LOGGING

QC and Quantitative Log Interpretation (I)

OLEH : ERAWATI FITRIYANI ADJI & ARIF RAHUTAMA

www.akamigas.ac.id @PAkamigas PEM Akamigas PEM Akamigas @akamigascepu

“Philosophy” of “interpretation”
 LOG ANALYSIS WORKFLOW

Water Permeability
Importing Data Saturation Determintation
Calculation
Net Pay/ Net
Plotting & Porosity & Reservoir
QC Log Matrix Quantification
Calculation

Input Zonation Reality Check

Clay Volume (mudlog, test, etc)
Calculation
TVDSS & Export Report
Temperature Environmental Summary &
Calculation Correction LAS
LOG ANALYSIS WORKFLOW
• Plotting and QC log
• TVDSS & Temperature Calculation
• Enviromental Correction
• Rw Determination
• Vshale or Vclay Calculation??
• Porosity & Matrix Calculation
• Water Saturation Calculation
• Permeability Determination
• Net Pay/ Net Reservoir Quantification
Plotting & QC Log
 QC Log
• Tujuan: tersedianya data yg benar secara numerik,tepat dan
memiliki kualitas yg sesuai dg tujuan utama diadakannya
suatu studi petrofisika.
• Data referensi berupa paper copy/ print field (hasil cetakan
di lapangan) sbg data awal (raw data)
• Penting dilakukan pd interval yg diukur lebih dari 1x logging
dg peralatan logging yg sama. Butuh penanganan berbeda
pada kedua run tsb, terutama jk digabungkan (merged) dlm
1 kurva log.
 QC Log
1. Tampilkan data log (digital) pd suatu software dan bandingkan secara visual dg
print field. Verifikasi apakah data ditampilkan pada skala yg sama. Misalnya
sering terjadi neutron log direkam dg kalibrasi matrix sandstone unit, akan tetapi
karena default dr software sering menggunakan limestone unit  terjadi
kesalahan.
2. Pengecekan terhadap nama (labeling). Seringkali karena pergantian service
company shg tjd kesalahan nama karena perbedaan penamaan alat log
(neumonic)
3. Kumpulkan semua informasi pd log header utk mengidentifikasi tipe peralatan
log, kondisi borehole, temperature, mud properties, top dan bottom dr setiap
run terutama untuk run yg akan di merged, data alat logging terutama stand off
dll.
4. Cek repeat section, pastikan telah terjadi repeatability.
5. Cek tension, perhatikan pada setiap logging run dan identifikasi interval mana
telah terjadi tool sticking, umumnya ini sangat jelas dg perubahan pola
mendadak dr yg seharusnya secara perlahan. Misalnya N-D log bebas dr tool
sticking, maka data GR dlm run tsb bs dijadikan sbf referensi utk run lain yg
mengalami tension yg abnormal.
 QC Log
6. Cek kondisi borehole, gunakan log Caliper utk memperkirakan diameter
borehole. Pd umumnya caliper di run bersamaan dg D-N atau Resistivity log. Pilih
yg di run bersamaan dg D-N karena pd umumnya rangkain tsb dijalankan dg
logging speed terendah. Hole-rugosity dpt diukur dg Density Correction Log
(DRHO) yg dijalankan bersamaan dg Density log sbg quality control. Berikan
tanda (flag) pd interval yg memiliki Drho > 1.15gr/cc krn tidak reliable dan perlu
diganti dg interpretasi porosity yg lainnya.
7. Niose spike dan cycle skipping, umumnya tjd pd sonic log. Noise disebabkan oleh
gesekan antara centralizer dg dinding borehole. Pulsa noise dpt jg tjd pd receiver
lebih awal drpd pulsa yg sebenarnya shg menyebabkan spike pd transit time yg
rendah. Akan tetapi alat centralizer tidak selalu digunakan shg cek log header.
Cycle skipping tjd pd saat kedatangan sinyal negatif pertama (biasanya pd
receiver terjauh) jatuh dibawah trigger level. Hal ini dpt tjd pdsalah satu atau
kedua far receiver, efeknya pembacaan log terlalu tinggi (+/- sebesar ms/ft)
bergantung pd receiver. Artefak ini umumnya terlokalisir, akan tetapi dapat
meluas pd kondisi tertentu, misalnya pd unconsolidated gas sand. Lakukan
identifikasi artefak ini dan hilangkan pd tahap editing, setelah pekerjaan depth
shifting selesai dilakukan karena data-data ini dpt berguna dlm mengkorelasikan
borehole condition.
 QC Log
8. Pengeditan data log. Hasil pengeditan data log yg memiliki kualitas buruk harus
memiliki notifikasi yg merangkum sejarah pengeditan log tsb. Penyebabnya
adalah peralatan yg terjepit (tool sticking) umumnya pd tool yg memiliki kontak
dg dinding borehole, kondisi borehole yg tidak baik (oversize/ washed-out) dan
noisy. Beberapa contoh pengeditan data log:
• D-N log yg memiliki spring caliper arm pd density pad. Diedit dg pembuatan
pseudo-log utk menggantikan data log pd interval yg memiliki kualitas buruk
dg menggunakan referensi data log yg lainnya. Umumnya pseudo-sonic log
yg dibutuhkan dalam pemodelan geofisika berdasarkan inverted density log.
