aktivitas yang dilakukan dari kapal itu sendiri dapat berasal dari
limbah bahan bakar. Dalam hal ini, tidak hanya kapal komersial
95
http://globallast.imo.org/index.asp?page=problem.htm diakses pada tanggal 15
September 2017 Pukul 00.27 WIB
78
dibawanya saat kejadian terjadi. Sehingga dalam hal ini, hukum
juta ton minyak mentah, Choya Maru karam pada tahun 1975 di
(UNCLOS)
96 Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, Hukum Laut Internasional, Bandung, Bina Cipta, 1986, hal.
109
97http://pusdiklatmigas.esdm.go.id/file/t7-_Dampak_Tumpahan_---_Sulistyono.pdf
79
Kapal bergerak dan melintasi di antara negara
98Pasal 194 ayat 3 huruf b Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1982 Tentang Hukum
Laut (United Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea):
“pollution from vessels, in particular measures for preventing accidents and dealing with
emergencies, ensuring the safety of operations at sea, preventing intentional and
unintentional discharges, and regulating the design, construction, equipment, operation
and manning of vessels”
80
tersebut dirumuskan untuk mencegah kecelakaan,
nasional.
99Pasal 211 ayat 7 huruf b Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1982 Tentang Hukum
Laut (United Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea):
“The international rules and standards referred to in this article should include inter alia
those relating to prompt notification to coastal States, whose coastline or related
interests may be affected by incidents, including maritime casualties, which involve
discharges or probability of discharges.”
81
b. Yurisdiksi Bendera Negara
100Pasal 211 ayat 1 Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1982 Tentang Hukum Laut
(United Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea):
“States, acting through the competent international organization or general diplomatic
conference, shall establish international rules and standards to prevent, reduce and
control pollution of the marine environment from vessels and promote the adoption, in
the same manner, wherever appropriate, of routeing systems designed to minimize the
threat of accidents which might cause pollution of the marine environment, including the
coastline, and pollution damage to the related interests of coastal States. Such rules
and standards shall, in the same manner, be re-examined from time to time as
necessary.”
82
undang dan peraturan guna pencegahan,
83
bendera negara berdasarkan Pasal 217 UNCLOS
84
undang-undang dan peraturan yang berkaitan
85
internasional sebagai pencegahan pencemaran,
102
http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Legal/Documents/LEG%20MISC%208.pdf diakses
pada tanggal 18 September 2017 Pukul 14.23 WIB
86
pada garis pantai negara pantai, undang-undang
103Ibidem
104Pasal 211 ayat 3 Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1982 Tentang Hukum Laut
(United Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea):
“States which establish particular requirements for the prevention, reduction and control
of pollution of the marine environment as a condition for the entry of foreign vessels into
their ports or internal waters or for a call at their off-shore terminals shall give due
publicity to such requirements and shall communicate them to the competent
international organization. Whenever such requirements are established in identical
form by two or more coastal States in an endeavour to harmonize policy, the
communication shall indicate which States are participating in such cooperative
arrangements. Every State shall require the master of a vessel flying its flag or of its
registry, when navigating within the territorial sea of a State participating in such
cooperative arrangements, to furnish, upon the request of that State, information as to
whether it is proceeding to a State of the same region participating in such cooperative
arrangements and, if so, to indicate whether it complies with the port entry requirements
of that State. This article is without prejudice to the continued exercise by a vessel of its
right of innocent passage or to the application of article 25, paragraph 2.”
87
tindakan pemeriksaan pada negara bagian untuk
88
pembebasan bersyarat berlayar apabila melanjutkan
terhadap pelaku.
106http://www.imo.org/en/about/conventions/listofconventions/pages/international-
89
negara-negara dalam pencegahan pencemaran oleh
90
investigasi dapat sesegera mungkin diterima oleh negara
heavy diesel oil, lubricating oil, dan whale oil. Dalam hal
108Pasal 5 ayat 1 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage
(CLC) 1969:
“However, this aggregate amount shall not in any event exceed 210 million francs.
1. The owner of a ship shall be entitled to limit his liability under this Convention in
respect of any one incident to an aggregate amount of 2,000 francs for each ton of
the ship's tonnage.”
91
Pasal 3 ayat 2 CLC 1969109 menjelaskan ganti rugi tidak
navigasi lainnya.
