Pompa dan

Kompresor (Blower)
Abeth N Sonjaya, S.T., M.M., M.T., M.T.
Program Studi Teknik Mesin S1
Fakultas Teknologi Industri – Universitas Jayabaya
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 Pompa dan blower/kompresor merupakan bagian dari
Mata kuliah Konversi Energi, yang berfungsi untuk
memindahkan fluida dengan cara memberikan perbedaan
tekanan. Konversi energi dari gerak mekanik menjadi
energi hidrolis adalah konsep dasar cara kerja dari suatu
Pendahuluan pompa maupun blower/kompresor, gerak mekanik terdiri
dari gerak lurus bolak balik (reciprocating) maupun gerak
putar menjadi energi hidrolis berupa tekanan suatu fluida.
Bidang teknik banyak mengunakan fluida kerja yang harus
bergerak untuk membantu terjadinya siklus sehingga
Diskripsi Mata Kuliah menghasilkan suatu daya guna dengan efesiensi tertentu.

Pompa dan Pompa dan blower/kompresor mempunyai prinsip kerja

yang sama yaitu menghasilkan perbedaan tekanan (head)
Kompresor (Blower) dengan membangkitkan tekanan vakum pada saluran isap
dan membangkitkan tekanan positif pada saluran tekan.
Fluida kerja yang digunakan Pompa adalah fluida cair
(incompressible) sedangkan untuk Blower/Kompresor
fluida gas (compressible) dengan adanya perbedaan
tekanan fluida akan bisa bergerak atau bisa mengalir
ketempat yang dikehendaki.
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 Difference Between Pump and Compressor in Definitions
• Pump
A pump is a hydraulic machine that transfers mechanical energy from the
motor to the fluid that passes through it. Pumps are used to move
incompressible fluids of different densities and temperatures, which can be
pure or mixed with solid substances, with different chemical properties
ranging from neutral to aggressive.
Electric motors are usually used to run the pump, and in the case of mobile
hydraulics, internal combustion engines can be applied. Pumps fall into two
basic categories: Positive displacement pumps and dynamic pumps such as
centrifugal turbopumps. Positive displacement pumps increase the pressure
and move the fluid by decreasing the chamber volume in the pump. Positive
displacement pumps are used for almost small flow rates. However,
turbopumps provide power to the fluid in the rotor by giving pressure force
to the fluid using the moving blades. Turbopumps are utilized for relatively
high flow rates.
• Compressor
A compressor is a mechanical machine that increases gas pressure by
reducing its volume. Some compressors can be arranged in a staged
structure, meaning that the fluid can be compressed several times in
successive stages to increase outflow pressure. Often, the second stage is
smaller in size than the first stage so that it can hold the compressed gas
without decreasing its pressure. Each stage compresses the gas further and
increases its pressure as well as its temperature if the intercooler system is
not used between stages.
The compressors can be classified into positive displacement compressors
and dynamic compressors. The first type is used almost exclusively in the
pneumatic industry. They work based on a variable volume operating
chamber, such as the system of a cylinder with a piston. Reducing the
volume of the chamber decreases the volume of air inside it and
consequently causes an increase in air pressure. The dynamic compressors
are further divided into centrifugal and axial types.
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 Difference Between Pump and Compressor in Operating
Parameters

• Pump • Compressor
Flow Rate. Flow rate is expressed in two ways: volume rate in cubic meters The use of a compressor is usually affected by the following characteristics:
per second (m3/s) or mass rate in kilograms per second (kg/s).

Head. The head of a pump (in meters) is the height it can deliver. Its value
shows how much pressure the pump can add to the fluid. The head of a
pump is given as follows.

H = Hg + Y and Hg = Ha + Hm
Hg is the geodetic head as the
difference of levels between the delivery
tank and the suction line. Ha (geodetic
suction height) is the difference between
the level of the pump axis and the
sucked liquid surface. Also, Hm
(geodetic delivery height) represents the
difference between the pump axis
height and the tank level to which the
liquid is delivered. Y shows the head loss
due to the friction and the presence of
narrowing curves and so on.

