Membangun Rantai Pasok Pertanian

yang Resiliensi dan Berkelanjutan

Untuk Mewujudkan Ketahanan
Pangan Nasional
Prof. Dr. Tomy Perdana, SP., MM., CPLM., CSCM.
Ketua Umum
Institut Supply Chain dan Logistik Indonesia

Webinar
Pengembangan Pertanian Industrial Menuju
Kedaulatan Pangan Yang Adaptif Terhadap
Tantangan Perubahan

Progam Studi Doktor Ilmu Pertanian (PSDIP)

Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Jember
10 Agustus 2023
TENTANG ISLI

Institut Supply Chain dan Logistik Indonesia (ISLI)
merupakan perkumpulan para akademisi, peneliti,
dan praktisi yang memiliki ketertarikan pada
pengembangan keilmuan dan inovasi pada bidang
ilmu supply chain dan logistik.
ISLI diharapkan berkontribusi
signifikan dalam meningkatkan kualitas
penelitian demi menyiapkan sumber daya
manusia Indonesia di bidang Supply Chain dan Logistik.

Memfasilitasi kegiatan profesi para anggotanya melalui kegiatan konferensi, workshop, camp
Tujuan
untuk mahasiswa, kolaborasi penelitian dan inovasi, kerjasama dengan industri dan
ISLI
pemerintah, serta peningkatan kualitas pendidikan di bidang supply chain dan logistik.
PERTUMBUHAN DAN JUMLAH ANGGOTA ISLI

• Anggota ISLI berasal dari berbagai latar belakang pendidikan, mencakup antara lain Teknik Industri,
Teknologi Industri Pertanian, Manajemen, Konstruksi, dan Transportasi.
• ISLI Beranggotakan 498 akademisi dari 129 universitas dan 19 praktisi dari 19 instansi yang tersebar di
seluruh Indonesia
SEBARAN ANGGOTA ISLI
• Sebaran anggota ISLI pada saat ini
lebih didominasi oleh para supply
chain and logistics enthusiasm
yang berada di Pulau Jawa (86,3%
dari total anggota ISLI saat ini) dan
didominasi oleh akademisi yang
tersebar di 91 universitas di Pulau
Jawa dan 18 diantaranya
merupakan para praktisi.
• Konsentrasi kedua berada di Pulau
Sumatera dengan jumlah akademisi
sebanyak 9,5% dari total anggota
ISLI saat ini dan 1 praktisi.
• Pulau lainnya seperti Kalimantan,
Sulawesi, dan Indonesia bagian
timur merupakan anggota ISLI
yang berasal dari perguruan tinggi.
BIDANG KAJIAN ISLI

MANUFACTURING TRANSPORTATION FOOD AND INFRASTRUCTURE CONTEMPORARY

SUPPLY CHAIN AGROLOGISTICS HUMANITARIAN & SUPPLY CHAIN
MACRO LOGISTICS
PROGRAM KERJA UTAMA ISLI 2022-2025

Memfasilitasi kolaborasi antar Terlibat aktif dalam pembahasan dan

perguruan tinggi untuk melaksanakan penyusunan kebijakan/peraturan
riset dan publikasi yang dapat
memberikan dampak bagi pemerintah, berdasarkan policy brief hasil riset
industri, dan dunia akademik anggota ISLI

Bekerjasama dengan praktisi untuk Mempersiapkan generasi penerus

pengembangan riset, dan kurikulum dengan melibatkan mahasiswa dalam
logistik dan rantai supplai berbagai kegiatan ISLI
ISU KETAHANAN PANGAN INDONESIA

Global Food Security Index 2022

Global Food Security Index (GFSI), Indonesia

menempati urutan ke-63 di dunia, setelah
Guatemala, Afrika Selatan, Honduras, Serbia, dan
Tunisia. Angka GFSI Indonesia pada tahun 2022
tersebut meningkat sebanyak 4,8 dibandingkan
dengan tahun sebelumnya.

Spesifikasi Global Food Security Index Indonesia 2022

Di Asia Pasifik, Indonesia menempati urutan ke-10 dari total
23 negara. Performa tertinggi dicapai dari keterjangkauan
dengan perolehan indeks sebesar 81,4. Namun, terkait
dengan adaptasi dan keberlanjutan, Indonesia masih jauh
tertinggal dibandingkan dengan negara Asia lainnya
(urutan ke-15 di Asia dan ke-83 di dunia). Indonesia juga
masih lemah terkait dengan Food Safety (urutan ke-78 di
dunia dan ke-17 di Asia). Ketersediaan pangan Indonesia
menempati urutan ke-84 di dunia dan ke-23 di Asia.

