ANTENNA theory

Bimbingan Teknis Rating ILS

OLEH :
Direktorat Navigasi MUH WILDAN, S.T.,M.T.
Penerbangan HP : 085288428850
Email : m_wildan@yahoo.com
2018
 Outlines

• Definisi antena
• Sample of picture antena
• Parameter antena
• Array antena
• Image antena
 What is an antenna ???

• device used for radiating or receiving

energy in the form of electromagnetic
waves.

•Such waves, which travel with the velocity of

light, posses an electric and a magnetic
field that are at right angles to one another and
to the direction of propagation.
These electric and magnetic fields are produced
by current flow in the antenna.
3
 A. ANTENNA

Definisi antena adalah "transformator / struktur

transmisi (saluran transmisi) dengan gelombang ruang
bebas atau sebaliknya.

Fungsi antena adalah untuk mengubah sinyal listrik

menjadi sinyal elektromagnetik, lalu meradiasikannya
(Pelepasan energy elektromagnetik ke udara / ruang
bebas). Dan sebaliknya, antena juga dapat berfungsi
untuk menerima sinyal elektromagnetik (Penerima
energy elektromagnetik dari ruang bebas ) dan
mengubahnya menjadi sinyal listrik
 Electric dan magnetic field

5
B. Sample Pictures of Antennas
 LOC antenna system
• LPDA - AE493J
Slide 7
LOC antenna system
 LOC antenne system
NORMARC 3524
12-element Localizer,
Atatürk, Istanbul

Slide 9
 NORMARC 3524 Localizer
Slide 10
 NORMARC 3524 12-element Localizer

Slide 11
 NORMARC 3525 24-element Localizer
Ezeiza, Argentina

Slide 12
 NORMARC 3525 24-element
Slide 13
New Oslo Airport
NORMARC 3525 24-element
Shanghai Pudong airport
Slide 15 Low antenna masks
 High antenna masts

Slide 16
Slide 19
 GP antenna system

• GP antenna
Slide 21
GP antenna system

NORMARC 3545 M-array

Shanghai Pudong, China
 NORMARC 3545 M-array
Gardermoen Oslo, Norway

Slide 22
Slide 23
 NORMARC 3545 M-array
Debrechen, Hungary

Slide 24
 NORMARC 3545 M-array
w/frangible mast
Torres, Spain

Slide 25
 NORMARC 3544 SB-ref
Egilstadir Airport, Island

Slide 26
 C. Parameter-parameter
dasar antena

• Kinerja dan performa antena dapat dijelaskan

dengan mendefinisikan berbagai parameter
antena.

• Beberapa parameter saling terkait.

• Spesification antena ditentukan oleh hasil

ukur parameter antena tersebut.
1. Radiation Pattern
(Pola Radiasi/Pancaran)

• Didefinisikan sebagai : “A graphical

representation of the radiation properties
of the antenna as a function of space
coordinates. In most cases, the radiation
pattern is determined in the far-field region
and is represented as a function of the
directional coordinates. Radiation
properties include radiation intensity, field
strength, phase of polarization.”
 Isotropic, Directional, and
Omnidirectional Patterns
• Isotropic Radiator:
a hypothetical lossless antenna having equal
radiation in all directions
• Directional antenna:
having the property of radiating or receiving
electromagnetic waves more effectively in some
directions than in others.
• Omnidirectional:
having an essentially nondirectional pattern in a
given plane (azimuth) and a directional pattern
in any orthogonal plane (elevation). Special type
of directional antenna.
 Field Regions
The space surrounding an antenna is
usually subdivided into three regions:
a. Reactive near field
b. Radiating near-filed (Fresnel)
c. Far-field (Fraunhofer)
 Mixture of
wave types
Single
wave type

Reactive Nearfield
Antena nearfield
Far-Field
region
region

Bidang
referensi

jarak
DE : diameter
aperture antenna
 Radiation Pattern (E&H-plane)

0
340 350 0 10 20
330 30
320 -5 40
310 -10 50
300 -15 60
290 -20 70
280 -25 80
270 -30 90
260 100
250 110
240 120
230 130
220 140
210 150
200 190 170 160
180

E-plane H-plane
2. Radiation Power Density

• The quantity used to describe the power

associated with an electromagnetic wave
is the instantaneous Poynting vector:
W=ExH
 Radian & Steradian
Radiation is the measure of a plane angle :
There are 2 radian in a full circle

C 2r
2    2 rad.
r r

Steradian is the measure of a solid angle :

There are 4 steradian in a closed sphere.

S 4r 2
4  2  2  4
r r
Note: dA  r 2 sin dd
differential
dA
d  2  sin dd solid angle of
r sphere !
3. Radiation Intensity
Didefinisikan sebagai : “ The power radiated from an
antenna per unit solid angle.”

