07/02/2022

Review stoikiometri
A. Empiris vs molekular atau rumus struktural:
1. Rumus Empiris  memberikan informasi hanya mengenai
rasio/perbandingan paling sederhana antara element berbeda
yang menyusun molekul
Contoh: HO, H2CO

2. Rumus Molekular  memberikan informasi mengenai jumlah

atom dari masing-masing elemen yang menyusun molekul
Contoh: H2O2, H4C2O2, C2H5OH, C2H4O2, C3H6O3, C6H12O6

3. Rumus Struktural  memberikan informasi mengenai

struktur dari molekul yaitu jumlah atom dari masing-masing
elemen
Contoh: HOOH, (CH3)3COH, CH3CH2OCH2CH3

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Larutan
Pembuatan larutan

Solute/zat terlarut: a minor species in a solution

Solute

Solvent/pelarut: a major species in a solution

Contoh: larutan gula
 Gula solute
Solvent
Total  Air  solvent

larutan

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Konsentrasi (Molar)
Konsentrasi  satuan pengukuran umum jumlah zat
terlarut yang ada di dalam larutan
Molaritas:
Jumlah mol zat terlarut per 1 liter larutan (M)

jumlah mol solute (mol) mol

Cx   M
volume larutan (L) L
berat solute (g)
jumlah mol solute (mol) 
MW solute (g/mol)
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Molalitas dan densitas

Molalitas: menunjukkan mol substansi / zat
terlarut per kg massa pelarut

jumlah mol solute (mol)

C weight 
berat solvent (kg)

berat = Volume x densitas

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (  ) =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

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Konsentrasi (Persen)

massa solute
1. percen berat (w/w)   100%
massa larutan
volume solute
2. percen volume (v/v)   100%
volume larutan
massa solute (g)
3. persen berat/volume (w/v)   100%
volume larutan (mL)

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Part per hundred (pph), thousand (ppt),

million (ppm) and billion (ppb)
Sampel padat
massa solute
C pph (w/w)   10 2 pph
massa larutan
massa solute
C ppt (w/w)   103 ppt
massa larutan
massa solute
C ppm (w/w)   10 6 ppm
massa larutan
massa solute
C ppb (w/w)   109 ppb
massa larutan

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Part per hundred (pph), thousand (ppt),

million (ppm) and billion (ppb)
Sampel Cair
massa solute (g)
C pph (w/v)   10 2 pph
volume larutan (mL)
massa solute (g)
C ppt (w/vol)   103 ppt
volume larutan (mL)
massa solute (g)
C ppm (w/vol)   106 ppm
volume larutan (mL)
massa solute (g)
C ppb (w/vol)   109 ppb
volume larutan (mL)

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Units untuk konsentrasi

Nama Units Simbol
molaritas mol solute M
Liter larutan
number EWs solute
normalitas N
liters solution
moles solute
molalitas m
kg solvent
g solute
berat % % w/w
100 g solution
mL solute
volume % % v/v
100 mL solution
g solute
Berat per volume % % w/v
100 mL solution
g solute
parts per million ppm
106 g solution
g solute
parts per billion ppb
109 g solution

EW=equilibrium weight

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Stoichiometric Calculation

1.
Stoichiometric calculation are based on the combining
ratios of reactants which result in specific products.

2. They are expressed in terms of moles

3. When you are given the mass of reactant or

product, you should first convert the mass to
moles to determine the amount of reactant that
will be consumed or product that will be produced
for a given reaction
4. If the final answer is to be given in a mass unit, then
the moles must be converted to grams

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Volumetric Calculations

Dilution: the number of moles are the same

in dilute and concentrated solution

moles = Cconcentrated Vconcentrated= Cdilute Vdilute

Units:
V=either in L and mL
C=M(mol/L) or mM (mmol/L)

Be sure to match units for both dilute and concentrated solutions

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Stoichiometric Calculation (1)

How much AgNO3 (MW = 169.9 g/mol) is needed (in

mass) to convert 2.33 g of Na2CO3 (MW = 106.0 g/mol)
to Ag2CO3 with the following reaction?
Na 2 CO 3 (aq)  2 AgNO3 (aq)  Ag 2 CO 3 (s)  2 NaNO3 (aq)
1 mol 2 mol
2.33 g WAgNO 3
106.0 g/mol 169.9 g/mol WAgNO 3 2.33 g
 2
2.33 g 169.9 g/mol 106.0 g/mol
1 106.0 g/mol WAgNO 3  7 .47 g

2 WAgNO 3
169.9 g/mol
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Stoichiometric Calculation (2)

What mass of Ag2CO3 (MW = 275.7 g/mol) will be

formed ?
Na 2 CO 3 (aq)  2 AgNO3 (aq)  Ag 2 CO 3 (s)  2 NaNO3 (aq)
1 mol 1 mol
2.33 g WAg 2CO3
106.0 g/mol 275.7 g/mol

2.33 g WAg 2CO 3 2.33 g


1 106.0 g/mol 275.7 g/mol 106.0 g/mol

1 WAg 2CO 3 WAg 2CO 3  6.06 g
275.7 g/mol

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Stoichiometric Calculation (3)

To prepare a solution with 0.500 M of Cl- from BaCl2.2H2O.

How much of BaCl2.2H2O must be used to prepare 1.00 liter
of solution? Assume BaCl2 completely dissociates:
BaCl 2  Ba 2  2 Cl -
1 mol 2 mol
x mol 0.5 mol/L x 1.00 L
1 mole BaCl 2 mole BaCl 2 mole BaCl 2
  
2 moleCl- C Cl- VCl - 0.5  1.00
x mol = mole of BaCl2 (mol) = 0.5/2 = 0.25 mol
MW of BaCl2.2H2O = 244.2 g/mol
W of BaCl2.2H2O = mole of BaCl2 (mol) x MW of BaCl2.2H2O
= 0.25 mol x 244.2 g/mol=61.1 g
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Stoichiometric Calculation (4)

How many L of a 50 mol/L solution are required to make 200

mL of a 1 mol L-1 solution?

moles = Cconcentrated Vconcentrated= Cdilute Vdilute

50 mol/L  Vconc.  1 mol/L  0.200 L

1 M  0.2 L
Vconc. ( L)   0.004 L
50 M

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Chemical Hazard Label

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Basic equipment and instrumentation

Common examples of glassware used to measure volume

Beaker

Volumetric Proper means of

flask reading the meniscus
Dropping
pipet on a volumetric flask or
pipet
Graduated Pipet
cylinder

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Basic equipment and instrumentation

Common examples of glassware used to measure volume

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Buret
Specification of volumetric burets

To deliver a titrant

Automatic titration

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Basic equipment and instrumentation

For gravimetric analysis

A balance is an equipment for Conventional laboratory oven

measuring mass used for drying materials

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Basic equipment and instrumentation

For gravimetric analysis

A muffle furnace used for heating samples

to maximum temperatures of 1100-1700°C

A desiccator: a closed container containing

a desiccant; used to store samples in
a moisture-free environment
A desiccant: a drying agent

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Basic equipment and instrumentation

For gravimetric analysis

Filtration

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Basic equipment and instrumentation

For gravimetric analysis

Filtration

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