Sumber: Global Food Security Index, 2022

ISU FLUKTUASI HARGA PANGAN TERHADAP KRISIS PANGAN MASYARAKAT
Inflasi Harga Pangan Konsumen Domestik di Seluruh Dunia
Berdasarkan GFSI 2022, hampir 193 juta orang
mengalami kerawanan pangan akut — meningkat
sekitar 40 juta orang dibandingkan dengan jumlah
kerawanan pangan sebelumnya di tahun 2020.
Salah satu penyebab terjadinya kerawanan pangan
yaitu peningkatan harga pangan domestik dan
diperkirakan harga pangan di seluruh dunia akan terus
mengalami kenaikan.
Komoditas Pangan Strategis Penyumbang Inflasi/Deflasi di Indonesia
(Agustus 2022)
Tingkat inflasi tahunan kelompok pangan pada Agustus
2022 mencapai 7,73% (yoy), tertinggi di antara kelompok
barang dan jasa konsumen lainnya. Kenaikan tingkat
inflasi tersebut terutama di sumbang dari kenaikan harga
beras dan telur ayam ras. Kedua komoditas ini memiliki
bobot yang besar dalam penghitungan inflasi.
Sumber: Global Food Security Index, 2022
KONFLIK GLOBAL YANG BERDAMPAK TERHADAP KERAWANAN PANGAN
Perkembangan Ekspor Pupuk dari Rusia, Ukraina,
dan Belarusia
Rusia merupakan salah satu pengekspor pupuk
terbesar di dunia. Namun, sejak 31 Agustus 2022,
Rusia memutuskan pembatasan kuota ekspor
bahan baku pupuk. Keadaan tersebut diperparah
dengan Keputusan China untuk menangguhkan
ekspor pupuk hingga setidaknya Juni 2022 hanya
akan memperparah status kerawanan pangan.
Sumber: Global Food Security Index, 2022
Negara Pengekspor Pupuk di Dunia
Rusia berkontribusi sebesar 16% dari total ekspor urea di dunia.
60% kebutuhan pupuk dunia di ekspor dari delapan negara tersebut. Perang dan
konflik yang terjadi antara Rusia dan Ukraina saat ini berdampak terhadap
pembatasan kuota ekspor pupuk sehingga mendorong kenaikan dan kelangkaan
pupuk di beberapa negara.
Sejak Juni 2022, beberapa negara juga membatasi kuota ekspor pangan,
seperti Rusia membatasi ekspor bunga matahari dan gula, Ukraina membatasi
ekspor Gandum, oat, millet, gula, bahkan Indonesia melakukan pemtasan
ekspor produk kelapa sawit dan turunannya.
ISU SAMPAH DAN KEHILANGAN HASIL PERTANIAN (FOOD LOSS AND WASTE)
1 FOOD WASTE
91
86 Kg/orang/tahun
Kg/org/th
80 Kg/org/th 79
86
Kg/org/th Kg/org/th
Kg/org/th
76
Kg/org/th
Indonesia menempati urutan
ke-6 dari 11 negara Asia
Tenggara dalam hal food waste
AKSI MITIGASI MENGATASI FLW
Melalui pendekatan 'target-ukuran-
tindakan', fokus pada peningkatan
pengukuran dan ketersediaan data
FLW, mengembangkan undang-
undang, dan memastikan bahwa
target dan strategi diintegrasikan
dengan sistem pangan.
2 FOOD LOSS 3 Nutrisi
Indonesia masuk kepada negara dengan
kasus stunting tertinggi di dunia dengan
nilai kasus stunting lebih dari 30%.
Indonesia masuk pada kategori tinggi (10-
15% kejadian anak dibawah 5 tahun yang
77 terkena stunting).
Indonesia masih termasuk negara dengan
tingkat kejadian obesitas pada kategori
tinggi (10%-15% anak dibawah umur 5
tahun)
AKSI MITIGASI MENGATASI TANTANGAN NUTRISI
Akses pangan sehat dan berkelanjutan sebagai prioritas kebijakan
dengan memanfaatkan analisis terbaru tentang keterjangkauan
Food loss dari total produksi di negara
pangan kesehatan untuk seluruh kelompok masyarakat.
G20.
Memastikan bahwa pangan yang direkomendasikan terkait dengan
keberlanjutan dan dapat diterima secara budaya
Kembangkan kemitraan Berinvestasi melalui kampanye
dengan pihak terkait pendidikan untuk Mengimplementasikan standar pelabelan makanan. Alihkan subsidi
menginformasikan kepada dari gula dan makanan, dan menuju makanan yang merupakan
(perusahaan jasa makanan,
restoran, sekolah, katering, publik tentang FLW dan komponen penting dari pola makan yang sehat dan berkelanjutan
asosiasi konsumen) untuk menjelaskan pilihan yang
mendorong tindakan di tersedia bagi masyarakat untuk
seluruh rantai pasok pangan. mengurangi FLW. Sumber: Barilla Center for Food and Nutrition, 2021
ISU SAMPAH DAN KEHILANGAN HASIL PERTANIAN (FOOD LOSS AND WASTE)

Selama kurun waktu 20 tahun (periode 2000-2019)

Food Loss and Waste (FLW) di
Indonesia periode tahun 2000 - 2019
sebesar 115-184 kg/kapita/tahun.
Berdasarkan rantai pasok pangan,
penyumbang FLW terbesar di
Indonesia terjadi pada tingkat
konsumsi. Berdasarkan sektor dan jenis
pangannya, tanaman pangan (beras)
menjadi penyumbang terbesar angka
FLW. Sedangkan sektor dan kategori
pangan yang paling tidak efisien adalah
tanaman hortikultura, khususnya
sayuran.
Indonesia telah menyumbang 1.702,9 Mt CO2 EQ,
Indonesia kehilangan 213-551 triliun rupiah/tahun atau
setara dengan 4-5% dari PDB Indonesia hilang karena
FLW
Sekitar 61-125 juta orang mengalami kerawanan pangan
akibat FLW
Komoditas sayuran menjadi produk pertanian yang
sangat tidak efisien karena menyumbang sekitar 62,8%
dari total kehilangan hasil sektor pertanian

Sumber: Bappenas, 2021

GAMBARAN RANTAI PASOK PERTANIAN SAAT INI
Tantangan Rantai Pasok Pertanian Masa Kini
Peningkatan Populasi
Isu peningkatan populasi masyarakat
berdampak terhadap ketersediaan,
keterjangkauan, dan aksesibilitas terhadap
pemenuhan berbagai kebutuhan pangan
pokok masyarakat.
Isu Geopolitik
Perang dan konflik antar negara memberikan
dampak yang signifikan terhadap kondisi
ekonomi dan rantai pasok produk global,
serta krisis energi (termasuk dampak
terhadap pengurangan bahan baku pupuk)
Perubahan Iklim
Perubahan iklim memberikan dampak yang
signifikan terhadap produktivitas dan
ketersediaan produk pertanian.
Daya Saing dan Keberlanjutan
Peningkatan daya saing menjadi strategi
utama penguatan nilai kompetitif produk
lokal. Pengembangan daya saing produk lokal
perlu di rancang agar dapat berkelanjutan
dengan memperhatikan aspek sosial,
ekonomi, dan lingkungan.
Bencana Tantangan yang dihadapi
Kondisi tidak terduga karena bencana,
terutama pandemi COVID-19 memperparah sepanjang rantai pasok
kondisi ekonomi dan kestabilan sumber
pasokan pangan.
pertanian tersebut
memerlukan alternatif solusi
yang dapat menjembatani
Kehilangan Hasil dan Sampah seluruh aspek pada tatanan
Pangan (Food Losses and Waste) rantai pasok pertanian
Kehilangan hasil dan sampah pangan
berkontribusi besar terhadap pemborosan
yang terjadi sepanjang rantai pasok pangan.
Pemborosan pangan tersebut bernilai 4-5 %
dari PDB Indonesia
Berdasarkan hal tersebut,
pengembangan rantai pasok
pertanian saat ini dirancang untuk
Regenerasi Petani lebih terintegrasi, resiliensi, dan
Jumlah petani Indonesia mencapai 38 juta
orang, 70% diantaranya berusia 40-45 berkeadilan, dengan
tahun. Tanpa regerasi petani, dikawatirkan mengedepankan aspek ekonomi,
sepuluh tahun ke depan terjadi krisis
sumber daya manusia pada sektor sosial, dan lingkungan.
pertanian.
 Keunikan
Rantai Pasok Pertanian

