Parenteral
Klasifikasi berdasarkan
jumlah partikel dalam
udara
Isolator
PERSYARATAN CLEANROOM
(PICS PHARMACEUTICAL INSPECTION CONVENTION)
Layout cleanroom
Raw Finished
Ruangan untuk materials products
aseptic dispensing: processing
• Kantor Cleanroom + 15 Pass box + 30
office
• Raw material
• Produk jadi
+ 15 + 30
• Ruang ganti
•Cleanroom (white
Cleanroom
zone) Gowning (white zone)
room
Cleaning Schedule
PAKAIAN PETUGAS
Bebas partikel/serat
Sarung tangan steril
Sekali pakai
Cukup kuat terhadap tusukan
Cukup tipis sensitif untuk meraba
Elastik dan nyaman dipakai gerakan bebas
Cukup panjang secara baik menutup lengan
baju
Harus bebas partikel
PROBLEM INKOMPATIBILITAS PADA
PENCAMPURAN OBAT PARENTERAL
Incompatibilitas obat
Faktor yang mempengaruhi stabilitas obat:
1. Lingkungan : suhu, cahaya
Degradasi obat akibat paparan cahaya (matahari,
phototherapy)
Simpan pada temat yang gelap Ex. furosemide ,
adrenalin
Proteksi selama administration
ex. nifedipine, isoprenaline, lipides (neonatologi)
• Adult ICU
7.2 – 18.6% incompatible drug combination, 26.3%
potentially life-threatening, 29% no information
• Pediatric ICU
3.6% incompatible combinations
• Neonatal ICU
14.9% incompatible combinatins, 59.3% no information
pH AND DRUGS
Acidic drugs (low pH < 7) Basic Drugs (high pH > 7)
Bradley at al:
IV Ceftriaxon and Calcium in the Neonate (same IV line)
Risk for cardiopulmonary adverse event
9 cases cause 7 death
Neonates: no calcium infusion if ceftriaxone has been
administered (48h wash out period)
BEBERAPA TIP
Identifikasi adanya inkompatibilitas sebelum mencampurkan
obat-obatan melalui pustaka ; Handbook Injectable Drug,
Pustaka online, leaflet dari manufacture
Menggunakan akses vena yang berlainan untuk mencegah
kontak diantara obat-obat yang inkompatibel
(akses vena pasien terbatas?)
Menggunakan filter pada jalur infus untuk mencegah masuknya
partikel obat ke dalam vena (tidak dapat mencegah menurunnya
jumlah obat akibat inkompatibilitas)
Sebagai larutan infus yang compatible :
Dextrose 5% dan 10%
NaCl 0,9%
Jangan menggunakan larutan infus yang berisi : darah, asam
amino, dan lemak.
Which Drugs ?
Always ALONE
Blood and derivatives: agglutination and hemolysis risk
Be careful WITH:
Low and high PH: precipitation risk
crystal deposit in kidney, lung, liver
Drug with co-solvent: precipitation risk
crystal deposit in kidney, lung, liver
Lipid emulsions; cracking risk
Fat embolism
Referensi
ASHP Board of Directors. ASHP Technical Assistance Bulletin on Outcome Competencies
and Training Guidlines for Institutional Pharmacy Technician Training Programs. AJHP.
1982;39:317 - 20.
ASHP Task Force On Trchnical Personnel In Pharmacy. Toward a well-defined category of
technical personnel in pharmacy. AJHP. 1987;44:2560 – 5
Allen Stephen J, Catalango-Angus Mary L, Cohen Michael R, Delfino Daria, Guynn Robert
S, Scheckelhoff Douglas J, Shepherd Michele F and Zajac Kevin W (Ed) , 1993, Manual For
Pharmacy Technician, American Society of Health System Pharmacies. Inc., Wincosin
Avenue, Bethesda
Bhattacharjee, H and Thoma, L.A. (2010). Chapter 2. Parenteral drug administration:
routes of administration and devices. In pharmaceutical Dosage Form: parenteral
medication, Volume 1, p 7-29
Bruce, J., and Wong I. (2001). Parenteral drug administration errors by nursing staff on an
acute medical admissions ward during day duty. Drug Saf, 24 (11), 855-62
Fahmi,F., Ariapanah, P., Faizi, M., Shafaghi,B (2008) Errors in preparation and administration
of intravenous medication in the intensive care unit of a teaching hospital: an
observational study. Aust Crit Care, 21 92), 110-6
Fonzo-Christi, DE, (2011), DRUG INCOMPATIBILITIES : definition, risksand
management Universität Basel
Patton, KA. (2008). Pharmacy Purchasing and Products. Preparing the hospital pharmacy
for joint commission survey. November 2008
TERIMA KASIH