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 Difference Between Pump and Compressor in Operating
Parameters

• Pump
Specific Speed. Specific speed is an indicator used to predict a turbopump’s
performance. It predicts the overall shape of pump impellers to find the flow
and head characteristics in order to select the most appropriate pump for a
specific application. Knowing a certain specific speed leads to calculating
the basic dimensions of the unit components easily.
• Compressor
Operating Pressure. The pressure produced by a compressor is often
measured in Pascals (Pa), bars (bar), or atmospheres (atm). Operating
pressure is divided into gage pressure (Page) and absolute pressure (Pabs),
which are related by the following equation:

The specific speed of a pump is a dimensionless number defined using the

following relation:
Here n, Q, and H are pump rotational velocity Patm is the atmospheric pressure.
(in radian per second), flow rate, and hydraulic
head of the pump, respectively. Depending on the pressure generated by the compressors, they are
classified into the following units:
Specific Work. The pump gives energy to the fluid by delivering work. The
• Vacuum (0.05 MPa)
specific work of a pump is defined as work per unit weight of fluid in Joules
per kilogram (J/kg), which can be expressed by the following equation: • Low pressure (0.15 MPa to 1.2 MPa)

p and ρ are fluid pressure (N/m2) and density • Medium pressure (1.2 MPa to 10 MPa)
(kg/m3), respectively. • High pressure (10 MPa to 100 MPa)

• Ultra high pressure (more than 100 MPa)

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 Difference Between Pump and Compressor in Operating
Parameters
• Pump
Output Power. Pump output power (in watt) is defined as useful work
delivered by the pump. It can be expressed by the following equation:
Efficiency. Pump Efficiency (%) is the ratio of pump output power to input
power. The input power of a pump (in Watt) is the mechanical power taken
by the shaft.
• Compressor
Flow Rate or Throughput. Compressor flow rate is the volume of gas
delivered per unit of time. It is measured in m³/min, liter/min, m³/h, or other
similar units. Compressor flow rate is determined for both suction and
discharge lines, which are not equal because of a change in cog volume in
the process of combustion. For inlet flow, standard conditions are usually
considered, including atmospheric pressure and temperature of 20°C.
Based on the flow rate, compressors are classified into the following three
categories: Low flow rate units (up to 10 m³/min); Medium flow rate units
(10 m³/min to 100 m³/min); High flow rate units (more than 100 m³/min)
Compressor Power. The power of a compressor is a product of the flow rate
of gas multiplied by compression energy. This is called theoretical power
and is calculated by the following equation:
where Nt, Q, ρ, and A are theoretical power (kW), flow rate (m³/min), gas
density (kg/m3), and theoretical gas compression energy (J/kg),
respectively.
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 Difference Between Pump and Compressor in Operating
Parameters

• Pump • Compressor
Certain sets of equations can be applied to calculate gas compression
energy for different compressor types. Usually, for a single-stage
compressor, it is given by the following relation:

h1 and h2 are gas enthalpy (J/kg) before and after the compression,
respectively. If compression is conducted in multiple stages, then the value
of (h2-h1) in the formula must be replaced by the sum of each delta for
different stages. If the compression energy is identical for each stage, the
equation for the n-stage compressor is as follows:

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 Difference Between Pump and Compressor in Operating
Parameters

• Pump • Compressor
Efficiency. Not all the power provided to the compressor is converted to
useful power, and parts of it are wasted for various reasons. Hydraulic
losses, leakage losses, and mechanical losses such as those related to shaft
rotation in centrifugal compressors reduce compressor efficiency.
Therefore, the compressor efficiency is calculated as follows:

The terms ηh, ηv , and ηm are hydraulic, volumetric, and mechanical

efficiencies, respectively. In a closer look we have:

in which Ni is called indicative power.

Qa, V, and p are the actual flow rate, head, and average
pressure before and after compression, respectively.

Ns is compressor output power that is applied

on the shaft in centrifugal compressors.

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 Difference Between Pump and Compressor in Classifications

• Pump • Compressor
Two major types of pumps are positive displacement pumps and centrifugal There are different compressor types that transfer air into a chamber. Most
pumps. compressors are of positive displacement type in which, by pushing air into
the chamber, volume is reduced to compress the air. Reciprocating or
piston-type compressors move air into the cylinder chamber using pistons
and one-way valves.

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 Difference Between Pump and Compressor in Components

• Pump • Compressor
Basic components of a pump usually include the casing or housing, impeller, Compressors typically consist of a motor, storage tank, valves, drain, intake
volute, motor, and shaft. filter and so on.

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 Difference Between Pump and Compressor in Applications
• Pump
The most common use of domestic pumps is in the washing systems where
they work to discharge the water out of the device in the sewerage system.
Cars, airplanes, and ships also utilize pumps in cooling, oil, and fuel
applications.
Many industrial plants have pumps for various purposes such as irrigation,
mining, air conditioning, refrigeration, and so on.
• Compressor
Compressors are often used in refrigeration technology (refrigerators, air
conditioners, and showcases). Furthermore, they have applications in the
processing industry like refineries, technical gas plants (O2, N2 bottles),
and pneumatic tools and automatics, including shipbuilding, construction,
vehicles (brakes and doors).
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 Difference Between Pump and Compressor in Fluid Physical
Changes

• Pump • Compressor
The volume of fluid is not changed from inlet to outlet of the pump. Besides, It works based on a pressure change, and therefore, the volume of gas
a pressure change does not occur necessarily. changes.

