Analisa DNA
Forensik
Pembahasan
Apa itu DNA?
Dimana DNA dalam tubuh?
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DNA
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid or Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Polimer dari asam nukleat /nukleotida A, T, G, C
DNA mengandung informasi genetik
Fungsi: mengkode protein-protein tubuh
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Struktur DNA
Polimer dari monomer nukleotida → A, T, G, C
Gula
Deoksiribosa
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4 Basa DNA
A C
Adenine Cytosine
G T
Guanine Thymine
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4 Basa DNA
A C
G T
Polimer DNA
Basa berpasangan →
Ikatan Hidrogen
A pairs with T
G pairs with C
Antar Nukleotida →
Ikatan Fosfodiester
Untai ganda, Anti paralel 5’ 3’
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Tulang punggung
Gula Fosfat
Basa
Nitrogen
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Penulisan DNA?
DNA ditulis sebagai urutan basa-basa:
5'-AAGTCGATCGATCATCGATCATACGT-3'
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Fakta menarik:
Iftwo different people started reciting their
individual genetic code at a rate of one letter
per second, it would take almost eight and a
half minutes before they reached a difference.
Ifunwound and tied together, the strands of
DNA in one cell would stretch almost six feet
but would be only 50th trillionths of an inch
wide.
If all the DNA in your body was put end to end,
it would reach to the sun and back over 600
times (100 trillion x six feet divided by 92
million miles).
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Nucleus/
Inti sel
(Brain of the cell)
Mitochondria
*CpDNA pada tanaman (organel)
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18
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2 kromatid identik
(setelah replikasi, sebelum mitosis) 19
Spesies Jumlah
Kromosom
species berbeda jumlah
Fruit Fly 8 kromosom berbeda
Human 46 Manusia memiliki 23
Rye (Roggen) 14 pasang kromosom di
Ape 48
dalam nucleus dari setiap
Guinea Pig 16
sel tubuh jadi total 46
Sheep 54
Dove (Taube) 16
Chicken 78
Earthworm 32
Carp (Karpfen) 104
Pig 40
Butterflies ~380
Wheat 42
Fern (Farn) ~1200
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Pasangan Homolog
memiliki gen yang
sama pada posisi
yang sama.
satu dari ayah dan
satu dari Ibu
Kecuali kromosom di
gamet (sel haploid)
untuk reproduksi
46 kromosom / sel.
(23 pasang) 21
Diploid
Tanaman poliploid :
Triploid: banana, apple,
ginger.
Tetraploid: macaroni
wheat, maize, cotton, potato,
cabbage, leek, tobacco,
peanut, kinnow, Pelargonium.
Hexaploid: bread wheat,
chrysanthemum, oat.
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Mendelian Inheritance
Genetic variation
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Meiosis I
Interphase
mitosis
Male
body
cell
Male
zygote
Sel sperma
Meiosis II
Sel telur 26
fertilization
Distribusi kromosom dalam siklus mitosis & meiosis pada sel sperma manusia
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crossing over
mother cell
(4c, 2n)
(c, n)
(c, n)
(c, n)
(c, n)
(2c, n+2c, n)
(c, n+c, n)
(c, n+c, n) 27
2(2c, n)
1 sel diploid membelah menjadi 4 sel haploid (4 genetically different cells).
meiosis
VIDEO
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meiosis
Terminologi
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Bagaimana DNA
membedakan individu?
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A G C T
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Person 1 AGCTAGATCGTTATTCCGAG
Person 2 AGCTAGATCGTCATTCCGAG
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Person 1 AGCTAGATCGTTATTCCGAG
Person 2 AGCTAGATCGTATTCCGAG
Person 3 AGCTAGATCGTTTATTCCGAG
Person 4 AGCTCCGAG
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Person 1 AGCTAGATCGTTATTCCGAG
Person 2 AGCTAGATCGTATTCCGAG
Person 3 AGCTAGATCGTTTATTCCGAG
Person 4 AGCTCCGAG
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40
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Nomenklatur
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NOMENKLATUR
12p1= band 1 on the short arm (p) of chromosome
12.
If additional sub-bands are seen as techniques are
developed to improve resolution, then these are
renamed p11.1, p11.11, etc
2p23-pter or somewhere between band 23 and the
terminus of the short arm on chromosome 2
Analisa DNA
Forensik
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Length
polymorphism 49
DNA fingerprinting
Teknologi yang menggunakan/memanfaatkan urutan
tandem repeats untuk mengidentifikasi suatu individu.
Synonym : STR typing, STR profiling, genetic
fingerprinting, DNA profiling, genetic profiling.
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PCR Amplification
Different
colour of
Restriction each loci
enzymes
Gel Electrophoresis 52
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Related individuals
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NOMENKLATUR
Locus: D5S818
Alleles: 7,9
Paternal chromosome 5
CCAGATAGATAGATAGATAGATAGATAGATCC
Maternal chromosome 5
CCAGATAGATAGATAGATAGATAGATAGATAGATAGATCC
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