Kesehatan, nutrisi
Musiman
dan keamanan

Produsen
Kecil

Daya tahan dan

Dampak lingkungan
permintaan
 Rantai Pasok Pertanian Hari ini

Penyuluh / Grosir Lokal

Transporter
Layanan Input
(Teknologi
Penanganan Pasca Panen, Informasi, Sertifikat, Pedagang Kaki
Pengemasan, Penyimpanan, dll. Lima

Pedagang
Petani Pengumpul
Besar
Pasar Induk Konsumen
Nilai Diterima
Petani
Pemasok Khusus Supermarket
HoReKa
Penambahan Nilai melalui Akses ke Produksi/Informasi Pasar/Teknologi/Kemitraan Bisnis

Informasi mengenai Kualitas Produk Akhir, Penyimpanan dan Daya Simpan, Ketelusuran,
Daya Saing Produk
 Rantai Pasok Pertanian Masa Depan
Langsung ke Konsumen

Petani Distributor Konsumen

Supermarket
HoReKa
Membangun Ekosistem dari Layanan Nilai untuk Memuaskan Permintaan Konsumen

Kecerdasan Buatan memberikan akses informasi permintaan konsumen secara langsung, akurat, cepat,
dan independen

Pandemi Covid-19
telah menarik masa
depan ke masa kini
lebih awal
Rantai Pasok Pertanian Resiliensi

Adaptasi Pemulihan Transformasi

Rantai Pasok Pertanian Keberlanjutan
Lingkungan
Berkaitan dengan pemanfaatan dan
pemeliharaan kelestarian sumber
alam yang digunakan
Be
ara
ble
Sosial
Sustain
able
Berkaitan dengan pengembangan
aspek-aspek kemasyarakatan
(kesejahteraan, Pendidikan,
Equitable
kebudayaan masyarakat, dan
pemanfaatan sumber daya sosial
guna mendukung peningkatan
kualitas hidup masyarakat
Tata Kelola (Governance)
Konsep Sustainability (keberlanjutan) sendiri
dicetuskan pada tahun 1980 untuk mendukung
pengembangan sosial ekonomi masyarakat yang
semakin dinamis untuk diterapkan dalam waktu
jangka Panjang yang kemudian ditetapkan sebagai
Pembangunan Keberlanjutan (Sustainable
Development Goals/SDGs).
Sejak tahun 2015, Pembangunan Keberlanjutan
tersebut kemudian dispesifikan menjadi 17 tujuan,
le 169 target pembangunan, 241 indicator
iab
V keberhasilan pembangunan keberlanjutan yang
Ekonomi dicanangkan dapat terpenuhi pada tahun 2030.
(https://sdgs.bappenas.go.id/)
Berkaitan dengan pencapaian Kesepakatan pembangunan keberlanjutan tersebut
ekonomi masyarakat
bertujuan untuk mengentaskan kemiskinan,
kesenjangan sosial, serta melestarikan lingkungan
dan sumber daya alam. Asas keberlanjutan
tersebut merupakan perpanjangan agenda
Millenium Development Goals yang telah berakhir
pada 2015.
 RANTAI PASOK PERTANIAN SEBAGAI SUATU SISTEM
Lestari , Ketahanan Pangan, Pertumbuhan Pendapatan, Pengembangan Bisnis

INPUT PROSES OUTPUT

Dari mana memulainya ? •

•
Kuantitas
Eaktu Respon
• Variasi Produk
• Tingkat Layanan
Memahami Pasar •
•
Inovasi
Keamanan Pangan
• Kultivar Musiman
• Produsen • Protokol
• Operasi Pasca Panen • Kegunaan Waktu
• Kemasan & Pengemasan
• Operasi Rantai Pasok
•
•
Aplikasi Teknologi
Pasar & Strategi Nilai Tambah
• Kesesuaian Regulasi
• Manajemen Resiko
• Dimana…produk

Melibatkan dan Edukasi •

•
Apa…Nilai Tambah
mengapa…Keamanan &

Konsumen
Kualitas
• Siapa…Yang melakukan
• Bagaimana… Pencapaian
 Evolusi Riset Rantai Pasok dan Logistik Agribisnis
AGRILOGICS UNPAD
Resiliensi dan Berkelanjutan Komersial dan Kemanusiaan
Pendekatan Penciptaan Model simulasi yang digunakan adalah
Nilai Bersama System Dynamics, Discrete Event
(Value Co-Creation) Simulation, Agent based-Modeling dan
Riset Operasi untuk mendesain model
Sintesa dari sistem rantai pasok dan logistik
Metode pertanian yang ramping, lincah dan
Rantai Pasok Bencana
Simulasi, RO berkeadilan untuk memenuhi
dan Kaji permintaan konsumen
Simpul Pangan
Tindak
Partisipatif
(Participatory Pembiayaan Rantai Nilai Kombinasi Rekayasa
Action Sosial di Dunia Nyata
Research) (Pengabdian Kepada
Pengembangan Klaster Agribisnis
Masyarakat) dengan
Pengembangan Layanan Logistik Rekayasa Virtual
Pertanian

Pengembangan Rantai Pasok Inklusif

Ramping, Lincah dan Berkeadilan Komersial

 MODEL PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN BERBASIS TERITORIAL
DENGAN PENDEKATAN RANTAI PASOK

Pelibatan Pemangku Kepentingan

iis Pe
g raf m
e o bi a
G ya
t ras i a nR
e n Restrukturisasi Portofolio
an
ns Rantai Pasok ta
Ko
Pasar
i Pa
s ok
Akses
Pasar

Inovasi Layanan Layanan Akses Rekayasa

Kelembagaan Logistik Logistik Agroinput Kualitas

Akses
Teknologi

Sistem Pengukuran i
Produksi Kinerja o l og
W ir Hibrida Berimbang
Te kn
atan si
i B ar ova
u In

Ekosistem Inovasi
Modifikasi dari Perdana & Kusnandar (2012)
 PRODUK UNGGULAN YANG DIHASILKAN DARI
RISET SISTEM RANTAI PASOK DAN LOGISTIK PERTANIAN

Teknologi Tepat Guna : Business Spin off Pasar Tani “Locarvest”

Mobile Rainselter dan Irigasi Sprinkle “Layanan Logistik”