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Prinsip-prinsip Aliran Fluida

• Bobot Spesifik adalah bobot per satuan volume

(γ = kg/m3 = lb/ft3)
• Densitas adalah massa suatu bahan per satuan volume
(ρ = kg/m3 = slug/ft3).
• Gravitasi Spesifik benda padat atau cairan adalah perbandingan
bobot suatu volume benda padat atau cairan terhadap bobot air
dengan volume yang sama, baik pada suhu 39,2 oF maupun 60 oF.
Grafivitasi spesifik tidak mempunyai satuan.

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 Prinsip-prinsip Aliran Fluida - Aliran

Laminar
Bila kecepatan fluida, yang mengalir
melalui pipa, rendah maka partikel-
partikelnya akan bergerak dalam
lapisan-lapisan yang parelel dan
kecepatan pada sembarang titik adalah
konstan besarnya maupun arahnya.
Turbulen
Bila kecepatan tinggi, gerakan tidak lagi
stedi tetapi bervariasi baik pada besar
maupun arahnya pada sembarang titik.
Jenis aliran turbulen adalah jenis aliran
yang terjadi pada pompa dan blower.
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Laminar vs Turbulent

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 Examples of
Turbulent Flow
1. Aircraft *)
2. Smoke
3. Rivers
4. Blood Flow in Arteries
5. Taps/Pumps/Turbines
6. Flow of Fluid under an Obstacle
7. Air from Fan/AC
8. Car Exhaust

*) Thermal & convective turbulence, wake turbulence, mechanical turbulence, temperature – inversion turbulence, self-induced
turbulence, frontal turbulence, mountain wave turbulence, thunderstorm turbulence, and Clear Air Turbulence.
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Understanding Laminar and Turbulent Flow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9A-uUG0WR0w

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Kekentalan Kekentalan absolut (dynamic viscosity)
Ukuran tahanan suatu fluida 𝜏 𝜕𝑢
atau perbandingan tegangan 𝜇= 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 𝜏 = 𝜇
geser (gaya geser) antara 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦
lapisan fluida yang didekatnya 𝜕𝑦
terhadap laju perubahan
kecepatan yang tegak lurus Kekentalan kinematik (kinematic viscosity)
terhadap arah gerakan. 𝜇g 𝑢
𝑣= =
𝛾 𝜌

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 Understanding Viscosity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvDJyhYSJv8&t=107s

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 Bilangan Reynolds adalah rasio antara
Angka gaya inersia (vsρ) terhadap gaya viskositas
Reynolds (μ/L) yang mengkuantifikasikan hubungan
Merupakan bilangan non
kedua gaya tersebut dengan suatu
dimensi (dimensionless) yang kondisi aliran tertentu.
diperlukan untuk dapat
membandingkan (rasio) aliran
fluida pada kondisi kecepatan,
kekentalan, densitas, dan
ukuran laluan yang berbeda
𝜌𝑉𝐷 𝑉𝐷 𝐺𝑎𝑦𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑎
untuk saluran (channel) yang
𝑁𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒 = = =
bentuknya sama.
𝜇 𝑣 𝐺𝑎𝑦𝑎 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑘𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑠

Nilai tipikal: Spermatozoa ~ 1×10−2; aliran darah di otak ~ 1×102; aliran darah di aorta ~ 1×103; batas munculnya
aliran turbulen ~ 2,3×103 pada aliran pipa hingga 106 untuk lapisan batas; lemparan bola (pitch) di Major League
Baseball ~ 2×105; orang berenang ~ 4×106; Paus Biru ~ 3×108; kapal besar (RMS Queen Elizabeth 2) ~ 5×109 21
 Persamaan Kontinuitas

Sesudah tercapai kondisi yang stedi, bobot fluida per satuan waktu yang mengalir
pada sebarang titik adalah konstan.

