 69

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel II.1 Setengah kedalaman yang diketahui (ze) untuk bentangan yang
berbeda. L adalah panjang bentangan maksimum. Merujuk
pada Gambar II.5 untuk konfigurasi elektroda dari bentangan
yang berbeda. Faktor geometri untuk nilai “a” 1 meter. ··········· 17
Tabel II.2 Hubungan resistivitas dengan porositas ································· 25
Tabel II.3 Kisaran porositas bahan sedimen ·········································· 25
Tabel II.4 Diameter ukuran butir rata-rata, densitas dan porositas dari
beberapa jenis sedimen; teras kontinen (shelf dan slope); ······· 26
Tabel III.1 Jenis-jenis tanah longsor menurut versi Varnes, 1978 ············· 38

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 DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

LAMPIRAN A1
Tabel Koordinat patok 20m lintasan pengukuran Geolistrik ······················· 73

LAMPIRAN A2
1. Tabel Data Koordinat Setiap Titik Pantau per Periode ·························· 74
2. Tabel Pergeseran Posisi Setiap Stasiun/Titik Pantau dari Periode ke
Periode ······························································································ 74

LAMPIRAN B1
Kolom Stratigrafi Daerah Penelitian ························································· 75

LAMPIRAN B1
1. Hasil Inversi Wenner Alpha Lintasan L-1 ··········································· 76
2. Hasil Inversi Wenner Alpha Lintasan L-2 ··········································· 77
3. Hasil Inversi Wenner Alpha Lintasan L-3 ··········································· 78
4. Hasil Inversi Wenner Alpha Lintasan L-4 ··········································· 79
5. Hasil Inversi Wenner Alpha Lintasan L-5 ··········································· 80
6. Hasil Inversi Wenner Alpha Lintasan L-6 ··········································· 81
7. Hasil Inversi Wenner Alpha Lintasan L-7 ··········································· 82
8. Hasil Inversi Wenner Beta Lintasan L-1 ·············································· 83
9. Hasil Inversi Wenner Beta Lintasan L-2 ·············································· 84
10. Hasil Inversi Wenner Beta Lintasan L-3 ·············································· 85
11. Hasil Inversi Wenner Beta Lintasan L-4 ·············································· 86
12. Hasil Inversi Wenner Beta Lintasan L-5 ·············································· 87
13. Hasil Inversi Wenner Beta Lintasan L-6 ·············································· 88
14. Hasil Inversi Wenner Beta Lintasan L-7 ·············································· 89

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