Co-Branding
Kemitraan
Publikasi Benih dan Produk
MODEL PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN BERBASIS TERITORIAL
DENGAN PENDEKATAN RANTAI PASOK
Sistem Jaminan Produk
Halal

Pembiayaan Anggaran
Perijinan

Sistem Sirkular: &

Jalan
Pendidikan
Integrasi Horizontal

Regional & Lokal Bioteknologi

Digital Teknologi

Utilitas
BERKELANJUTAN
Petani Nanoteknologi
Konektivitas Desa
& Kota Rantai Pendingin
Kesehatan

Irigasi
Konsumen

Riset & Komersialisasi

Dimodifikasi dari Perdana et al (2020)
Prinsip Ekonomi Sirkular

Konsep ekonomi sirkular digunakan untuk menjaga

agar sumber daya dapat digunakan selama mungkin,
menggali nilai maksimum dari pengunaannya,
memulihkan dan meregenerasi produk dan bahan
pada setiap akhir umur layanan.
Dame Ellen MacArthur sebagai salah satu tokoh
penting pengembangan konsep ekonomi sirkular
telah merumuskan prinsip-prinsip ekonomi regeneratif
yang lebih mudah yang dikenal sebagai butterfly
circular economy. Pada diagram butterfly CE tersebut
menggambarkan tiga aspek ekonomi sirkular secara
terperinci.
1. Bahwa sirkular ekonomi di disain untuk
menghilangkan limbah dan polusi.
2. Pengembangan produk dan material yang dapat
terus digunakan.
3. Memanfaatkan sistem alam secara regeneratif,
sehingga dapat terus di manfaatkan (sustainable)
Penerapan Ekonomi Sirkular pada Sektor Pertanian

Konsep ekonomi sirkular pada sektor pertanian

menawarkan proses pengelolaan rantai pasok
pertanian yang berkelanjutan sebagai upaya untuk
meningkatkan efisiensi, mengurangi hasil yang
tidak diinginkan, dan mengurangi penggunaan
input yang tidak dapat diperbaharui dalam siklus
produksi pertanian.

Pada konsep ekonomi sirkular sektor pertanian

juga menerapkan prinsip sustainability
(keberlanjutan), dengan tujuan agar proses yang
dilaksanakan dapat lebih efisien, mengurangi
proses yang tidak diperlukan, dan mengurangi
penggunaan produk atau material yang tidak
dapat di daur ulang. Penerapan konsep
sustainability juga bertujuan untuk meningkatkan
kinerja rantai pasok pertanian yang sejalan
dengan memperhatikan keberlanjutan lingkungan,
ekonomi, dan manfaat sosial

Praktek terbaik kelas dunia

https://www.greatgiantfoods.com
Food Loss dari Rantai Pasok Sayuran Tanpa Kontrak dengan Pasar
Food Loss dari Rantai Pasok Sayuran yang memiliki Kontrak dengan Pasar
Food Loss dari Rantai Pasok Susu Sapi
Model Sirkular Ekonomi pada Rantai Pasok Sayuran dan Peternakan Sapi Perah
Sistem Rantai Pasok Sirkular:
Konvergensi industri/sektor berbasis
teritorial pedesaan yang terhubung dengan
perkotaan dan pasar global

Ekonomi kreatif

Hub non-agro

Lembaga
ekonomi mikro
desa Pengembangan Industri
Non-agro

Pasar Global

Dimodifikasi dari Makro Meso Mikro Meso Makro

Wardhana (2020) Sistem Rantai Pasok Pertanian Cerdas
SISTEM LOGISTIK PADA RANTAI PASOK PERTANIAN

Perdana et al (2020)
 SISTEM RANTAI PASOK DAN LOGISTIK PANGAN DALAM ERA TATANAN BARU
PASCA PANDEMI COVID-19
Monitoring Pemerintah
Daerah Produksi Daerah Konsumen

Komunitas
Klaster Petan/Peternak Physical Distancing
Feeder Komunitas
Tani Bulog
Transportasi Bersama (CTM) Penyalur BPNT Masyakat Sasaran

Layanan Logistik
Packing House
Physical Distancing
Konsumen
Regional Food Hub Pasar Tradisional

Physical Distancing
Transportasi Bersama (CTM) Supermarket
Konsumen
Feeder
KA Logistik di Stasiun KA KA Logistik di Stasiun KA di
terdekat daerah produksi sentra konsumen
Physical Distancing
Komunitas
Food Fubs (Start-ups) Konsumen
Petan/Peternak
Kereta Api ”backbone”
Transportasi Bersama (CTM) sistem logistik pangan pulau
Klaster besar
Tani
Layanan Logistik
Packing House
Feeder Mobile Food Fubs Physical Distancing

Backhauling System untuk kebutuhan pokok petani dan distribusi antar sentra produksi

Aliran Uang
Aliran Informasi Permintaan berbasis kontrak (contract farming)

Layanan Logistik Packing House: Transportasi Bersama (CTM/Collaborative Efisiensi Logistik: Feeder: Regional Food Hub: Food Hub:
• Kelompok Tani Transportation Management)): • Kereta api > 500 km • BUMN : PT. Pos, BGR • BUMN • Startups:
• Pesantren • Layanan logistik swasta : Regopantes, DFI, • Trucking < 500 km • Swasta: DFI, Paxel, • BUMD Tanihub,
• Swasta : Regopantes, Tanihub, Bimandiri, dll • Motor: logistik kota (last mile delivery) Regopantes, dll • Asosiasi Pasar Sayurbox,
dll • BUMN : PT. Pos, BGR Locarvest, dll

Untuk mewujudkan sistem ini perlu konvergensi industri/sektor berbasis

teritorial pedesaan yang terhubung dengan perkotaan dan pasar global
 Kolaborasi Multi Pemangku Kepentingan

Dari Triple Helix ke Multi Helix...