109Pasal 3 ayat 2 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage
(CLC) 1969:
“No liability for pollution damage shall attach to the owner if he proves that the damage:
(a) resulted from an act of war, hostilities, civil war, insurrection or a natural
phenomenon of an exceptional, inevitable and irresistible character, or
(b) was wholly caused by an act or omission done with intent to cause damage by a
third party, or
(c) was wholly caused by the negligence or other wrongful act of any Government or
other authority responsible for the maintenance of lights or other navigational aids
in the exercise of that function.”
92
menyulitkan untuk mengkonversi kedalam nilai mata uang
umumnya.
110http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-
93
tonnage, batas tanggung jawab hingga 3 juta SDR
kapal.
4. Fund Convention
94
International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution
5. Bunker Convention
112http://www.imo.org/en/About/conventions/listofconventions/pages/international-
convention-on-the-establishment-of-an-international-fund-for-compensation-for-oil-
pollution-damage-(fund).aspx diakses pada tanggal 19 Oktober 2017 pukul 22.11 WIB
113http://www.un.org/depts/los/general_assembly/contributions_2015_2/IOPC_Funds_Co
95
dirumuskan pada tanggal 23 Maret 2001 dan mulai
pencemaran, yaitu:
96
penyelesaian sengketa dan dapat memberikan tanggung jawab
114http://www.un.org/depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm
97
Pada Pasal 287 UNCLOS115 menjelaskan, suatu negara
115 Pasal 287 ayat 1 Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1982 Tentang Hukum Laut
(United Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea):
“When signing, ratifying or acceding to this Convention or at anytime there after, a
State shall be free to choose, by means of a written declaration, one or more of the
following means for the settlement of disputes concerning the interpretation or
application of this Convention:
(a) the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea established in accordance with
Annex VI;
(b) the International Court of Justice;
(c) an arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annex VII;
(d) a special arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annex VIII for one or more
of the categories of disputes specified there in.”
98
menyelesaikan perselisihan laut dan untuk menjamin
kedalam sengketa.116
116 Pasal 288 Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1982 Tentang Hukum Laut (United
Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea):
“1. A court or tribunal referred to in article 287 shall have jurisdiction over any dispute
concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention which is submitted to
it in accordance with this Part.
2. A court or tribunal referred to in article 287 shall also have jurisdiction over any
dispute concerning the interpretation or application of an international agreement
related to the purposes of this Convention, which is submitted to it in accordance
with the agreement.
99
ITLOS memiliki aturan yang dibentuk pada tanggal
a. Institution of Proceeding
3. The Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
established in accordance with Annex VI, and any other chamber or arbitral
tribunal referred to in Part XI, section 5, shall have jurisdiction in any matter which
is submitted to it in accordance therewith.
4. In the event of a dispute as to whether a court or tribunal has jurisdiction, the matter
shall be settled by decision of that court or tribunal.”
117 https://www.itlos.org/publications/ diakses pada tanggal 10 Oktober 2017 pukul 09.35
WIB
100
permohonan. Namun, apabila sengketa diajukan
pemberitahuan.118
118 Pasal 54 International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea (ITLOS), Rules Of The
Tribunal:
“1. When proceedings before the Tribunal are instituted by means of an application,
the application shall indicate the party making it, the party against which the claim
is brought and the subject of the dispute.
2. The application shall specify as far as possible the legal grounds upon which the
jurisdiction of the Tribunal is said to be based, it shall also specify the precise
nature of the claim, together with a succinct statement of the facts and grounds on
which the claim is based.
3. The original of the application shall be signed by the agent of the party submitting it
or by the diplomatic representative of that party in the country in which the Tribunal
has its seat or by some other duly authorized person. If the application bears the
signature of someone other than such diplomatic representative, the signature
must be authenticated by the latter or by the competent governmental authority.
4. The Registrar shall forthwith transmit to the respondent a certified copy of the
application.
5. When the applicant proposes to found the jurisdiction of the Tribunal upon a
consent there to yet to be given or manifested by the party against which the
application is made, the application shall be transmitted to that party. It shall not
however be entered in the List of cases, nor any action be taken in the
proceedings, unless and until the party against which such application is made
consents to the jurisdiction of the Tribunal for the purposes of the case.”