U  r Wrad
2

4. Directivy
Definisi : “ The value of the directive gain in the direction of
its maximum value.”

Directive gain pada satu arah tertentu didefinisikan sebagai

: “ the ratio of the radiation intensity in that direction to the
radiation intensity of a reference antenna.”
 Directivity of an Antenna (1)
Let the time average Poynting vector (average power density) is defined by :

S
1
2

Re E  H*  W/m2
n̂ds
Total power radiated  1  normal to
by the antenna : P   S  ds  Re  (E  H )  ds
*

2 the surface
2 
Over spherical 1
P  Re   ( E H*  E H* )r 2 sin dd
surface : 2 0 0

1 1
Recall in far field: H  E and H   E
 
2 
1
 
2
P  d
2
then :
2
( E E ) r
2 0 0
 Directivity of an Antenna (2)
Radiation Intensity : the power radiated from an antenna
per solid angle
1
U  Re(E  H* )  r 2 rˆ  S( ,  )r 2
2
or Average power
P   U ( ,  )dΩ per stedadian
By definition : Average 1 P
radiation intensity : U ave 
4  U ( , )d  4
Directivity : Directivity is defined as the ratio of the radiation
intensity in a certain direction to the average radiation intensity

U ( ,  ) U |max 4U max

D( ,  )  Dmax  
U ave U ave P
 Directivity of an Antenna (3)
normalized
U ( ,  )  U m F ( ,  )
2
Recall power
pattern
Beam solid then : P  U m  F ( ,  ) d
2

angle  A :
4U m 4
therefore : Dmax  
U m  F ( ,  ) d A
2

hence :  A   F ( ,  ) d
2

For ideal isotropic F ( ,  )  1

2
 A  4
antenna:
4
and Dmax  1 or Disotropic  1
4 antenna
4. Gain
• Gain mempunyai kaitan erat dengan directivy
dimana pada gain, efisiensi antena ikut
diperhitungkan. Pada praktisnya besaran gain
antena merupakan besaran relatif terhadap acuan
gain antena yang mudah dihitung (standard)
misalnya : antena dipole, antena horn dan lain-
lain.

• Definisi relative gain adalah “the ratio of the power

gain in its referenced direction to the power gain
of a reference antenna in its referenced direction”
 Con’t

• Gain is defined as the increase in signal strength

as the signal is processed by the antenna for a
given incident angle
– Usually expressed in dB
– Can be negative
• An isotropic antenna has unity gain
– 0 dB

EEE381B
• Sedangkan power gain didefinisikan sebagai “4  times
the ratio of the radiation intensity in that direction to the
net power accepted by the antenna from a connected
transmitter.”
U ( ,  )
gain  4
Pin

• Karena daya yang dipancarkan sama dengan perkalian

antara efisiensi dengan daya yang masuk ke antena,
maka hubungan antara directivity dan gain adalah
sebagai berikut :
 Gain & Aperture
•Aperture antenna gain : Ap
4
G   ap Ap
2

Ap : Aperture area

 ap : Aperture efficiency

•Efficiencies : ap  et123 

e : Radiation efficiency , t : Aperture taper efficiency

1 : Spillover efficiency , 2 : Random error efficiency

 3 : Blockage efficiency , 4 : Strut blockage efficiency


• Efesiensi antena disini merupakan
efisiensi total yang diperoleh sebagai
akibat adanya rugi-rugi ( losses) :

* karena mismatch antara saluran

transmisi
dengan antena
* rugi-rugi pada konduktor, dan
* rugi-rugi pada bahan dielektrik
5. Bandwidth
• Didefinisikan sebagai : “ the range of
frequencies within which the perfomance of
the antenna, with respect to some
characteristic, conform to specified standard.”
• The bandwidth (B) of an antenna is the frequency range in units
of frequency over which the antenna operates

• Narrowband Antenna, misalnya dipole, microstrip

dsb.
• Broadband antenna, misalnya log periodic
• Bandwidth dinyatakan sebagai perbandingan antara
frekuensi atas dan frekuensi bawah dalam level yang
dapat diterima.
 fh  fl
BW   100 %
fc

dengan: fh = frekuensi tertinggi dalam band (GHz)

fl = frekuensi terendah dalam band (GHz)
fc = frekuensi tengah dalam band (GHz),
fh  fl
fc 
2
 Bandwidth dinyatakan oleh beberapa nilai karakteristik
antena seperti input impedance (impedansi masukan), pola
radiasi, beamwidth (lebar berkas), polarisasi, gain
(penguatan), efisiensi pancaran, berada dalam level yang
dapat diterima disekitar pusat frekuensi.

Beberapa definisi dari bandwidth yang berhubungan

dengan antena adalah:
 Impedance Bandwidth
Pattern bandwidth
Polarization atau axial ratio bandwidth
 6. Beamwidth (θB, ΦB)

• The “n”-db beamwidth (θB, ΦB) of an antenna is

the angle defined by the points either side of
boresight at which the power is reduced by n-dB,
for a given plane.
– For example if θB, represents the beamwidth
in the horizontal plane, ΦB represents the
beamwidth in the orthogonal (vertical) plane.
– The 3-dB beamwidth defines the half-power
beam.

