SKRIPSI

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI NATRIUM ALGINAT

TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK FISIK DAN AKTIVITAS
ANTIBAKTERI PROBIOTIK BAKTERI ASAM LAKTAT
BIOMASSA SEL KERING DARI Passiflora edulis Sims
DALAM MIKROSFER

CHAZA DEIDORA CHRISNA

FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

DEPARTEMEN FARMASETIKA
SURABAYA
2020
 USULAN SKRIPSI

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI NATRIUM ALGINAT TERHADAP

KARAKTERISTIK FISIK, VIABILITAS, DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI
PROBIOTIK BAKTERI ASAM LAKTAT BIOMASSA SEL KERING DARI
Passiflora edulis Sims DALAM MIKROSFER

CHAZA DEIDORA CHRISNA

NIM. 051611133088

FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

DEPARTEMEN FARMASETIKA
SURABAYA
2020

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Lembar Pengesahan

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI NATRIUM ALGINAT TERHADAP

KARAKTERISTIK FISIK, VIABILITAS, DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI
PROBIOTIK BAKTERI ASAM LAKTAT BIOMASSA SEL KERING DARI
Passiflora edulis Sims DALAM MIKROSFER

USULAN SKRIPSI

Dibuat untuk memenuhi syarat mencapai gelar Sarjana Farmasi pada Fakultas
Farmasi Uneversitas Airlangga
2019

Oleh:

CHAZA DEIDORA CHRISNA

NIM. 051611133088

Usulan Skripsi ini telah disetujui oleh:

Pembimbing Utama, Pembimbing Serta,

Dra. Esti Hendradi, Apt., M.Si., Ph.D. Dr. Tutiek Purwanti, Dra., M.Si., Apt
NIP. 195711141987032001 NIP. 195710021986012001

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 DAFTAR ISI

Halaman
HALAMAN JUDUL........................................................................................
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN..............................................................................
DAFTAR ISI....................................................................................................
DAFTAR TABEL............................................................................................ vii
DAFTAR GAMBAR........................................................................................ viii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN....................................................................................
DAFTAR SINGKATAN..................................................................................
BAB I PENDAHULLUAN
1.1.............................................................................. Latar Belakang
....................................................................................................1
1.2........................................................................ Rumusan Masalah
....................................................................................................7
1.3.......................................................................... Tujuan Penelitian
....................................................................................................8
1.4........................................................................ Manfaat Penelitian
....................................................................................................8
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1...................................... Tinjauan tentang Penyakit Tuberkulosis
2.1.1. Definisi Tuberkulosis.......................................................
2.1.2. Patogenesis dan Penularan Tuberkulosis.........................
2.1.3. Terapi Tuberkulosis......................................................... 10
2.1.4. Perkembangan Obat Tuberkulosis.................................. 14
2.2........................................................... Tinjauan tentang Probiotik
2.2.1. Definisi Probiotik............................................................. 15
2.2.2. Macam-macam Probiotik................................................. 15
2.2.3. Sifat Probiotik.................................................................. 16
2.2.4. Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL)............................................ 17
2.2.5. Proses Fermentasi ........................................................... 17
2.2.6. Probiotik untuk Pengobatan Tuberkulosis ...................... 19
2.3............................................ Tinjauan tentang Mikroenkapsulasi
2.3.1. Definisi Mikroenkapsulasi............................................... 19
2.3.2. Tujuan Mikroenkapsulasi................................................ 20
2.4.......................................................... Tinjauan tentang Mikrosfer

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 2.4.1. Definisi Mikrosfer........................................................... 21
2.4.2. Tipe Mikrosfer................................................................. 22
2.4.3. Teknik Pembuatan Mikrosfer.......................................... 24
2.5............................................................. Tinjauan tentang Polimer
2.5.1. Definisi Polimer .............................................................. 30
2.5.2. Polimer Alginat................................................................ 30
2.6.............................. Tinjauan tentang Bahan Penyambung Silang
2.6.1. Tinjauan tentang Kalsium Klorida................................... 33
2.6.2. Reaksi Sambung Silang................................................... 34
2.7..................................................... Tinjauan tentang Lioprotektan
..................................................................................................35
2.8.......................................................... Tinjauan tentang Liofilisasi
2.8.1. Definisi Liofilisasi .......................................................... 36
2.8.2. Tahapan Freeze Drying .................................................. 36
2.9......................... Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pelepasan Probiotik
..................................................................................................38
2.10...................................................Tinjauan Uji Daya Antibakteri
.................................................................................................40

