Nama : Elsya Ribka Krisen

NPM : 1906288404
Fakultas/Program Studi : FMIPA/GEOSAINS
Mata kuliah : Kapita Selekta
Tanggal : 6 September 2022

Narasumber : Ngakan Alit Ascaria Ph.D ( Professional Exploration Geosciences)

PT Geoservices- Principal Geoscientist
TOPIK :
CARBONATE RESERVOIR FOR EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT
OUTLINE
Introduction Carbonate Sedimentology
Carbonate Rocks; organism, texture and classification
Recognized depositional systems for ancient and modern carbonate
Carbonate platform morphology and their control on depositional
Carbonate facies and their analyses, implication on reservoir prediction
Carbonate facies mapping and prediction on reservoir distribution
Assignment 1 integrated carbonate platform morphology, facies prediction,
distribution
Carbonate Diagenesis and post depositional process, impact on reservoir quality part 1
Carbonate Diagenesis and post depositional process, impact on reservoir quality part 2
Temporial and spatial separation based on well seismic and outcrops
Introduction Carbonate sequence stratigraphy on seismic and wells
Carbonate stratigraphy and development concept

Introduction
Sejarah Eksplorasi di Indonesia:
● Basin/Cekungan di Sumatera Utara mempunyai sejarah eksplorasi yang panjang,
namun kegiatan eksplorasinya kurang significant.
- Offshore : less explored
- Deep water : almost underexplored
● Structural Setting
⇒ Major strike-slip zone
- Sumatera : Dextral fault zone
- Mallaca : Dextral fault zone
- Rancong-Khiong : Dextral fault zone
⇒ Horst-Graben dengan arah trend N-S yang dikontrol oleh deposition sedimen saat
fase rifting di NSB.
⇒ Basement Pattern
- Penipisan sedimen ke arah Asahan Arc.
- Separating the basin from the Central Sumatera.
 ⇒ Uplift di daerah Bukit Barisan (Miocene) merupakan responsible dari besarnya
kandungan sedimen di Pase Sub-Basin.

Introduction of Carbonate Sedimentology

➔ Batuan carbonate ketika menjadi batuan reservoir dalam hydrocarbon mengalami
proses yang panjang dan kompleks pada saat proses diagenesis (tektonik, perubahan
sea level, proses biogenic/kimiawi/fisika) yang berpengaruh kepada suatu kualitas
suatu hydrocarbon reservoir.
➔ Dalam proses project workflow nya tetap menggunakan Play Base Exploration (PBE)
pyramid.
Carbonate Diagenesis
● Marine
⇒ Aragonite, High Mg-Calcite.
⇒ Perubahan dapat terlihat dari porositas yang menghilang/berkurang pada saat
proses sementasi berlangsung.
● Meteoric
⇒ Pada lingkungan yang dekat permukaan.
⇒ Porositas cenderung bisa bertambah atau berkurang.
⇒ Reduksi porositas sebagian besar terjadi melalui sementasi dan dapat terjadi pada
zona vadose dan atau phreatic.
● Burial
⇒ Calcite hasil pressure solution.
⇒ Sebagian besar proses burial diagenesis menyebabkan porositas yang rusak.
● Dolomitization
⇒ Pergantian mineral calcite yang berubah menjadi dolomite dan terjadi di laut
dangkal dengan campuran fresh water dan sea water dan aja juga yang terdapat di
danau.
⇒ Porositas lebih tinggi dibandingkan batugamping.
Carbonate Reservoir for Development
Metode pengembangan pada reservoir karbonat:
1. Water Flooding
- Smart water flooding
- Carbonated water flooding
- Variable water injection
2. Gas Flooding
- Non-Hydrocarbon gas flooding
- Hydrocarbon gas flooding
- Thermal recovery by steam injection
3. Chemical Flooding
- Polymer flooding
- Surfactant flooding
- ASP flooding and foam flooding
- Addition of nanoparticles

2
The role of carbonate components in reservoir quality:

Carbonate Components
Carbonate skeletal and non-skeletal is the main components in carbonate rocks. These
components play an important role in reservoir quality during diagenesis.
★ Synthetic and Planktonic forams.
★ Echinoids.
★ Red Algae/Coralline red algae.
★ Micrite
Carbonate microfacies
● dominan biota di thin section (>15%)
● Type of texture from dunham and Embry Klovan
● Benthic Foraminifera bioclastic packstone
Carbonate rocks classification based on texture

3
Recognized Depositional System for Ancient and Modern Carbonate
a. Geometries of carbonate platform:
1. Ramp
2. Rimmed Shelf
3. Isolated Platform

b. Carbonate Outcrop
c. Folded carbonate platform
d. Carsternsz NGLG
e. Tabenas basin platform carbonate
f. The architecture of fault
g. Modern reef setting
h. Modern carbonate facies map and their distribution
i. Carbonate build-ups with channel in between
j. Carbonate depositional in Pulau Seribu

Diagenetic phenomena affecting carbonates

- mineralogic stabilization
⇒ aragonite, calcite
- neomorphism (replacement)
⇒ calcite
- dolomitization
⇒ calcite, dolomite
- cementation
⇒ void filling calcite
⇒ dolomite or evaporites
- silification
- pressure solution/compaction
- dissolution/karstification
- brecciation/fracturing