Jk sonic log terlalu noisy pd borehole ttt, data Density log bs digunakan utk
membuat persamaan sederhana utk memperkirakan respon dr sonic log.
• GR jg bisa mjd referensi pseudo-log, pd kasus GR pd suatu run lebih reliable
dibadingkan pd logging run yg lainnya karena pengukuran dilakukan pd
kecepatan yg lebih rendah. Maka kalibrasi kedua run sangat diperlukan drpd
hanya melakukan splicing pd data log yg diinginkan.
• Depth shifting, dilakukan thd suatu referensi log yg dipilih. Umumnya GR dr
rangkaian yg di run bersamaan dg D-N log krn umumnya memiliki logging
speed terendah saat pengukuran.
 QC Log
9. SP log depth shifting, dibutuhkan karena kenaikan temperature pd zona yg lebih
dalam dan perubahan mud system akan mempengaruhi pembacaan SP log.
Dalam memilih titik referensi utk pergeseran, gunakan GR yg terindikasi 100%
shale (nilai GR tinggi). SP log umumnya kurang sensitive defleksinya
dibandingkan GR.
10. Depth merging, proses ini menghabiskan waktu paling banyak dlm proses QC
dan data preparation. Dibutuhkan kesabaran dan akurasi dr interpreter. Tahap ini
mempengaruhi semua aspek selanjutnya dalam pekerjaan analisa log sumur.
Selalu perhatikan casing point dan marker level. Bandingkan kedua run log pd
interval yg sama. Ada 3 langkah utama dlm proses ini:
• Depth shifting dr benchmark log, umumnya GR
• Mengaplikasikan seluruh pergeseran (shifting) pd seluruh log yg direkam
sehubungan dg GR tsb
• Pergeseran (shifting) lebih lanjut pd semua log yg dibutuhkan. Seluruh depth
shift harus dicek terhadap paper print terakhir dr wellsite. Sumber data ini
harus dicatat sbg data definitif, bukan hasil editing dr database. Seringkali
terlihat jelas bahwa log-log yg direkam oleh kombinasi dr bbrp single logging
tool tidak akan cocok satu sama lain dalam hal kedalaman.
 QC Log
11. Depth shifting thd data core, umumnya dg menggunakan core GR atau Grain
Density.
12. Environmental correction, dibutuhkan pada data log yg berasal dr peralatan yg
lama. Umumnya data log yg baru sudah mengalami environmental correction,
cek keterangan pada log header. Pd prinsipnya EC memperkirakan kompensasi
thd perbedaan dr kondisi borehole yg sebenarnya dg sumur pengetesan (test pit)
dimana tool dikalibrasikan. Koreksi ini sangat spesifik thd setiap peralatan yg
dibuat oleh Service Company. Koreksi dihitung berdasarkan perbedaan kurva
(departure curve) dan correction chart yg dibuat oleh Serco saat
mengembangkan logging tool. Oleh karena itu tidak bersifat umum, metode
koreksi pd alat ttt tidak dapat digunakan pd alat lain. EC dilakukan thd borehole
size, temperature, pressure, mud properties/ mud weight dan factor-faktor lain
yg dpt mempengaruhi hasil pengukuran alat log. EC tidak dapat
mengkompensasi variasi geologi spt bed thickness dan shoulder effects. EC harus
dilakukan setelah selesai depth shifting dan proses pengeditan log (log editing).
Jk interval berbeda-beda maka penyatuan data log harus dilakukan setelah
selesai proses EC (data-data yg terkoreksi) menjadi sebuah composite log.
 QC Log
13. Invasion correction, dilakukan setelah proses EC atau koreksi borehole yg dasar.
Proses in idibutuhkan oleh Resistivity log utk mengkompensasi invasi filtrate
water based mud pd formasi yg permeable. Membutuhkan input 3 data log LLD,
LLS dan Micro-resistivity log (umumnya MSFL), hasilny berupa Rt (true Fm
resistivity), Rxo (Flushed zone resistivity) dan DI (Diameter of invasion)
14. Data core analysis, perlu diperhatikan anomaly, artefak dan hasil observasi pd
laporan core analysis pd saat proses akuisisi data. Data core yg continuous dpt
berupa Core GR dan probe permeametry. Data discrete berupa core plug dan
whole-core analysis. Data continuous dapat dignakan dalam core-to-log depth
correction dan kalibrasi pengukuran lain,
15. Penyatuan data core dan log (merging core and log data). Pd umumnya
menggunakan Core Gr atau data core analysis yg actual spt porosity yg terukur
dan harga grain/ bulk density yg kmd dilakukan depth shifting. Kedua metode ini
sangat subjective dan sangat tergantung pd kelengkapan data core. Penanganan
core (core handling) di wellsite jg dapat memberikan kesalahan (error). Data log
yg digunakan harus yg definitif sbg pembanding pergeseran log ke atas dan
kebawah yg dilakukan secara individu (core-by-core basis) terutama jk terbukti
ada missing core section, daerah rapuh (mudah runtuh) dan indikasi core
handling yg buruk.
TVDSS & Temperature Calculation
Depth in a Well
 Formation Temperature Calculation

