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UU No. 1 / 1970
 Aman KESELAMATAN
KERJA
 Nyaman
 Sehat
 Sejahtera
 Meningkatkan produksi dan produktivitas
nasional

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 Faktor ancaman risiko kecelakaan kerja

Tenaga kerja, peralatan dan bahan yang

digunakan, serta interaksi satu sama lain
faktor ancaman risiko kecelakaan kerja
 Tenaga kerja: faktor fisik, psikologi, perilaku,
skill level, dll
 Bahan/material: bahan kimia, bahan bakar,
logam, dll
 Alat: sistem proteksi, lay out peralatan,
kecepatan putar, dll
 Lingkungan kerja: getaran, kebisingan,
thermal dll
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 Penyebab penyakit akibat kerja
• Fisik : kebisingan, temperatur, tekanan udara,
kelembaban, debu, radiasi sinar
elektromagnetik, penerangan, getaran.
• Kimia : penggunaan bahan-bahan kimia.
Penggunaan bahan kimia dapat
mengakibatkan bahaya kebakaran, peledakan,
iritasi dan keracunan. Penyakit akibat kerja
yang disebabkan oleh bahan kimia dapat
masuk ke dalam tubuh melalui pernafasan,
kulit atau termakan secara akut maupun
kronis.

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 Penyebab penyakit akibat kerja
• Biologi: penggunaan virus, bakteri, cacing, jamur
dan lain-lain yang dapat membahayakan manusia.
• Ergonomika: posisi kerja atau postur kerja yang
kurang ergonomi, sehingga dapat menyebabkan
sakit otot, sakit pinggang dan cedera punggung,
tulang belakang.
• Mental psikologi: suasana kerja yang monoton,
hubungan kerja yang kurang baik, tempat kerja
yang terpencil yang dapat menimbulkan stress
pada pekerja, sehingga dapat mengakibatkan
perubahan tingkah laku, tidak bisa membuat
keputusan yang cepat, tekanan darah meningkat,
dan lain-lain.
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 kesehatan kerja

penyerasian antara
kapasitas kerja,
beban kerja,
lingkungan kerja
agar setiap pekerja dapat bekerja
secara sehat tanpa
membahayakan dirinya maupun
masyarakat sekitarnya
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 Kecelakaan

 kejadian yang tak terduga dan tak

diharapkan,
 tidak terdapat unsur kesengajaan,
 disertai kerugian materiil dan
 penderitaan dari yang ringan sampai
yang paling berat

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 Bahaya (Hazard) + Exposure a

Kecelakaan (Accident)
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 9

Structure of Accidents

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Body Rhythms and
Work Schedules
(Chapter 10. Engineering Physiology)
Overview
• During waking hours, the body is prepared for physical
work; at night, sleep is normal.
• Attitudes and behavior also change regularly during the
day.
• The circadian rhythms can be upset by an imposing new
set of time signals and activity–rest regimen, such as those
associated with shift work schedules.
• Shift work should be arranged to least perturb the natural
physiological, psychological, and behavioral rhythms.
• Disturbing the natural circadian rhythms can have
negative health and social effects and cause reductions in
work performance.

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Introduction
• Human body functions and behavior follow internal
rhythms.
• Under regular living conditions, these temporal
programs are well established and persistent.
• One is the female menstrual cycle of about 28 days;
another is the set of daily fluctuations, called circadian
rhythm.
• The circadian rhythms (from the Latin circa, about,
and dies, the day) are regular physiological
occurrences, which appear, for example, in body
temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and
hormone excretion
• They appear also in common psychological and
behavioral patterns.

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Typical variations
in body functions
over the day

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• Within the body, self-sustained pacemakers, “internal
clocks” running on a cycle of about 24 hours, control
the circadian rhythms.
• Several rhythmic patterns are coupled with each
other, such as core temperature, blood pressure, and
sleepiness.
• The inclinations to do certain activities, or to rest and
sleep and many other aspects of social behavior
follow customs and sequences during the day, which
relate to the “chrono-biological” rhythms during the
24-h day; another well documented rhythm is the 28-
day menstrual cycle.
• Strong external events can put an existing circadian
rhythm out of order.