Lembaga
Pendukung
Pembangunan Pemerintah

Pelaku
Komunitas
Rantai Petani
Universitas
Pasok

Media
Kerangka Kerja Kolaborasi Multi Pemangku Kepentingan

Proses perencanaan dan implementasi

Sistem Kinerja ukuran kinerja yang mengarahkan semua
aktor yang terlibat untuk memperbaiki
Kolaboratif kinerja keseluruhan

Penyelarasan Pembagian Sinkronisasi

Insentif Informasi Keputusan
Proses pembagian biaya, Akses data di seluruh aktor
Setiap aktor mampu menyelaraskan
resiko dan manfaat di untuk memonitor proses
keputusan kritis untuk menghasilkan
antara aktor yang terlibat rantai pasok
keputusan optimal

Proses Rantai
Setiap aktor mendesain proses rantai Pasok Terpadu
pasok yang efisien dan berkelanjutan
untuk menyampaikan produk ke
konsumen tepat waktu dan efisien

Simatupang and Sridharan (2005)

33
 TATA KELOLA LOGISTIK PERTANIAN PRODUK SEGAR
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LOGISTICS: RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS
https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2022.2107625

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Fresh agricultural product logistics network governance: insights

1.Tujuan multi pasar
from small-holder farms in a developing country
Tomy Perdana a, Benny Tjahjono b, K. Kusnandar c, Sonny Sanjayaa, 2.Tata kelola logistik
Dadan Wardhana d and Fernianda Rahayu Hermiatin e
a
b
Department of Agro Socio-Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia;
Centre for Business in Society, Coventry University, Coventry, UK; cResearch Center for Science, Technology,
terdistribusi
Innovation Policy and Management, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia; dAgency for Planning,
Research, and Development, Government of Bandung Regency, Bandung, Indonesia; eSchool of Business and
Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia 3.Peranan penanganan
ABSTRACT
Fresh agricultural products (FAPs) require special handling to maintain
product quality, especially during socio-economic crises. In developing
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 24 February 2022
Accepted 26 July 2022
pasca panen dan layanan
logistik pedesaan
countries, there is a compelling need for a robust supply chain
KEYWORDS
governance strategy to regulate the supply chain actors involved in the Fresh products; logistics
logistics and distribution system. This paper proposes an innovative network; governance; small-
way to design FAP logistics governance to address specific problems in holder farms; simulation

4.Pengembangan jejaring
the FAP logistics networks of developing countries, where FAP supply
chains are not well integrated. Three logistics governance scenarios
were modelled using discrete-event simulation. The results revealed
that the fully distributed governance could effectively reduce process

klaster tani
delay and consequently minimise logistics costs, especially within the
logistics networks serving multiple markets. This is due to that fact that
the distributed governance allows the actors involved in the network to
have some autonomy to manage their resources. The paper contributes
to improving the fundamental understanding of the governance for
FAP logistics networks consisting of small-holder farms. Our work also
offers valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners into how to
improve FAP supply chain management.

1. Introduction
Fresh agricultural products (FAPs), including those derived from livestock and marine sources, are
products sold to end customers with little or no processing in their value chains (Sun et al. 2020).

Optimisasi Efisiensi
This means that FAPs have short lifetimes and are perishable (Yan et al. 2020). The shelf life of FAPs
is influenced by climatic conditions, so good temperature control along the supply chain is required
to extend the shelf life (Sun et al. 2020; Wang and Yip 2018). As consumer awareness of the quality
and safety of FAPs increases, the FAP supply chain tends to become more complex than that of
other products, such as fast-moving consumer goods (Shukla and Jharkharia 2013).
Sistem Produksi Sistem Produksi
The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have been particularly detrimental to the global FAP
supply chains of developing countries (Karwasra et al. 2021), including Indonesia (Perdana et al.
2020; Achmad, Chaerani, and Perdana 2021). At the downstream points in supply chains, panic
buying (Sharma et al. 2020) has increased market demand and created distribution barriers Mengurangi
CONTACT Benny Tjahjono benny.tjahjono@coventry.ac.uk
© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Losses & Waste
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13675567.2022.2107625
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 Pengembangan keterkaitan regional food hubs’ dan local foold
hubs’ untuk meningkatkan kapasitas ketahanan pangan
berkelanjutan dalam situasi bencana
Research Article
Tomy Perdana*, Diah Chaerani, Fernianda Rahayu Hermiatin, Audi Luqmanul Hakim Achmad,
Ananda Fridayana
Improving the capacity of local food network
through local food hubs’ development
https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0088
received November 14, 2021; accepted March 29, 2022
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic and humanitarian chal-
lenges such as war and conflict, climate changes, and
economic crises bring unexpected humanitarian chal-
lenges, such as food insecurity. Especially for devel-
oping countries, this is a double crisis, food poverty
and COVID-19 pandemic. This situation needs an alterna-
tive food network (AFN), which can improve the local food
sources to fulfill the food demand. The local food hubs’
(LFHs) development as an AFN that considers local pro-
ducers and customers could serve as an alternative
strategy to reduce the uncertainty of food availability.
However, the challenge in developing LFH in developing
countries is the problem of logistics efficiency. Therefore,
this study discusses the development of food logistics
efficiency by determining the optimum location of LFH
and the fulfillment of food supply for each optimum
location of LFH in rural areas. Robust optimization is
applied to the Multi-Objective Many-to-Many Location-
Routing Problem (MOMMLRP) model to handle the uncer-
tain demand and production capacity. This study focused
on West Java Province, Indonesia, as areas that repre-
sent developing countries. Based on our result, eight
sub-districts have been determined as an optimum loca-
tion to develop LFHs. This study also elaborates on the