Given:
• Surface temp. = 80 F
• Bottom hole temp. = 180 F
• Total depth (TD) = 10000 ft
• Formation depth = 6000 ft

15
The formation temperature is also calculated (Asquith, 1980) by
using the linear regression equation:
Y = 0.012 8,000 + 70
= 166 F
Pengeboran sumur eksplorasi dengan kedalaman 9.000 ft
menembus 2 lapisan Reservoir, lapisan yang pertama pada
kedalaman 7.700-7.800 ft dan lapisan kedua 4.300-4.400
ft. Pengukuran suhu rata-rata permukaan adalah 28°C dan
suhu bottom hole adalah 250 °C, berapa suhu di kedua
lapisan tersebut?
Correct the Resistivity to Formation Temperature
Given: Rm = 1.2 at 75 F, Formation temp. = 160 F

Rm=0.56 at 160F START HERE

Environmental Effect and Correction
Groningen Effect

• Caused by highly resistive beds

overlying the formation that is
being measured.
• This forces the deep current into
the mud column.
• This is caused by the voltage
reference (cable-torpedo)
becoming non-zero.
• LLd reads too high
• More pronounced at low
resistivity
Groningen Effect Dual Laterolog
Groningen Corrected Dual Laterolog
 Tool String Effect

• Laterolog tools have another problem in conductive beds

due to the frequency of the measurement. In long
combination tools, the LLD reads too high.
• The effect has been commonly seen in low resistivity
formations.
• The correction depends on the hole size, Dh, and the mud
resistivity, Rm.
• This correction has to be applied before any other borehole
corrections.
• A new chart is needed for each tool combination.
Tool String Corrections
 TLC Effect