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Menstrual Cycle
• Synchronized activities of the hypothalamus, pituitary,
and ovary regulate the female menstrual cycle.
• The typical 28-day time period is usually divided into
five phases: (1) pre-ovulatory or follicular, (2)
ovulatory, (3) post-ovulatory or luteal, (4) pre-
menstrual, and (5) menstrual.
• Main hormonal changes occur in the release of
estrogen and progesterone around the 21st day of
menstruation; estrogen shows a second peak at
ovulation. Hormonal release is low during the pre-
menstrual phase.
• The old hypothesis of reduced performance during
the pre-menstrual and the menstrual phases is not
well supported by objective data.

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 Circadian Rhythms
• Among the circadian rhythms, well-known physiological
variables are body temperature, heart rate and blood
pressure.
• Most variables show a high value during the day and lower
values during the night, although hormones in the blood
tend to be more concentrated during the night, particularly
in the early morning hours.
• Many variations in amplitude during the circadian circle are
fairly small, approximately ±1◦C for oral temperature; others
are in the range of approximately ±15% about the average,
such as heart rate and diastolic blood pressure.
• However, some body functions oscillate considerably:
triglycerides vary by nearly ±80% in the blood serum, while
the sodium content of the urine vacillates even more.
• The amount by which the functions change during the
course of the day, and the temporal locations of rhythm
extremes during the day, can be quite different among
individuals and may change even within a person.

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Sleep
• The brain and muscles are the human organs that show the largest changes from
sleep to wakefulness: their activities can be observed by electrical means.
• EEG (electro-encephalography) signals provide information about the activities of the
brain,and can be described in terms of amplitude and frequency. The amplitude is
measured in microvolts, mV: the amplitude increases as consciousness falls from
alert wakefulness through drowsiness to deep sleep.
• EEG frequency is measured in Hertz; the frequencies observed in human EEG range
from 0.5–25 Hz. Frequencies above 15 Hz are called “fast waves,” frequencies under
3.5 Hz “slow waves.” Frequency falls as sleep deepens; “slow wave sleep” (SWS) is of
particular interest to sleep researchers.
• Certain EEG frequency bands have been given Greek letters. The main divisions are:
– Beta, above 15 Hz. Such fast waves of low amplitude (under 10 mV) occur when the
cerebrum is alert or even anxious.
– Alpha, between 8 and 11 Hz. These frequencies occur during relaxed wakefulness
when there is little information input to the eyes, particularly when they are closed.
– Theta, between 3.5 and 7.5 Hz. These frequencies are associated with drowsiness and
light sleep.
– Delta, slow waves under 3.5 Hz. These are waves of large amplitude, often over 100
mV, and occur more often as sleep becomes deeper.
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Normal Sleep Requirements
• While there are, as usual, variations among
individuals, certain age groups show rather regular
sleeping hours.
• For example, young western adults sleep, on average,
7.5 h with a standard deviation of about 1 h.
• Some people are well rested after 6.5 h of sleep,
whereas others habitually take 8.5 h and more.
• Individuals naturally sleeping less than 3.5 h are very
rare among middle-aged people;
• If people can sleep for just a few hours per day, many
are able to keep up their performance levels even if
the attained total sleep time is shorter than normal.
• The limit seems to lie around to 5 h of sleep per day,
with even shorter periods still being somewhat useful;
day-time napping can be helpful.

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Sleep Deprivation and Prolonged Periods of Work
• If it is necessary to continue work for long periods
of time, such as a full day or longer, this condition
also encompasses sleep deprivation.
• Hence, experienced stress and difficulties in task
performance during such long working spells are
likely to result both from the extended work itself
and from the lack of sleep.
• Different types of work tasks may show varying
effects; wakefulness or sleepiness appear in cycles
during the 24 h of the day and hence have
differing effects; and the motivation of the worker
often plays an important role regarding
performance.

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• Shift workers’ task performance mainly depends
on 4 factors:
The type of work
The organization of work activities
The internal circadian rhythm of the body
The individual’s motivation and interest in the work

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• Job activities should follow entrained body
rhythms
• It is preferable to work during the daylight hours
• Evening shifts are preferred to night shifts
• It shifts are necessary, two opposing rules apply:
Either work only one evening or night shift per
cycle, then return to day work, and keep weekends
free; or stay permanently on the same shift,
whatever that is.

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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsxaD3Euz2Q
Fatigue in the Workplace
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wK8k9CX4b
o&t=3s
Safety Basics - Fatigue Avoidance

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