* Corresponding author: Tomy Perdana, Department of Agro Socio-
Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya
Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Sumedang, West Java 45363,
Indonesia, e-mail: tomy.perdana@unpad.ac.id
Diah Chaerani: Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics
and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-
Sumedang KM 21, Sumedang, West Java 45363, Indonesia
Fernianda Rahayu Hermiatin: Master of Science in Management,
School of Business and Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jl. Ganesa No.10, Bandung City, West Java 40132, Indonesia
Audi Luqmanul Hakim Achmad, Ananda Fridayana: Agricultural
Logistics and Supply Chain System (AGRILOGICS), Department of
Agro Socio-Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas
Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Sumedang,
West Java 45363, Indonesia
Open Access. © 2022 Tomy Perdana et al., published by De Gruyter.
International License.
Open Agriculture 2022; 7: 311–322
food network in the worst situation that needs regional
food hubs’ (RFHs) support. The RFH support can be
used when the LFH faces an unexpected problem that
cannot fulfill their demand.
Keywords: food security, local food hubs, regional food
hubs, supply-demand matching, uncertainty
1 Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic is probably the most significant
global crisis during this period and brings unprecedented
humanitarian challenges, such as food insecurity [1,2].
The occurrence of man-made disasters such as conflict
and war and climate change and economic crisis exacer-
bate the global communities’ food insecurity situation
[1,3]. The food insecurity is in line with the malnutrition,
hunger, and poverty.
The core concepts of food security are when people
can have access to food and have sufficient and safe food
at all times for an active and healthy life [4–6]. However,
the humanitarian challenges are causing people to lose
jobs, income, and supply chains’ disruptions. Especially
for developing countries, this is a double crisis of food
insecurity and COVID-19 pandemic [7].
This study only focuses on Indonesia, which faces
uncertainty in food security. Based on the Global Hunger
Index (GHI), Indonesia’s GHI score reached 19.1 in 2020,
illustrating that Indonesia is experiencing a severe hunger
problem [8]. A massive challenge in solving this problem
is Indonesia’s total population, the fourth largest popula-
tion globally [9]. Moreover, food security in Indonesia is
also caused due to the inefficient logistics system.
The logistics system is one of the leading food inse-
curity problems in developing countries. The logistic
activities during COVID-19 pandemic have been sus-
pended, due to by strict lockdown, and the supply and
demand of various products are affected by the uncer-
tainty and complex situation [10–13]. This inefficiency
of the logistics system also results in high logistics costs,
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
Article 
Does an Alternative Local Food Network Contribute to   
Improving Sustainable Food Security? 
Tomy Perdana 1,*, Diah Chaerani 2, Fernianda Rahayu Hermiatin 3, Audi Luqmanul Hakim Achmad 4   
and Ananda Fridayana 4 
1  Department of Agro Socio‐Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran,   
Sumedang 45363, Indonesia 
2  Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, 
Sumedang 45363, Indonesia 
3  School of Business and Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia 
4  Agricultural Logistics and Supply Chain System (AGRILOGICS), Department of Agro Socio‐Economics, 
Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia 
*  Correspondence: tomy.perdana@unpad.ac.id 
Abstract: Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, 
safe, and nutritious food for all people. It is a critical point to be achieved yet has many aspects to 
be considered, which include food availability, stability, access, and utilization. Each aspect has its 
own challenge, which makes food security a complex goal to achieve. Therefore, this paper aims to 
demonstrate how the Local Food Network (LFN) might be able to address the challenges of food 
security and eventually achieve it. Moreover, this paper also takes the standpoint of sustainability 
aspects to ensure food security can be achieved sustainably and responsibly. A case study in Indo‐
nesia is given in this paper to provide a concrete explanation of the topic. Rice commodity is used 
in this study as the staple food of Indonesia. To achieve the goal of this paper, a Multi‐objective 
Citation: Perdana, T.; Chaerani, D.;  Linear Programming (MOLP) model, which reflects the LFN, is developed. Furthermore, sustaina‐
Hermiatin, F.R.; Achmad, A.L.H.;  bility’s  social,  economic,  and  environmental  aspects  are  directly  incorporated  into  the  model. 
Fridayana, A. Does Alternative Local  Through several measures obtained from the model results, this paper indicates that food security 
Food Network Contribute to    can be achieved sustainably through the concept of LFN. 
Improve Sustainable Food Security? 
Sustainability 2022, 14, 11533.  Keywords: food security; local food network; sustainability; food supply chain; optimization 
https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811533 
Academic Editor: Michael A. Long 
Received: 8 August 2022 
1. Introduction 
Accepted: 12 September 2022 
Published: 14 September 2022  All  people  should  have  access,  physically  and  economically,  to  healthy  and  safe 
foods  [1,2].  Food  accessibility  should  be  maintained  to  ensure  all  people  can  reach  the 
Publisher’s  Note:  MDPI  stays  neu‐
tral  with  regard  to  jurisdictional 
available food source to fulfill their dietary needs [3]. Therefore, one critical aspect of en‐
suring all people can satisfy their dietary needs is maintaining food availability, which 
claims in published maps and institu‐
guarantees the food stock is sufficient to be accessed by all people [4]. This point is also 
tional affiliations. 
strongly  correlated  with  food  stability,  i.e.,  the  food  system’s  resilience  to  ensure  food 
stock remains stable against disruptions [5]. These three points deliver the purpose of en‐
  suring everyone can reach food at all times. 
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Li‐ Nevertheless,  ensuring  all  people  can  reach  food  at  all  times  does  not  necessarily 
censee  MDPI,  Basel,  Switzerland.  indicate that they can satisfy their dietary needs. To achieve such a goal, food utilization 
This  article  is  an  open  access  article  is another important aspect, i.e., how people can benefit from all nutrition contained in 
distributed under the terms and con‐ the food they consume [6,7]. This aspect ensures that the nutritional substance within the 
ditions of the Creative Commons At‐ food is  maintained from farm to  fork  during  preparation, processing, and cooking.  All 
tribution (CC BY) license (https://cre‐ four fundamental propositions, i.e., availability, accessibility, stability, and utilization, are 
ativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).  the pillars of food security [8], making it a complex goal to achieve. 
 
Sustainability 2022, 14, 11533. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811533  www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability 
 Journal of Cleaner Production 386 (2023) 135812

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Keberlanjutan dalam rantai Journal of Cleaner Production

pasok pertanian: rantai pasok journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro

pangan pendek (short food
supply chain)
Consumers’ purchase behavior in short food supply chains using social
commerce in Indonesia
Agriani Hermita Sadeli a, *, Tomy Perdana a, Yosini Deliana a, Bhakti Stephan Onggo b
a
Department of Agricultural Social – Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
b
Southampton Business School, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Handling Editor: Govindan Kannan Short food supply chain (SFSC) practice using social commerce is still in its infancy; this is also true in Indonesia.
Many studies on the SFSC that uses social commerce have been carried out in developed countries; however,
Keywords: there is only limited research on this subject in developing countries. In this study, factors that explain purchase
Consumer behavior behavior toward social commerce SFSCs in Indonesia are explored by considering information-seeking variables
Short food supply chain
as components of knowledge formation and the perceived economic and social sustainability of SFSCs as ad-
Social commerce
vantages over long food supply chains. Our conceptual framework was developed from the theory of planned
Sustainability
Agricultural produce behavior and alphabet theory, with the addition of a perceived SFSC sustainability variable. Data were collected
from consumers who purchase agricultural produce from social commerce SFSCs and members of the respective
SFSC chat groups. Data analysis was conducted using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The
results reveal that perceived SFSC sustainability is influenced by product knowledge, which in turn has a positive
association with information-seeking behavior. Perceived SFSC sustainability influences attitude and, subse-
quently, influences purchase intention. Consumers who have strong purchase intention are likely to purchase;
subjective norm does not affect purchase intention for consumers who have received sufficient information from
social media. Perceived behavioral control influences purchase intention but not behavior because purchasing
agricultural produce is a regular activity. This research provides a deep understanding of consumer behavior
toward SFSCs that use social commerce. Based on the factors identified as influencing purchase behavior, sellers
can provide information through social media to facilitate consumers’ purchasing decisions.