101
bersengketa memberitahukan kepada pengadilan
b. Written Proceedings
119 Pasal 56 International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea (ITLOS), Rules Of The
Tribunal:
“1. Except in the circumstances contemplated by article 54, paragraph 5, all steps on
behalf of the parties after proceedings have been instituted shall be taken by
agents. Agents shall have an address for service at the seat of the Tribunal or in
the capital of the country where the seat is located, to which all communications
concerning the case are to be sent.
2. When proceedings are instituted by means of an application, the name of the agent
for the applicant shall be stated. The respondent, upon receipt of the certified copy
of the application, or as soon as possible thereafter, shall inform the Tribunal of the
name of its agent.
3. When proceedings are brought by notification of a special agreement, the party or
parties making the notification shall state the name of its agent or the names of
their agents, as the case may be. Any other party to the special agreement, upon
receiving from the Registrar a certified copy of such notification, or as soon as
possible thereafter, shall inform the Tribunal of the name of its agent if it has not
already done so.”
120 Op,cit, Pasal 54 International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea (ITLOS), Rules Of The
Tribunal
102
yang digunakan untuk dan jumlah serta urutan
bersamaan.121
121 Pasal 61 International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea (ITLOS), Rules Of The
Tribunal:
“1. In a case begun by the notification of a special agreement, the number and order
of the pleadings shall be governed by the provisions of the agreement, unless the
Tribunal, after as certaining the views of the parties, decides otherwise.
103
Dalam pokok written proceedings sebelum
yang ada.122
2. If the special agreement contains no such provision, and if the parties have not
subsequently agreed on the number and order of pleadings, they shall each file a
memorial and counter-memorial, within the same time-limits.
3. The Tribunal shall not authorize the presentation of replies and rejoinders unless it
finds them to be necessary.”
122 Pasal 62 International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea (ITLOS), Rules Of The
Tribunal:
“1. A memorial shall contain: a statement of the relevant facts, a statement of law and
the submissions.
2. A counter-memorial shall contain: an admission or denial of the facts stated in the
memorial; any additional facts, if necessary; observations concerning the statement
of law in the memorial; a statement of law in answer thereto; and the submissions.
3. A reply and rejoinder shall not merely repeat the parties' contentions, but shall be
directed to bringing out the issues that still divide them.
4. Every pleading shall set out the party's submissions at the relevant stage of the
case, distinctly from the arguments presented, or shall confirm the submissions
previously made.”
104
pemeriksaan tanpa penjelasan lebih lanjut.123
123 Pasal 2 International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea (ITLOS), Resolution on the
International Judicial Practice of the Tribunal:
“1. After the closure of the written proceedings, each judge may within five weeks
prepare a brief written note identifying without further elaboration:
(a) the principal issues for decision as they emerge from the written pleadings; and
(b) points, if any, which should be clarified during the oral proceedings.
2. Notes received by the Registry are circulated to the other judges.
3. On the basis of the written pleadings and the judges' notes, the President draws up
a working paper containing:
(a) a summary of the facts and the principal contentions of the parties advanced in
their written pleadings; and
(b) proposals concerning:
(i) indications to be given, or questions to be put, to the parties in accordance
with article 76 of the Rules;
(ii) evidence or explanations to be requested from the parties in accordance
with article 77 of the Rules; and
(iii) issues which, in the opinion of the President, should be discussed and
decided by the Tribunal.
4. The Registrar shall send the working paper to the judges as soon as possible and
normally within eight weeks after the closure of the written proceedings.”
124 Pasal 3 International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea (ITLOS), Resolution on the
105
Rules Of The Tribunal ITLOS mengatur, bahwa
d. Oral Proceeding
125 Pasal 74 International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea (ITLOS), Rules Of The
Tribunal:
“The hearing shall, in accordance with article 26, paragraph 2, of the Statute, be
public, unless the Tribunal decides otherwise or unless the parties request that the
public be not admitted. Such a decision or request may concern either the whole or
part of the hearing, and may be made at any time.”