𝛾𝑎 𝐴𝑎 𝑉𝑎 = 𝛾𝑏 𝐴𝑏 𝑉𝑏 = 𝛾𝑛 𝐴𝑛 𝑉𝑛

Dimana V adalah kecepatan rata-rata pada penampang tersebut, A adalah luas

penampang, dan 𝛾 adalah bobot per satuan volume atau bobot spesifik yang secara
praktis konstan. Sehingga persamaannya menjadi,

𝑚3
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑘𝑡𝑢
𝑠
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 Head (Tinggi-Tekan)

Energi fluida merupakan kesanggupan untuk melakukan kerja

yang dinyatakan dengan meter tinggi-tekan fluida yang
mengalir.
Tinggi-tekan adalah ketinggian dimana kolom fluida harus naik
untuk memperoleh jumlah energi yang ssama dengan yang
dikandung satu satuan bobot fluida pada kondisi yang sama.
• Tinggi-tekan potensial atau tinggi- tekan actual berdasarkan
pada ketinggian fluida di atas bidang banding/alas (datum
plane)
• Tinggi-tekan kinetic atau tinggi-tekan kecepatan adalah suatu
ukuran energi kinetic yang dikandung satu satuan bobot
fluida yang disebabkan oleh kecepatannya
• Tinggi-tekan tekanan adalah energi yang dikandung oleh
fluida akibat tekanannya.
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Understanding
Bernoulli's
Equation
Energi total fluida adalah jumlah
ketiga tinggi-tekan (head) karena
energi tidak dapat timbul atau
hilang begitu saja dengan
mengabaikan rugi-rugi (head loss).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DW4rItB20h4&t=43s
Pada laluan actual, tinggi-tekan tidaklah tetap konstan, ini disebabkan oleh rugi-rugi gesekan dan rugi-rugi turbulensi, maka
𝑃𝑎 𝑉𝑎 2 𝑃𝑎 𝑉𝑎 2
𝐻= + + 𝑧𝑎 = + + 𝑧𝑎 + 𝑟𝑢𝑔𝑖 − 𝑟𝑢𝑔𝑖 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑏
𝛾𝑎 2g 𝛾𝑎 2g 24
 • Kerugian akibat gesekan pada laluan

𝐿 𝑉2
∆𝐻 = 𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦
Kerugian 𝑑 2g

Tinggi-tekan • Kerugian akibat gesekan pada laluan yang mempunyai

Kerugian tinggi-tekan pada bentuk cincin (annular = aliran terjadi antara dua pipa
suatu laluan dapat saja dimana satu pipa di dalam pipa yang lain) dengan
disebabkan oleh gesekan
radius hidraulik 𝑅𝑚
maupun turbulensi yang
terjadi bila fluida melewati 𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝜋𝑑 2 1 1
suatu rintangan, perubahan
𝑅𝑚 = = × = 𝑑
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑎ℎ𝑖 4 𝜋𝑑 4
luas penampang yang tiba-
tiba, dan sebagainya.
𝜌𝑉4𝑅𝑚 𝑉4𝑅𝑚 𝐿 𝑉2
𝑁𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒 = = ; dan ∆𝐻 = 𝑓
𝜇 𝑣 4𝑅𝑚 2g

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 • Perubahan penampang, fitting, dsb.
𝐿 𝑉2
∆𝐻 = 𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦
𝑑 2g

Kerugian • Kerugian akibat gesekan pada laluan yang mempunyai bentuk

cincin (annular = aliran terjadi antara dua pipa dimana satu
Tinggi-tekan pipa di dalam pipa yang lain) dengan radius hidraulik 𝑅𝑚
Kerugian tinggi-tekan pada luas penampang 𝜋𝑑 2 1 1
𝑅𝑚 = = × = 𝑑
suatu laluan dapat saja perimeter penampang yang dibasahi 4 𝜋𝑑 4
disebabkan oleh gesekan
maupun turbulensi yang 𝜌𝑉4𝑅𝑚 𝑉4𝑅𝑚 𝐿 𝑉2
terjadi bila fluida melewati 𝑁𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒 = = ; dan ∆𝐻 = 𝑓
𝜇 𝑣 4𝑅𝑚 2g
suatu rintangan, perubahan
luas penampang yang tiba-
tiba, dan sebagainya. • Perubahan penampang, fitting, dsb.
𝑉2
∆𝐻 = 𝐶 ; dimana C adalah koefisien perubahan penampang
2g

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Tinggi-tekan Luar yang dibutuhkan dari Pompa
atau Blower

𝐻 = ∆𝐻𝑓𝐴𝑆 + ∆𝐻𝑓𝐷𝐵 + ∆𝐻𝑇𝐴𝑆 + ∆𝐻𝑇𝐷𝐵 + 𝑧𝑇𝑂𝑇

Kerugian-kerugian yang diakibatkan oleh turbulensi,
∆𝐻𝑇𝐴𝑆 dan ∆𝐻𝑇𝐷𝐵 mencakup kerugian-kerugian pada
sisi masuk dan keluar pipa, fitting, dan elbow.
Kerugian-kerugian tambahan akan terjadi di dalam
pompa atau blower (S → D)

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Terima Kasih

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