Volume 4, Issue 1, April 2022

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The Effect of Coordination and Supervision on the

Performance of Fisheries Extension Officers at the Cirebon
City Food Security, Agriculture and Fisheries Service

Akmad Sutrisno1, Ida Rosnidah1, Hery Nariyah1

1Universitas
Swadaya Gunung Jati Cirebon
Email Korespondensi: akmadsutrisno61@gmail.com

Abstract
The objectives of this study are (1) the magnitude of the effect of coordination on the
performance of the fishery instructor at the Cirebon City Food Security, Agriculture and
Fisheries Service, (2) the magnitude of the effect of supervision on the performance of the
fishery instructor at the Cirebon City Food Security, Agriculture and Fisheries Service, (3)
the magnitude of the the effect of simultaneous coordination and supervision on the
performance of fishery instructors at the Cirebon City Food Security, Agriculture and
Fisheries Service. The method used is a quantitative approach. Data were collected through
questionnaires and analyzed using multiple regression models. The results of the study: (1)
coordination has a positive effect on performance, indicated by the value of sig. of 0.035 <
0.05, (2) supervision has a positive effect on performance, which is the value of sig. of 0.005 <
005, (3) coordination and supervision simultaneously affect the performance indicated by the
value of sig. of 0.00 < 0.05.
Keywords: Coordination, Supervision, Fisheries Extension Performance.

Abstrak
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) besarnya pengaruh koordinasi terhadap kinerja
penyuluh perikanan pada Dinas Ketahanan Pangan, Pertanian dan Perikanan Kota
Cirebon, (2) besarnya pengaruh supervisi terhadap kinerja penyuluh perikanan
pada Dinas Ketahanan Pangan, Pertanian dan Perikanan Kota Cirebon, (3) besarnya
pengaruh koordinasi dan pengawasan secara simultan terhadap kinerja penyuluh
perikanan pada Dinas Ketahanan Pangan, Pertanian dan Perikanan Kota Cirebon.
Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kuantitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui
kuesioner dan dianalisis menggunakan model regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian: (1)
koordinasi berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai sig.
sebesar 0,035 < 0,05, (2) supervisi berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja yaitu nilai
sig. sebesar 0,005 < 005, (3) koordinasi dan supervisi secara simultan berpengaruh
terhadap kinerja yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai sig. dari 0,00 < 0,05.
Kata kunci: Koordinasi, Supervisi, Kinerja Penyuluhan Perikanan

Introduction
Indonesia has a large coastal and ocean area, and is a source of livelihood for
the surrounding community in general, this is because coastal and marine areas have
various natural resources and environmental services that can be used as a source of

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livelihood (Bharoto, 2014). Fishery is one of the human efforts to achieve prosperity
by managing or utilizing fish and other biota resources that have economic value
(Munawar, 2017; Hamzah, 2018).
The Director General of Processing and Marketing of Fishery Products at the
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries gave a nationwide seminar on World Food
Day challenges and strategies for developing fishery products to meet community
nutrition (Huseini, 2007) which became a strategic issue in the development of
processing and marketing business of fishery products. quality and safety of fishery
products (quality assurance and food safety) buyers from other countries demand
that Indonesia (exporters) comply with the provisions; 2) The high level of losses
(losses) reaches around 27.8% to get good quality products/products, it is very
necessary to have good quality raw materials; 3) Lack of promotion intensity and
low participation of stakeholders in value added fishery production in the
community is not yet popular; 4) Limited facilities for handling fish on board, fish
auction places (TPI)/fish landing bases (PPI), fish distribution and processing
units/UPI, quality control units, due to limited facilities for ice and clean water
factories at fish auction places (TPI)/fish landing base (PPI); 5) The lack of raw
materials for the processing industry is caused by the absence of cooperation
between the fishing and processing industries so that fishing companies tend to
export fish in the form of whole fish (lobs); 6) Non-standard raw materials As much
as 85% of capture fishery production is dominated/produced by small-scale
fishermen and generally does not meet the standard for processing industry raw
materials; 7) Use of Hazardous Chemicals The rise of hazardous chemicals in the
handling and processing of fish such as formalin, borax, dyes, CO, antiseptics,
pesticides, antibiotics (chloramphenol, Nitro Furans, OTC); 8) Types of product
variety and development of value-added products are not optimal and not yet
popular. Although studies and research results on their utilization are widely
available, mass production has not yet been realized; 9) The low consumption of fish
per capita is caused by the unequal distribution, supply is not continuous, there are
still many products of less than excellent quality on the market, the lack of public
knowledge about the benefits of eating fish, the existence of culture and social
conditions of the community that are not conducive to increasing fish consumption
and the unequal distribution of the Gemarikan program in all regions; and 10)
Limited information technology Limited information and handling technology and
low motivation and desire to increase knowledge/skills (Indraningsih et al., 2010)
Fishery Extension is a process of education for key actors and business actors
in order to prepare them to assist and organize themselves in gaining access to
market information, technology, capital, and other resources in order to increase
productivity, business efficiency, income, and welfare, as well as raise awareness. in
ensuring the continuity of environmental functions (Number 30/PERMEN-
KP/2014).