106
ditetapkan, apabila salah satu pihak tidak hadir
membuat keputusan.126
disengketakan.127
126 Pasal 28 Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1982 Tentang Hukum Laut (United
Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea) Annex VI:
“When one of the parties does not appear before the Tribunal or fails to defend its
case, the other party may request the Tribunal to continue the proceedings and make
its decision. Absence of a party or failure of a party to defend its case shall not
constitute a bar to the proceedings. Before making its decision, the Tribunal must
satisfy itself not only that it has jurisdiction over the dispute, but also that the claim is
well founded in fact and law.”
127 Pasal 75 International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea (ITLOS), Rules Of The
Tribunal:
107
e. Putusan
“1. The oral statements made on behalf of each party shall be as succinct as possible
within the limits of what is requisite for the adequate presentation of that party's
contentions at the hearing. Accordingly, they shall be directed to the issues that still
divide the parties, and shall not go over the whole ground covered by the pleadings
or merely repeat the facts and arguments these contain.
2. At the conclusion of the last statement made by a party at the hearing, its agent,
without recapitulation of the arguments, shall read that party's final submissions. A
copy of the written text of these, signed by the agent, shall be communicated to the
Tribunal and transmitted to the other party.”
128 Pasal 6 International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea (ITLOS), Resolution on the
International Judicial Practice of the Tribunal:
“1. As soon as possible during the deliberations, the Tribunal sets up a Drafting
Committee for the case, composed of five judges belonging to the majority as it
appears then to exist. Subject to paragraph 2, the members of the Committee are
selected on the proposal of the President by an absolute majority of the judges
present, taking into account the need to select judges who, from their statements,
clearly support the opinion of the majority as it appears then to exist.
2. The President is a member ex officio of the Committee unless the President does
not share the opinion of the majority as it appears then to exist, in which case the
Vice President acts instead. If the Vice-President is ineligible for the same reason,
all the members of the Committee are selected by the Tribunal.
108
selesai, panitia penyusun segera melakukan
3. Unless the Tribunal or the members of the Committee decide otherwise, the judge
who is senior in precedence among the members of the Committee acts as its
chairman.”
129 Pasal 7 International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea (ITLOS), Resolution on the
International Judicial Practice of the Tribunal:
“1.The Drafting Committee meets immediately after its establishment in order to
prepare a first draft of the judgment, for completion normally within three weeks. To
this end, any member of the Committee may send written proposals for its
consideration and inclusion in the draft.
2. The Drafting Committee should prepare a draft judgment which not only states the
opinion of the majority as it appears then to exist but which may also attract wider
support within the Tribunal.
3. The first draft of the judgment shall be distributed to all the judges in the case. Any
judge who wishes to offer amendments or comments submits them in writing to the
Committee within three weeks from the date of circulation.
4. After the members of the Committee have received the comments, they will
normally meet in order to revise the draft, unless they decide a meeting is not
required.
5. When the members of the Committee have completed the second draft of the
judgment, the Registrar shall circulate copies to all judges.
6. If the President is not a member of the Committee, its chairman keeps the
President informed of work on the draft judgment, as well as its terms.”
109
susunan putusan kedua, panitera akan membagikan
110
ketua dan panitera.130 Keputusan akan dibaca di
bersengketa.
atasnya;
130 Pasal 30 Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1982 Tentang Hukum Laut (United
Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea) Annex VI:
“1. The judgment shall state the reasons on which it is based.
2. It shall contain the names of the members of the Tribunal who have taken part in
the decision.
3. If the judgment does not represent in whole or in part the unanimous opinion of the
members of the Tribunal, any member shall be entitled to deliver a separate
opinion.
4. The judgment shall be signed by the President and by the Registrar. It shall be read
in open court, due notice having been given to the parties to the dispute.”
111
dengan pemberitahuan tertulis yang ditujukan kepada
131 Pasal 1 Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1982 Tentang Hukum Laut (United
Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea) Annex VII:
“Subject to the provisions of Part XV, any party to a dispute may submit the dispute to
the arbitral procedure provided for in this Annex by written notification addressed to
the other party or parties to the dispute. The notification shall be accompanied by a
statement of the claim and the grounds on which it is based.”
132 Ibid, Pasal 2:
112
mereka harus dipilih dari daftar arbitrase dan harus
bersengketa.133
113
Sesuai dengan Pasal 5 Annex VII pada UNCLOS,
be in the service of, ordinarily resident in the territory of, or nationals of, any of the
parties to the dispute.