1. Introduction
Currently, short food supply chains (SFSCs) using social commerce
(or social commerce SFSCs) is in their infancy compared to other types of
SFSCs. This is also the case in Indonesia; however, they are growing
rapidly. Indonesia is an agricultural country with the third-highest
number of social media users worldwide (Hootsuite, 2020). Therefore,
social commerce offers opportunities to support SFSC development.
SFSCs can vary from a direct supply chain with no intermediaries to
indirect supply chains that have a single or limited number of in-
termediaries between producers and consumers (Aubry and Kebir, 2013;
Benedek et al., 2018). Direct contact with the producer is one of the
main drivers when consumers buy products from SFSCs
(González-Azcárate, 2021). According to the European Commision
(2020), SFSCs provide opportunities for consumers who seek higher
value from food on the one hand, and for producers to implement sus-
tainable practices on the other. Also, they offer huge economic oppor-
tunities by bestowing a competitive advantage over other competitors in
the market.
The use of social commerce—i.e. e-commerce via social media—for
SFSCs has advantages because of the large number of social media users,
its ease of use, its free social media applications, and its potential use for
advertisement that reaches a wide audience (Elghannam et al., 2020).
Social commerce increases community-level participation and socio-
economic activity (Liang and Turban, 2011) and, at the same time, it
merges the online and offline environments (Wang and Zhang, 2012).
Producers have a higher probability of connecting directly with con-
sumers through social media and obtaining feedback from them

https://www.sciencedirect.com/ * Corresponding author. Department of Agricultural Social – Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang km.21,

science/article/pii/S0959652622
Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia..
E-mail addresses: agriani.hermita@unpad.ac.id (A.H. Sadeli), tomy.perdana@unpad.ac.id (T. Perdana), y.deliana@unpad.ac.id (Y. Deliana), B.S.S.Onggo@soton.
ac.uk (B.S. Onggo).

053860
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135812
Received 23 March 2022; Received in revised form 24 December 2022; Accepted 29 December 2022
Available online 30 December 2022
0959-6526/© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Twitter: @OpsRelief http://www.twitter.com/opsrelief

https://www.southampton.ac.uk/relief-ops/index.page?
 TEAM

Professor Professor Duc Cuong Dang

Bhakti Stephan Onggo Christine Currie Dipl-Ing, MSc, PhD
[Principal Investigator] [Co-Investigator] [Researcher]

Dr Tomy Perdana Dr Diah Chaerani Dr Cipta Endyana Gheo Rahmat Fauzi, S.Si Audi Luqmanul Hakim, M.Mat
[Co-Investigator] [Researcher] [Researcher] [Research Assistant] [Research Assistant]
 Relief-OpS
Proses diskusi dengan metode luring dan daring dengan lembaga-lembaga terkait dalam penanganan
terhadap kejadian bencana alam.
 Relief-OpS
Sistem pengambilan keputusan dalam bentuk aplikasi

Keputusan untuk operasi harian:

• Gudang mana yang digunakan untuk

mengirim bantuan?
• Rute mana yang paling efektif untuk
mengirim bantuan

Keputusan untuk pengadaan yang optimal

untuk anggaran yang diberikan:

• Bagaimana strategi pengadaan yang terbaik?

 Pengembangan jaringan pasokan pangan dalam situasi bencana

International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 79 (2022) 103183 European Journal of Operational Research 311 (2023) 754–768

Proceedings of the 2021 Winter Simulation Conference

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect S. Kim, B. Feng, K. Smith, S. Masoud, Z. Zheng, C. Szabo and M. Loper, eds. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction European Journal of Operational Research

RELIEF FOOD SUPPLY NETWORK SIMULATION
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijdrr journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ejor

Bhakti Stephan Onggo Innovative Applications of O.R.