• In TLC operations Laterologs need a special stiff bridle

usually made of three sections of tool housing giving a
length of 30 feet compared to the normal 80 foot bridle.
• The total current returns to the pipe which acts as the
return electrode.
• The relative error is proportional to Ra (the apparent
resistivity).
• This can be up to 200% at low Rt/Rm contrasts and low Rm.
TLC Effect Correction Chart
 Why Laterologs are difficult to interpret

• “Voltage reference” effects in previous examples

• Groningen
• TLC
• Long tool string

• Borehole effects
• Invasion
• Shoulder bed effects
 Borehole & Invasion Effects

Ra = Vm*Rm + Vxo*Rxo + Vt*Rt

Resistivities measured in series

 Borehole Correction

Assumes no Invasion or Shoulder effect

MSFL Borehole Correction Chart
Invasion Enhances Shoulder Effects
 Shoulder-Bed Squeeze Effects

Deep measurement reads too high and All resistivities read lower than Rt and
results in erroneous invasion profile. separation is reduced.
Shoulder-Bed
effects
BS = 8.5 in
h = 15 ft
ri = 15 in

Rt = 50 Ohmm
Rs = 5 Ohmm
Rxo = 15 Ohmm
Rm = 1.5 Ohmm

HLLD = 30 Ohmm

Sw overestimated by 29%
Shoulder Effect LLD
Shoulder Effect LLS
Response to Invasion
 Response to Invasion

Solves for Rt and Di given LLD, LLS, Rxo

v
 Resistivity : Lateralog invasion effects

RLL = Vm Rm + Vmc Rmc + Vxo Rxo + (1-Vm-Vmc-Vxo) Rt

Resistivity : Lateralog invasion effects
Ra = VRm(Rm) + VRmc(Rmc) + Vrxo(Rxo) + VRt(Rt)

Rmc

RXO

Rt

Rm
Resistivity : Lateralog invasion effects

If Rmf < Rw then Rxo < LLS < LLD < Rt

If Rmf > Rw then Rxo > LLS > LLD > Rt

Using Rxo, LLS & LLD, Rt and Di can be computed

 HRLA Solutions Hardware

Multiple depth of investigation

• Clear indication of invasion
• Improved vertical resolution
• No need for deep mode or
bridle
• No Groningen or drillpipe-
conveyed logging effects and
reduced shoulder-bed effect

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 5

 HRLA 1D Real-time Answer

Real-time wellsite product gives clear answers for quick decisions:

- Eliminates voltage reference effects

- Less shoulder-bed effect
- Self consistent depth matched measurements
 No Groningen Effect

Curve separation
suggests
invasion but is
due to Groningen
HRLA resistivities effect
clearly show
zone is not
invaded
Thin-Bed and Invasion Profiling

Curve separation
Curve separation results
shows invasion
from Groningen effect

High vertical
resolution Groningen effect
in indicator curve

HRLA tool DLL tool

 Hardware Features
• No surface current return
– No Groningen and/or TLC effect
– Reduced shoulder effect
Electronics
Cartridge – No additional surface equipment

• No bridle
– More efficient operation
– Improved safety & reliability
– No stiff bridle for TLC operations

• Improved reliability
Sonde – Built to PEx shock standards
– Integrated knuckle allows operation through
severe doglegs
– No bridle or additional surface equipment
Integrated Knuckle-Joint
• Improved combinability
– Through-wired
– No special power requirement
Lower Electrode – Dual telemetry: CAN and FTB
– Combinations: PEx, ARI, HALS, AIT, FMI,
DSI, CMR,…
Induction
 Resistivity Induction response errors

• Skin effect & Mutual Inductance

• Borehole effect
• Cave effect
• Shoulder effect
• Invasion effects
 Resistivity : Induction invasion effects
1/Ra = 1/(VRm(Rm)) + 1/(VRmc(Rmc)) + 1/(Vrxo(Rxo)) + 1/(VRt(Rt))