BAB III KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL

3.1 Uraian Kerangka Konseptual....................................................... 42
3.2 Hipotesis....................................................................................... 44
3.3 Alur Kerangka Konseptual........................................................... 45
BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN
4.1 Bahan Penelitian........................................................................... 46
4.2 Alat-alat Penelitian....................................................................... 46
4.3 Variabel Penelitian....................................................................... 46
4.4 Metode Kerja ............................................................................... 47
4.5 Kerangka Operasional.................................................................. 48
4.6 Prosedur Kerja Penelitian
4.6.1 Tahap Pembuatan Media................................................. 49
4.6.2 Tahap Fermentasi............................................................. 49
4.6.3 Tahap Isolasi Bakteri Asam Laktat.................................. 49
4.6.4 Identifikasi Bakteri Probiotik.......................................... 50
4.6.5 Identifikasi Natrium Alginat............................................ 50
4.6.6 Identifikasi CaCl2............................................................. 51
4.6.7 Preparasi Starter Probiotik............................................... 52
4.6.8 Penentuan Angka Lempeng Total (ALT)........................ 52
4.6.9 Rancangan Formula Mikropartikel Probiotik

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 Biomassa Sel Kering........................................................ 53
4.6.10 Evaluasi Karakteristik Mikrosfer.....................................
4.7 Analisis Data
4.7.1 Hasil Bentuk dan Permukaan Partikel.............................
4.7.2 Kandungan Lengas..........................................................
4.7.3 Hasil Uji Viabilitas Probiotik Biomassa Kering Setelah
Mikroenkapsulasi.............................................................
4.7.4 Hasil Uji Aktivitas Daya Hambat....................................

DAFTAR PUSTAKA.......................................................................................
LAMPIRAN.....................................................................................................

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Halaman
II.1. Obat anti tuberkulosis lini pertama ...................................................... 12
II.2. Kisaran dosis obat anti tuberkulosis lini pertama bagi pasien dewasa... 12
II. 3. Keuntungan dan kerugian macam-macam metode enkapsulasi............ 29
IV. 1. Formula Mikrosfer Probiotik BAL Biomassa Sel Kering dengan
Konsentrasi Natrium Alginat yang berbeda....................................... 53

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Halaman
2.1. Skematik umum dari proses fermentasi (Stanbury et al., 1995) .............. 18

2.2 Sistem enkapsulasi : (a) Tipe Reservoir, (b) Tipe Matriks, dan (c)
Tipe Matriks Coated (Burgain et al., 2011). ............................................. 20
2.3. Prosedur emulsifikasi (Burgain et al., 2011)............................................ 26

2.4. Metode ekstrusi (Burgain et al., 2011) .................................................... 28

2.5. Struktur monomer alginat (Sehgal et al., 2019)....................................... 31

2.6. (a) Homopolimer MM blocks; (b) homopolimer GG

blocks; (c) heteropolimer MG (Sehgal et al., 2019)........................... 31
2.7. Formasi struktur egg-box selama ionic gelation natrium alginate
(Sehgal et al., 2019) ............................................................................... 35
2.8. Diagram fase air dalam pengeringan primer .......................................... 37
3.1. Alur Kerangka Operasional .................................................................... 45
4.1 Skema kerangka operasional ................................................................... 48

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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

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 DAFTAR SINGKATAN
μm = microgram

AIDS = Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

ALT = Angka lempeng total

ANOVA = Analysis of variance

BAL = Bakteri asam laktat

BB = Berat badan

BTA = Bakteri tahan asam

CaCl2 = Kalsium klorida

CFU = Colony Forming Units

CLSI = Klinik dan Laboratorium Lembaga Standar

CO2 = Karbon dioksida

DTA = Differential Thermal Apparatus

E = Etambutol

FTIR = Fourier Transform InfraRed

g = gram

H = Isoniazid

H2SO4 = Asam sulfat

HBC = High Burden Countries

HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus

IL-12 = Interleukin-12

INF- γ = Interfenon γ

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ISTC = International Standard for Tuberculosis Care

kg = kilogram

LM = Light microscopy

M = Molar

M. tuberculosis = Mycobacterium tuberculosis

MC = Moisture Content

MDR-TB = Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis

mg = miligram

MIC = Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

MRS = media de Man Ragosa Shorpe

MRSA = Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

NaCl = Natrium klorida

NK = Sel natural killer

nm = nanometer

O/W = Oil in water

O/W/O = Oil in water in oil

OAT = Obat anti tuberkulosis

PAS = Para-aminosalicylic acid

PBS = phosphate buffer saline

R = Rifampisin

rpm = rotasi per menit

rRNA = Ribosome-Ribonucleic Acid

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RR-TB = Resisten Rifampisin Tuberkulosis

S = Streptomisin

SEM = Scanning Electron Microscope

TB = Tuberkulosis

Th1 = T-helper tipe 1

W/O = Water in oil

W/O/W = Water in oil in water

WHO = World Health Organization

Z = Pirazinamid

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