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The target of the extension is the parties who receive the benefits of the
extension which includes the main target and the main target is the individual or
group of main actors and business actors who carry out fishery activities. The main
actors are: fishermen, fish cultivators, fish processors, salt processors, and
conservation managers along with their immediate families and business actors,
namely: individual Indonesian citizens or legal entities formed under Indonesian
law that manage part or all of fishery business activities from upstream to
downstream. The intermediate targets are other stakeholders which include groups
or institutions that observe fisheries, the younger generation and community leaders
(Number 30/PERMEN-KP/2014).
The Cirebon City Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Security Service in 2020,
reports on the achievement of the fishery product processing production target of
only 75.50% of the target of 7,600 tons/year. Supervision of the quality and safety
test of fishery product processing which is carried out every month in modern and
traditional markets, it is still found that the processing of fishery products uses
preservatives such as formalin in salted fish (9.9%). Research conducted by Syafiie
(2010) suggests that coordination plays an important role, because we encounter so
many overlapping jobs due to lack of coordination, even though the whole thing can
be synchronized, arranged for common goals and interests.
Meanwhile, according to research conducted by Sedarmayanti (2014), an
organization, whether public or private, must achieve its goals through the use of
means in the form of an organization that is driven by a group of people who take an
active role as actors in order to accomplish the company's/goals. organization's The
attainment of the organization's/goals company's is only attainable via the efforts of
the organization's/actors. company's There is a strong correlation between
individual success and institutional or firm performance in this scenario. The
purpose of this study is to determine the influence of coordination and supervision
on the performance of fishing teachers employed by Cirebon City's Department of
Food Security, Agriculture, and Fisheries.
Coordination
Coordination is essentially one of the management functions, in addition to the
management function it also functions in planning, mobilizing, guiding, supervising,
placing employees and leading that coordination can mean implementing a
framework (Lesmana, 2016). Several reasons why coordination is so important,
namely: 1) To prevent confusion, bickering, and twinning or job vacancies; 2) So that
people and their work are aligned and directed towards achieving
company/organizational goals; 3) So that the facilities and infrastructure are used to
achieve the objectives; and 4) So that all elements of management (6M) and the work
of each individual employee must help achieve organizational goals (Hayer, 2016).
According to Handoko (2012), coordination is the process of integrating
objectives and activities across distinct organizational units (departments or

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functional areas) in order to successfully accomplish organizational goals.