Rmc

RXO

Rt

Rm
Resistivity : Induction invasion effects

If Rmf < Rw, AT10 < 20 < 30 < 60 < 90

If Rmf > Rw, AT10 > 20 > 30 > 60 > 90

From the 5 curves Rt can be computed

Resistivity : Induction
Focusing
Resistivity : Induction
Hole size and shape
Uncertainty in hole size or mud
resistivity can cause large errors
on the shallow curves but much
smaller errors on the deeper
measurements

Out of
sequence
Resistivity : Induction
Very deep invasion can affect even the
Hole size and shape deepest measurements, non-cylindrical
invasion may affect the Rt computation
 Induction Resistivity in Deviated Wells
Shallow Resistivity
Deep Resistivity Relative dip angle

low relative high relative

dip angle dip angle
SFLU Borehole Correction
Induction Invasion Correction
 ARRAY RESISTIVITY LOG as tool Solution from
environment and invasion effect
• Muncul sebagai solusi dari conventional resistivity
logging tool yang bacaannya dipengaruhi oleh kondisi
borehole environment dan invasion effect.
• Terdapat 2 jenis array resistivy log yaitu HRLA pada tipe
Lateralog dan AIT pada tipe Induction
Array Induction vs. Array Laterolog Physics

Logging Tool

Invaded Zone Borehole

Uninvaded Zone
 Resistivity : Inversion for Rt

Ra = VRm(Rm) + VRmc(Rmc) + Vrxo(Rxo) + VRt(Rt)

1/Ra = 1/(VRm(Rm)) + 1/(VRmc(Rmc)) + 1/(Vrxo(Rxo)) + 1/(VRt(Rt))

If we can assume different values for all these unknowns, such

that all the estimated Ra’s match all the measured Ra’s we
could compute Rt.

Problem is there are a lot of other things that affect Ra

(shoulder bed effects, laminations, deviation, anisotropy,
groningen effect, etc.)
 HRLA vs AIT Response

HRLA Array Response versus Radius of Invasion AIT Array Response versus Radius of Invasion

10
10

Rxo Rt

Rt
Rt

App arent Resistivity (Ohm -m.)

A90
Apparent Resistivity (Ohm.m.)

RLA5 A60
Rxo
RLA4 A30
RLA3 A20
RLA2 A10
1 1 Rt
RLA1 Rxo
Rxo

0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Invasion Radius (in.)
Invasion Radius (in.)

HRLA Response AIT Response

 Comparison to AIT…Case 1

BS = 8”
Rt = 200
Rxo = 30
Rm = 0.1
S/O = 1.5”
 Comparison to AIT…Case 2

BS = 8”
Rt = 5
Rxo = 30
Rm = 0.1
S/O = 1.5”
Resistivity :
Shoulder bed
effects, invasion,
contrast
Laterologs CHFR (Cased Hole Formation Resistivity)
CHFR
Casing acts like a
large electrode.
Current returns to
surface similarly to a
Laterolog tool.
 CHFR Tool String

Rt=K * V / I
 V1
Vo
V2

Rt = K * V / I

I = (V1-V2)/Rc
 V1
Vo
V2

Rt = K * V / I
I = (V1-V2)/Rc
Basic Step for Quick Evaluation
Summary
BASIC STEPS for QUICK EVALUATION
Profil Log untuk Quicklook
Log Example

Identify :
• Reservoir Rock

• Hydrocarbon Zone

• Gas- Oil Differentiation

Identify Reservoir Zone
Identify Hydrocarbon Zone
Identify Gas - Oil Zone
Gas - Oil Differentiation
Identify Hydrocarbon Zones
 DETERMINE:

Basic Equation :

= ma - b
ma - f

ma = Matrix density

b = Bulk density
f = Fluid density
D E T E R M I N E : Rw

Basic Equation :
Rw = Ro x  m

Ro = Resistivity on the water

zone
  = Porosity
M = Cementation exponent
D E T E R M I N E : Sw

Basic Equation :

Sw = Rw
 m . Rt
Rw = Resistivity of formation
water
Rt = True resistivity
 = Porosity
m = Cementation exponent
Quick Log Evaluation Summary
 TERIMA KASIH

www.akamigas.ac.id @PAkamigas PEM Akamigas PEM Akamigas @akamigascepu