(f) Any vacancy shall be filled in the manner prescribed for the initial appointment.
(g)Parties in the same interest shall appoint one member of the tribunal jointly by
agreement. Where there are several parties having separate interests or where
there is disagreement as to whether they are of the same interest, each of them
shall appoint one member of the tribunal. The number of members of the tribunal
appointed separately by the parties shall always be smaller by one than the
number of members of the tribunal to be appointed jointly by the parties.
(h) In disputes involving more than two parties, the provisions of subparagraphs (a) to
(f) shall apply to the maximum extent possible.”
134 Ibid, Pasal 8:
“Decisions of the arbitral tribunal shall be taken by a majority vote of its members. The
absence or abstention of less than half of the members shall not constitute a bar to the
tribunal reaching a decision. In the event of an equality of votes, the President shall
have a casting vote.”
114
4. Special Arbitration
a. Perikanan;
pembuangan limbah.
135 Pasal 1 Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1982 Tentang Hukum Laut (United
Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea) Annex VIII:
“Subject to Part XV, any party to a dispute concerning the interpretation or application
of the articles of this Convention relating to (1) fisheries, (2) protection and
preservation of the marine environment, (3) marine scientific research, or (4)
navigation, including pollution from vessels and by dumping, may submit the dispute
to the special arbitral procedure provided for in this Annex by written notification
addressed to the other party or parties to the dispute. The notification shall be
accompanied by a statement of the claim and the grounds on which it is based.”
115
penelitian ilmiah kelautan, dan navigasi, termasuk
VII.
116
Akan tetapi, penyelesaian sengketa antara Singapura,
137 Hasil wawancara dengan Bapak Hikmat selaku Kepala Sub Bidang Mitigasi dan
Adaptasi Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan
tanggal 26 September 2017
117
dilakukan pada Pasal 9 Memorandum Of Understanding On
sengketa mereka.
Indonesia.
118
C. Tanggung Jawab Negara Singapura dan Libya Yang
138 http://www.guruips.com/2015/12/angin-muson-barat-dan-angin-muson-timur.html
diakses pada tanggal 23 Oktober 2017 pukul 19.11 WIB
119
antara penulis dan narasumber (Bapak Hikmat), narasumber
menjelaskan:139
UNCLOS menyatakan:
120
adanya suatu pelanggaran terhadap suatu kewajiban
menyatakan:
140
Sharon William, Op.cit.
121
kesalahan menurut hukum internasional berkewajiban (Strict
menjelaskan:142
141 Pasal 34 Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts,
with commentaries tahun 2001:
“Full reparation for the injury caused by the internationally wrongful act shall take the
form of restitution, compensation and satisfaction, either singly or in combination, in
accordance with the provisions of this chapter.”
142 Hasil wawancara dengan Bapak Hikmat selaku Kepala Sub Bidang Mitigasi dan
122
“... khusus untuk pembahasan pencemaran laut oleh
minyak, Indonesia mengeluarkan Peraturan Presiden
Republik Indonesia Nomor 109 Tahun 2006 Tentang
Penanggulangan Keadaan Darurat Tumpahan Minyak Di
Laut”
143 Pasal 11 Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 109 Tahun 2006 Tentang
Penanggulangan Keadaan Darurat Tumpahan Minyak Di Laut
123
pada penjelasan, menjelaskan asas tanggung jawab negara,
yaitu:144
144 Pasal 2 huruf a Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Pengelolaan dan
Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup
145 Pasal 2 huruf j Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Pengelolaan dan
Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup
124
“With the objective of assuring prompt and adequate
compensation in respect of all damage caused by pollution
of the marine environment, States shall cooperate in the
implementation of existing international law and the further
development of international law relating to responsibility
and liability for the assessment of and compensation for
damage and the settlement of related disputes, as well as,
where appropriate, development of criteria and procedures
for payment of adequate compensation, such as
compulsory insurance or compensation funds.”
146http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-
Convention-on-the-Establishment-of-an-International-Fund-for-Compensation-for-Oil-
Pollution-Damage-(FUND).aspx diakses pada tanggal 20 September 2017 Pukul 15.45
WIB
125
memberikan kesigapan penanganan, transparansi
perkembangannya.
126