EEE381B
 Antenna beam definitions [1]

EEE381B
 Antenna beam definitions [2]

EEE381B
Beamwidth
• Half power beamwidth
• 10 dB beamwidth
• 3 dB beamwidth
 7. Input Impedance of Antennas
• We need signal source generator to sustain the
oscillation of the current on the antenna
• Input impedance is defined: the impedance presented
by an antenna at its terminals
generator a radiated waves
Equivalent Vg
ZA
Circuits :
Zg
Zg

b
Thevenin Norton
a a Z A  RA  jX A
Rohmic
Vg Ig Rr  Rohmic
Rg RA G g B g Gr G L B A
radiation resistance
Xg
RA
b b
8. VSWR
• VSWR adalah perbandingan antara amplitudo
gelombang berdiri (standing wave) maksimum
(|V|max) dengan minimum (|V|min).
• Pada saluran transmisi ada dua komponen
gelombang tegangan, yaitu tegangan yang
dikirimkan (V0+) dan tegangan yang direfleksikan
(V0-).
• Perbandingan antara tegangan yang direfleksikan
dengan tegangan yang dikirimkan disebut sebagai
koefisien refleksi tegangan (Γ)
𝑉𝑜− 𝑍𝐿−𝑍𝑜
• Г= =
𝑉𝑜+ 𝑍𝐿+𝑍𝑜
Con’t VSWR
• Rumus untuk mencari nilai VSWR adalah:
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 1+|Г𝑖𝑛|
• 𝑆= =
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 1−|Г𝑖𝑛|
• Kondisi yang paling baik adalah ketika VSWR bernilai 1
• ( S = 1) yang berarti tidak ada refleksi ketika saluran
dalam keadaan matching sempurna. Namun kondisi ini
pada praktiknya sulit untuk didapatkan.
• Oleh karena itu nilai standar VSWR yang diijinkan untuk
fabrikasi antena umumnya adalah VSWR ≤ 2.
• VSWR juga dapat ditentukan oleh rumus :
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
1+ 𝐹𝑤𝑟𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
• 𝑉𝑠𝑤𝑟 =
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
1− 𝐹𝑤𝑟𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
 9. Return Loss
• Kondisi ketika beban tidak sesuai
(mismatch) menyebabkan tidak semua
daya yang berasal dari sumber dikirim ke
beban atau terjadi refleksi daya dari beban
ke sumber.
• Kerugian ini disebut return loss.
• Return loss dinyatakan dalam bentuk
dBmagnitude (logaritmik)
  S 1
RL  20 log  S = VSWR antena
 S 1
Karakteriktik multi band antenna
10. Frekuensi Resonansi
Frekuensi resonansi menunjukkan daerah
frekuensi dimana antena tersebut bekerja.
Frekuensi resonansi diukur dengan
menggunakan grafik VSWR dan return loss.
Dengan grafik VSWR, rentang frekuensi
resonansi diukur pada daerah dimana nilai
VSWR ≤ 2. Sedangkan dengan grafik return loss,
rentang frekuensi resonansi diukur pada daerah
dimana nilai return loss ≤ - 9.54 dB.
 11. Frequency coverage

• The frequency coverage of an antenna is

the range of frequencies over which an
antenna maintains its parametric
performance
– Antennas are generally rated based
upon their stated centre frequency
– Example:
9.85-10.15 GHz, fc = 10.0 GHz

EEE381B
 12. Pattern Half-wave dipole

63
 D. Antenna arrays
Ch. 0.3.2

64
 Two antenna element

Phase difference: Total received signal:

65
 Two antenna element

In phase 180° out of phase

66
 Two antenna element array

67
68
 CSB /SBO feed

CSB

SBO

69
 Two antennas, normal feeds P
Ant. 6 Ant. 7 Ant. 6 Ant. 7


CSB(90) CSB(150)

A6 A7
SBO(90) SBO(150)

70
 Two antennas, normal feeds
P
Ant. 6 Ant. 7 Ant. 6 Ant. 7


CSB(90) CSB(150)

A6 A7
SBO(90) SBO(150)

71
 Two antennas, 90° in SBO P
Ant. 6 Ant. 7 Ant. 6 Ant. 7

CSB(90) CSB(150)

A6 A7
SBO(90) SBO(150)

DDM=0

72
 Radiation patterns for CSB and
SBO
Using isotropic antennas

73
 D. Image theory
Ch. 0.4.2

74
 Image theory

75
76
 When to use 0-ref
Long Reflection Plane (400-550 m)
Low Horizon (< 0.4 deg.)
Category I-II

77
 16. GlidePath Antenna

NM3544 – SideBand-ref
Ch. 0.6.2

78
79
 When to use SB-ref

 Shorter Reflection Plane (350-450 m)

 Medium Horizon (< 0.7 deg.)
 Category I-II

80
 NM3545 – M-array GP
Ch. 0.6.3

81
 M-array distribution

82
 When to use M-array

 Short Reflection Plane (300-400 m)

 High Horizon (< 1.9 deg.)
 Category II-III

83