Individuals and departments will lose control of their respective roles inside the
company without cooperation. They will begin pursuing their own interests, which
are frequently damaging to the organization's broader objectives.
White's statement in Darmawan & Mardikaningsih (2021) illustrates that in
carrying out coordination, things are needed that will make coordination an effective
tool in achieving organizational goals. Where in making coordination must involve
elements of coordination as follows: 1) Adjustment; 2) Operation; 3) A suitable time;
and 4) the most contribution (maximum contribution). Based on research conducted
by Widakdo (2014) concluded that the elements of coordination in organizations
include: 1) Arrangements; 2) Synchronization; 3) Common interest; and 4) common
goals.
Supervision
Supervision is a systematic effort to establish performance standards during
planning, to design information feedback systems, to compare actual performance to
predetermined standards, to determine if a deviation occurred, and to take
corrective action necessary to ensure that all available company or government
resources are used effectively and efficiently to accomplish company or government
goals. In essence, supervision is an important thing in carrying out a plan. With
supervision, the planning expected by management can be fulfilled and run well.
The objectives of supervision in regional government agencies are as follows: 1)
To carry out the implementation of regional financial management economically,
efficiently, and effectively; 2) There are no deviations or obstacles to the
implementation of regional finance; and 3) The implementation of general
government tasks and development in an orderly manner in local government
agencies.
Meanwhile, according to G. Terry (Torang, 2014), stipulates 4 steps that must
be taken in the supervision process, namely: 1). Setting standards or basis for
supervision, 2). Measuring performance, 3). Compare performance with
performance standards, and determine the comparison/difference, 4). Correction of
deviations that occur as a corrective step.
Performance
According to Torang (2014), performance refers to the amount and/or quality
of work performed by people or groups within an organization in carrying out
primary duties and functions that are directed by established or relevant standards,
standard operating procedures, criteria, and metrics.
According to Sedarmayanti (2014), performance encompasses the following: a)
Actions, work implementation, work performance, and efficient work
implementation; b) A person's accomplishments/achievements in relation to the
tasks assigned to him; c) The work of a worker, a management process, or an
organization as a whole, where the results of the work must be demonstrated in a
concrete and measurable manner (in comparison to a predetermined standard); and

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d) Work results that Performance may be classified into numerous categories, which
are discussed in detail in the following paragraphs:

Performance Assessment
According to Sedarmayanti (2014), performance appraisal is a system used to
assess and find out whether an employee has carried out his work as a whole. Job
performance appraisal is a guideline in terms of employees who are expected to
show employee performance on a regular and regular basis so that it is beneficial for
the career development of the assessed employees and for the organization as a
whole.
According to Torang (2014), there are several dimensions that also affect
performance, namely: a) individual (ability, motivation, and educational
background), b) psychological (attitude and personality), and c) organization
(leadership, rewards, and the division of roles). Torang (2014) argues that in order to
assess the performance of individuals in the organization, several criteria are set,
namely: a) Individual competencies about work; b) Individual ability to plan and
schedule work; c) Individual knowledge of work quality standards; d) Individual
productivity (quality and quantity of performance); e) Technical competence on the
job; f) Dependence on others; g) Ability to communicate; h) Ability to cooperate; i)
Discipline and ability to convey ideas in meetings; and j) Ability to manage work
and leadership.
Employee Performance Measurement
Performance measurement is a management technique that enables
organizations to increase the quality of accountability decision returns. Performance
evaluation is also used to determine whether or not goals and objectives have been
met (James B. Whittaker in Sedarmayanti, 2014). Performance measurement is used
to determine whether or not activities/programs/policies are being implemented in
line with the goals and objectives established in order to accomplish the
organization's purpose and vision.
Additionally, Dharma (2003) claimed that practically all performance
measuring techniques take the following into account: 1) Quantity, i.e. the quantity
to be completed or attained. Quantitative measurement entails calculating the output
of a process or activity's execution. This metric refers to the quantity of production
generated; 2) Quality, namely the standard of quality that must be met (good or not).
The output's qualitative measurement shows the output's "degree of satisfaction," or
how well it is accomplished. This pertains to the output's appearance; and 3)
Punctuality, or if the product is delivered on time. Timeliness measurement is a
subset of quantitative measurement that determines the timeliness with which an
activity is completed.

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Method
The research design is an explanation of the framework of thought and the
variables studied, including the relationship between these variables. The variables
in this study were coordination (X1) and supervision (X2), whereas the dependent
variable was performance (Y). Additionally, efsilon () leadership was not studied.
This is a quantitative study conducted by survey with a causal associative
explanatory level. The population in this study consisted of up to 30 fishing teachers
from Cirebon City's Department of Food Security, Agriculture, and Fisheries.
Sampling was conducted using saturated samples, which means that the whole
population sampled in this study was composed of fishing instructors employed by
the Cirebon City Food Security, Agriculture, and Fisheries Service.
In this study, data collection was accomplished through the use of a
questionnaire. A questionnaire is a data collecting strategy that entails presenting a
series of questions with alternate responses. Validity and reliability tests are used to
evaluate research tools. The traditional assumption test, multiple regression analysis,
coefficient of determination analysis, and hypothesis testing were all employed in
this study.
The hypothesis in this study is the associative hypothesis. In accordance with
the formulation of the problem, the hypotheses of this research are as follows:

H0 : p = 0

X1 : There is no positive and significant effect of coordination on the

performance of fishery instructors at the Cirebon City Food Security,
Agriculture and Fisheries Service.
X2: There is no positive and significant effect of supervision on the performance
of fishery instructors at the Cirebon City Food Security, Agriculture and
Fisheries Service.
X1 + X2 : There is no positive and significant effect of joint coordination and
supervision on the performance of fishery instructors at the Cirebon City
Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Security Service.

Ha : p≠ 0

X1 : There is a positive and significant effect of coordination on the

performance of fishery instructors at the Cirebon City Food Security,
Agriculture and Fisheries Service
X2: There is a positive and significant effect of supervision on the performance
of fishery instructors at the Cirebon City Food Security, Agriculture and
Fisheries Service

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X1 + X2 : There is a positive and significant effect of joint coordination and

supervision on the performance of fishery instructors at the Cirebon City
Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Security Service.

Result And Discussion

Validity Test
Validation test is a test carried out to show the extent to which the measuring
instruments used in the study can measure the variables under study are valid or
not. The results of validity testing in this study are presented in the following table:
Table 1. Data r count and validity
Questionnaire
r count Information
Number
1 0.766 Valid
2 0.828 Valid
3 0.711 Valid
4 0.755 Valid
5 0.767 Valid
6 0.704 Valid
7 0.913 Valid
8 0.924 Valid
9 0.891 Valid
10 0.929 Valid
11 0.857 Valid
12 0.771 Valid
13 0.800 Valid
14 0.441 Valid
15 0.774 Valid
16 0.819 Valid
17 0.761 Valid
18 0.770 Valid
19 0.698 Valid
Source: data proceed

Based on the analysis of the table above, it was found that the questionnaire
used had been tested for validity, the questionnaire totaled 19 questions with valid
results, so that it could be used for sampling with the questionnaire method.
Reliability Test
The reliability test was employed in this study to determine the consistency of a
questionnaire utilized as a variable in research. A questionnaire is considered

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trustworthy if the responses of the respondents are consistent across time. The
following table summarizes the findings of this study's reliability testing:

Table 2. Reliability Test

Cronbach's Alpha N of Items Result Information
0.943 19 Cronbach’s Apha ≥ Reliable
0.700
Source: data proceed
Based on the analysis of the table above, it is found that the questionnaire
used has been tested for reliability, with the result that the questionnaire is reliable,
so it can be used for sampling with the Questionnaire method.

Classic Assumption Test

The classical assumption test in research serves as a prerequisite test before
conducting further analysis of the data that has been collected. This test consists of
several other tests which are presented as follows:
Normality Test
According to Ghozali (2016), the normality test is used to determine if the
confounding or residual variables in a regression model have a normal distribution.
There are two methods for determining whether or not the residuals are regularly
distributed, graphical analysis and statistical testing.
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used to determine normalcy. If the significant
value is more than 0.05 at (P>0.05), the data is said to be accepted. On the other
hand, if the significant value at (P 0.05) is less than 0.05, the data is considered to be
discarded. The following table summarizes the findings of this study's normalcy
testing:
Table 3. Normality Test
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
Unstandardized
Residual
N 30
Normal Parametersa,b Mean .0000000
Std. Deviation 1.78723184
Most Extreme Absolute .099
Differences Positive .095
Negative -.099
Test Statistic .099
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .200c.d

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a. Test distribution is Normal.