Tomy Perdana
Christine Currie
Food supply chain management in disaster events: A systematic Budget allocation of food procurement for natural disaster response
literature review Centre for Operational Research Management Department of Agro-Socio Economics
Duc-Cuong Dang a,d, Christine S. M. Currie b,∗, Bhakti Stephan Onggo a, Diah Chaerani c,
Sciences & Information Systems Faculty of Agriculture
University of Southampton Universitas Padjadjaran Audi Luqmanul Hakim Achmad c
Tomy Perdana a, *, Bhakti Stephan Onggo b, Agriani Hermita Sadeli a, Diah Chaerani c,
Southampton, SO31 6XB, UK Sumedang, 45363, INDONESIA
Audi Luqmanul Hakim Achmad c, Fernianda Rahayu Hermiatin d, Yu Gong b
a
Southampton Business School, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
b
Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
c
a
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
Department of Agro Socio-Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia d
Chair of Algorithms for Intelligent Systems, University of Passau, 94032 Passau, Germany
b
Centre for Operational Research Management Science and Information Systems, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
c
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia Gheo Rahmat Fauzi
d
School of Business and Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia Cipta Endyana
Audi Luqmanul Hakim Achmad a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Agricultural Logistics and Supply Chain Department of Geology Article history: This paper studies a variant of the lot sizing problem that arises in the context of disaster management.
Received 8 June 2022
System (AGRILOGICS) Faculty of Geological Engineering Accepted 8 May 2023
In this problem, a fixed budget has to be allocated efficiently over multiple time periods to procure large
quantities of a staple food that will be stored and later delivered to people affected by disaster strikes
Keywords: The food supply chain (FSC) is considered to be a critical infrastructure by all governments, and Universitas Padjadjaran Universitas Padjadjaran Available online 13 May 2023
whose numbers are unknown in advance. Starting from the deterministic model where perfect infor-
Literature review multiple strategies have been proposed to make FSCs more resilient towards disruptions. How-
Food supply chain ever, major disasters such as COVID-19 have exposed the vulnerabilities in FSC that were pre-
Sumedang, 45363, INDONESIA Sumedang, 45363, INDONESIA Keywords: mation is assumed, different formulations to address the uncertainties are constructed: classical robust
Humanitarian logistics optimisation, risk-minimisation stochastic programming, and adjustable robust optimisation. Experiments
Resilience viously invisible (or easily solved) during normal operation but become a major challenge in a
Disaster
Disaster management conducted using data from West Java, Indonesia allow us to discuss the advantages and drawbacks of
major disaster situation. Researchers quickly responded to the challenge, as shown by the sig- Procurement lot sizing each method. Our methods constitute a toolbox to support decision makers with making procurement
Food security
nificant increase in the number of articles on FSC management in disaster events since COVID-19, Robust optimisation
Food safety decisions and answering managerial questions such as which annual budget is fair and safe, or when
providing the motivation for this article. This research conducts a systematic literature review on Stochastic programming
Food access ABSTRACT storage peaks are likely to occur.
Agriculture research into FSC management in disaster events. The articles identified are analysed using
© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Humanitarian food supply chain content analyses to distinguish research objectives, methodologies, threats from different types of
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Risk reduction disasters and proposed solutions. This article also uncovers research gaps and presents suggested Research into simulation modelling to support disaster management has focused on large disasters. In some
research directions. One of the gaps identified is the lack of research on humanitarian FSC. Most regions, there are frequent small-to-medium scale disasters, which require daily decisions to be made. These
articles are focused on the resilience of commercial FSC during disaster events, while lacking
research focused on humanitarian FSC. There are several differences between commercial and
are typically described as routine emergencies. For example, in Indonesia’s West Java province, on average,
1. Introduction is a set of historical scenarios, the information that has been re-
humanitarian FSC, making further research on humanitarian FSC necessary. there were 4.6 disasters per day between 2016 and 2020. This paper presents a simulation model of relief vealed so far and the current state of the system. Our first method
food distribution to refugees in a region that is vulnerable to multiple disasters on a daily basis. To illustrate We consider a variant of the lot sizing problem that arises in is risk-minimisation stochastic programming (Birge & Louveaux,
how the model can support disaster management decision making, we use the West Java case. The model the context of disaster management. In this problem, a fixed bud- 2011; Rockafellar & Uryasev, 20 0 0) based on a two-stage formu-
1. Introduction demonstrates that the current warehouse locations and routing heuristic can cope with the demand; however, get has to be allocated efficiently over multiple time periods to lation of our problem. The first-stage decision variables are the
improvements are needed to cope with an expected increase in the demand due to an increased number of procure a staple food that will be stored and later delivered to peo- procurement decisions over the remaining time periods, while the
The food supply chain (FSC) is a network of activities to provide food for society and maintain food security [1]. As with other ple affected by disasters. Future demands, prices and availabilities second-stage variables are scenario-adapted measures that evalu-
supply chain scenarios, various actors interact with one another in various FSC stages such as production, processing, distribution, and
disasters as a result of climate change and a growing population. are unknown at the start of the planning horizon but data of past ate the consequences of the first-stage decisions over the historical
consumption. FSCs can be disrupted at any of the stages from the production to consumption. Disruptions in FSCs are defined as any disaster events exists that can be used to estimate probability dis- scenarios. The second method is classical robust optimisation (Ben-
significant breakdown events that affect one or more FSC stages [2]. Disruptions to FSCs can cause economic, social, environmental, 1 INTRODUCTION tributions or simulate scenarios via resampling. Demand variability Tal, El Ghaoui, & Nemirovski, 2009); here, we assume that the pa-
and political challenges. Therefore, FSCs are considered critical infrastructure by all governments. Furthermore, FSCs have a crucial can be particularly high due to the unpredictable nature of disas- rameters of the model can vary within specific ranges, defined by
This paper presents a simulation model of the relief food distribution to refugees in a region that is
place in the achievement of food security and food safety monitoring [3]; hence, preparedness against the risk of disruption in FSC is ters. Our main objective is to minimise the shortage of food, while historical data. It is straightforward to deduce the robust coun-
essential.
vulnerable to multiple disasters on a daily basis, which is a part of the Relief-OpS project secondary objectives include minimising the waste resulting from terpart formulation from the two-stage formulation in the first
Some of the greatest risks to FSCs are disasters (man-made or natural), and research has been conducted on FSC management in (www.southampton.ac.uk/relief-ops). To illustrate how the model can support disaster management food items perishing, and the budget usage. method, and we examine ways to reduce the degree of conser-
various disaster events [4–6]. Nevertheless, the major FSC disruption caused by COVID-19 demonstrated that more challenges in FSC decision making, we use a case from West Java province in Indonesia (Figure 1), using data collected To approach the problem, a deterministic model, which as- vatism of the robust solutions. Our final method is adjustable ro-
management in major disaster events exist because the vulnerabilities in FSC that were previously invisible or easily solved were between 2016 and 2020. West Java province is chosen because it has the highest multi-disaster risk in sumes future information is available, is first introduced as a de- bust optimisation (Ben-Tal et al., 2009; Yanikoglu, Gorissen, & den
terministic linear program. We then explore three methods to drop Hertog, 2019) in which we look for an optimal decision rule to
Indonesia (Amri et al. 2016) due to the population size, population density (population size of over 46 the assumption of perfect future information to allow us to find extract from historical data so that it can be applied to make
* Corresponding author. million people in the area of 37,000 km2), high contribution to Indonesian GDP and being the center of rice robust solutions to the problem. We assume the information avail- immediate decisions during the planning time horizon of a new
E-mail address: tomy.perdana@unpad.ac.id (T. Perdana). production in Indonesia (rice is the main staple food in Indonesia). able to the decision maker to make a new procurement decision scenario. Decision rules can be formalised in various ways in ad-
The literature differentiates between routine emergencies and disasters (Altay and Green 2006; Anaya- justable robust optimisation; however for reasons of tractability we
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103183
Received 18 December 2021; Received in revised form 5 April 2022; Accepted 11 July 2022
Arenas et al. 2014). The difference is often related to the scale of the impact. For example, Altay and Green ∗
Corresponding author.
choose to use an affine mapping from the information that has
been revealed so far to the immediate here-and-now procurement
Available online 15 July 2022 (2006) consider major emergencies, disasters and catastrophes collectively as disasters while Faharani et E-mail addresses: duc-cuong.dang@hds.utc.fr (D.-C. Dang),
decision. Experiments conducted on generated data, which simu-
2212-4209/© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license al. (2020) use the number of casualties. Hence, based on the number of casualties, the same event (e.g. christine.currie@soton.ac.uk (C.S.M. Currie), B.S.S.Onggo@soton.ac.uk (B.S. Onggo),
lates real historical events, allow us to discuss the advantages and
d.chaerani@unpad.ac.id (D. Chaerani), audi16002@mail.unpad.ac.id (A.L.H. Achmad).
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2023.05.015
0377-2217/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
978-1-6654-3311-2/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE
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