Source: data proceed

The normality test results above demonstrate that the SPSS calculation
results contain the Asymp value. Sig. of 0.200 more than 0.05. This demonstrates that
the data distribution conforms to the normality/normal distribution assumption,
since the significance value exceeds 0.05.
Multicollinearity Test
According to Ghozali (2016), the Multicollinearity Test is used to determine
whether there is a connection between the independent variables in a regression
model. The existence or absence of multicollinearity symptoms in the regression
model used in this study may be determined by examining the tolerance value,
specifically if the tolerance value is 0.10 or more than the VIF value 10. If the
tolerance value is 0.10 or greater than the VIF value 10, no multicollinearity exists.
The following table summarizes the findings of this study's multicollinearity test:
Table 4. Multicollinearity Test
Coefficientsa
Unstandardized Standardized Collinearity
Coefficients Coefficients Statistics
Model T Sig.
Std. Toleranc
B Beta VIF
Error e
C 9.754 4.238 2.302 .029
1 X1 .380 .171 .359 2.219 .035 .553 1.808
X2 .778 .256 .493 3.044 .005 .553 1.808
a. Dependent Variable: Y
Source: data proceed
Based on table 4 above, it can be seen that the SPSS output data obtained the
Tolerance X1 and X2 values of 0.553 > 0.10 and based on the VIF values obtained the
X1 and X2 values of 1.808 < 10, thus it can be concluded that the data does not occur
multicollinearity between independent variables.
Heteroscedasticity Test
According to Ghozali (2016), the heteroscedasticity test is used to determine if
there is an inequality of variance between the residuals of one observation and those
of another in the regression model. The scatterplot test was used in this
investigation. A scatterplot test may be used to determine the presence of
heteroscedasticity. A scatterplot is a graph that is frequently used to visualize a
pattern of correlations between two variables. To utilize a scatterplot, the data scale
must be interval or ratio. The following graphic illustrates the findings of the study's
heterocodasticity test:

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Figure 1. Heteroscedasticity Test Results

Source: data proceed

Based on Figure 1 above, it can be seen that the data distribution points are
irregular or do not form a certain clear pattern, thus it can be concluded that the data
does not occur heteroscedasticity.
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis testing in this study consisted of two stages, namely partial test and
simultaneous test. The results of hypothesis testing in this study are presented as
follows:
Partial Test (t)
Comparing significant level (α) of 0.05 (5%) with a significant level of t which
has been known directly using the IBM SPSS 25 program. The criteria used in the t
test are: 1) The significant value of t < 0.05. Then H_(0 ) is rejected and H_(a ) is
accepted, meaning that the independent variable (X) partially affects the dependent
variable (Y); and 2) The significant value of t > 0.05. So H! accepted and H# rejected,
meaning that the independent variable (X) partially has no effect on the dependent
variable (Y).
From this analysis, it is stated that the SPSS calculation results are obtained as
follows: 1) The Sig value of the X1 variable is 0.035 < 0.05, so it can be concluded that
there is an effect of the X1 variable on the Y variable. Based on the t test, the
regression equation is obtained, namely: Y = 9.754 + 0.380 X1 which means that each
increase of 0.380 units of coordination value will increase the value of performance
by one unit; and 2) the Sig value of the X2 variable is 0.005 <0.05, so it can be
concluded that there is an effect of the X2 variable on the Y variable. Based on the t
test, the regression equation is obtained, namely: Y = 9.754 + 0.778 X2. which means
that each increase of 0.778 units of supervision value will increase the value of
performance by one unit.
Simultaneous Test (F)
According to Ghozali (2016), the F statistical test determines whether all
independent variables in the model have an influence on the dependent variable
simultaneously. The F test is performed by comparing the estimated F value to the F
table and examining the 0.05 significance level as follows: a) If the computed F > F
table or probability significant value (Sig 0.05) is greater than 0.05, the research
model may be used; b) If the calculated F > F table or probability significant value

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(Sig > 0.05) is greater than 0.05, the research model may not be used. The following
table summarizes the findings of this test:
Table 5. Simultaneous Test (F)
ANOVAa
Sum of Mean
Model Df F Sig.
Squares Square
Regression 144.068 2 72.034 20.996 .000b
1 Residual 92.632 27 3.431
Total 236,700 29
a. Dependent Variable: Y
b. Predictors: (Constant), X2, X1
Source: data proceed

Based on the analysis of the table above, it is obtained that the Sig value is 0.000
<0.05 and the calculated F value is 20.996 > F table 5, meaning that there is a linear
effect between coordination and supervision on performance. So it can be concluded
that the coordination and supervision of performance together have a real effect on
performance.
Coefficient of Determination Test (R2)
According to Ghozali (2016), the coefficient of determination is used to
determine the amount of effect the independent variable has on the dependent
variable. The coefficient of determination is the square of the correlation coefficient
and is used to assess each variable's capability.
The value of the coefficient of determination (Kd) which is between 0 to 1 (0 Kd
≤ 1) is: a) If the value of Kd = 0 means that there is no effect of the independent
variable (X) on the dependent variable (Y); b) If the value of Kd = 1 means that the
variation (increase or decrease) of the dependent variable (Y) is 100% influenced by
the independent variable (X); and c) If the Kd value is between 0 and 1 ( 0 Kd 1 ) then
the magnitude of the influence of the independent variable on the variation (increase
or decrease) of the dependent variable is in accordance with the Kd value itself, and
the rest comes from other factors. The results of testing the coefficient of
determination in this study are presented in the following table:
Table 6. Coefficient of Determination Test (R2)
Model Summaryb
Adjusted R Std. Error of the
Model R R Square Durbin-Watson
Square Estimate
1 .780a .609 .580 1.852 1.642
a. Predictors: (Constant), X2, X1
b. Dependent Variable: Y
Source: data proceed

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Multiple Regression
The regression coefficient of the coordination and supervision variables
together has a significant effect on performance, with the following regression
equation:
Y = 9.754 + 0.380 X$ + 0.778 X%
From the table above, it can be seen that the coordination regression coefficient
value of 0.380 provides a significant contribution to performance, with a t-count
value of 2.219 greater than t-table 2.042 at a 5% significance level or a sig value of
0.035 less than 0.05. This shows that the better the coordination, the better the
performance will follow.
The supervisory regression coefficient value of 0.778 gives a significant
contribution to performance, with a t-count value of 3.044 which is greater than t-
table of 2.042 at a 5% significance level or a sig value of 0.005 less than 0.05. This
shows that the better the supervision, the better the performance will follow.
Effect of Coordination on Performance
Analysis of the effect of coordination variables on performance in this study
using multiple regression analysis. This method aims to see whether the
independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable. The results of the
analysis showed that the Sig value of the X1 variable was 0.035 < 0.05, so Ho was
rejected. The conclusion is that there is a significant effect between the coordination
variable on the performance variable, the relationship between the coordination
variable and the performance shows a close relationship with the coefficient of
determination of 0.580 indicating that the performance is explained by the
coordination of 58%.
The Effect of Supervision on Performance
The analysis of the influence of monitoring variables on performance in this
study uses multiple regression analysis. This method aims to see whether the
independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable. The results of the
analysis showed that the Sig value of the X1 variable was 0.005 <0.05, so Ho was
rejected. The conclusion is that there is a significant effect between the supervision
variable on the performance variable, the relationship between the supervision
variable and the performance shows a close relationship with the coefficient of
determination of 0.580 indicating that the performance is explained by the
supervision of 58%.
Effect of Coordination and Supervision on Performance
Based on multiple regression analysis or simultaneously obtained the Sig value
of the X1 and X2 variables on the Y variable is 0.000 <0.05 and the calculated F value
is 20.996 > F table 4.20 then Ho is rejected. it means that there is a significant
influence jointly between the coordination and supervision variables on the
performance variable. Thus the regression model above is feasible and correct. The
conclusion is that coordination and supervision together have a significant effect on

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the performance of fishery instructors at the Cirebon City Food, Agriculture and
Fisheries Security Service.

Conclusion
Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded as follows:
1) Coordination has a positive and significant effect on the performance of fishery
instructors at the Cirebon City Food Security, Agriculture and Fisheries Service. This
means that the better the coordination, the better the performance of the fishery
instructor in carrying out his work; 2) Supervision has a positive and significant
effect on the Performance of fishery instructors at the Cirebon City Food Security,
Agriculture and Fisheries Service. This means that the better the supervision, the
better the performance of the fishery instructor in carrying out his work; and 3)
Coordination and supervision together have a positive and significant effect on the
performance of fishery instructors at the Cirebon City Food Security, Agriculture
and Fisheries Service. This means that the better the coordination and supervision,
the better the performance of the fishery instructor in carrying out their duties and
functions.

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