Peran Nanoteknologi

dalam Pengembangan
Obat dari Bahan
Alam

Prof. Dr. apt. Yandi Syukri, M.Si

 • Prospek Produk Nanoteknologi untuk
Pengembangan Produk Farmasi

• Prospek Nanoteknologi untuk

Pengembangan Obat dari bahan
Materi Alam

• Prospek Pengembangan

Page 2
 Prospek Produk
Nanoteknologi untuk
Pengembangan Produk
Farmasi

3
 WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
Nanotechnology is the
manipulation of matter at
the nanometer* scale to
create novel structures,
devices and systems.

Structures Devices Systems

(e.g.materials) (e.g. sensors) (e.g. NEMS)

* 1 millimeter = 1,000 micrometers;

1 micrometer = 1,000 nanometers
Source: "Nanotech: The Tiny Revolution" by CMP Científica (November 2001)

4
 Efek Ukuran pada Sifat-sifat Material

Mengapa reduksi ukuran material dalam skala nanometer

menjadi begitu penting?

Sifat-sifat material yang meliputi sifat fisis, kimiawi,

maupun biologi berubah begitu dramatis ketika dimensi
material masuk ke dalam skala nanometer.

5
• Para ilmuwan percaya bahwa setiap sifat memiliki
“skala panjang kritis”.

• Ketika dimensi material lebih kecil dari panjang

kritis tersebut maka sifat-sifat fisis fundamental
mulai berubah.
• Sebagai contoh, nanopartikel tembaga yang
memiliki diameter 6 nm memperlihatkan
kekerasan lima kali lebih besar daripada
tembaga ukuran besar (bulk).
• Contoh lain, keramik yang umumnya kita kenal
mudah pecah dapat dibuat menjadi fleksibel jika
ukuran bulir (grain) direduksi ke dalam orde
nanometer.

Page 6
 Keuntungan nanoteknologi
• Nanoteknologi diyakini potensial untuk transformasi dan
merubah secara cepat teknogi dan sektor industri meliputi:
– Kedirgantaraan
– Pertanian
– Bioteknologi
– Pertahanan nasional
– Energi
– Lingkungan
– Teknologi informasi
– Pengobatan
– Transportasi

Page 7
Sporting Goods
Cosmetics, Clothes and Food
 HOW SMALL

Nanobatteries are 200 nm

in diameter

2 billion could fit on the

surface of a nickel

10
Dimensions of Nanotechnology

Source: Jain NK, Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, 2007

Page 11
Keuntungan partikel dalam ukuran nano

• Meningkatkan area permukaan efektif

• Meningkatkan kelarutan
• Meningkatkan disolusi
• Meningkatkan ketersediaan hayati
• Onset terapi obat lebih cepat
• Kebutuhan dosis obat lebih sedikit
• Variabilitas absorpsi obat karena pengaruh
makanan dapat dikurangi

Page 12
• Metode nanoteknologi yang mendapat pengakuan dan prospek digunakan
untuk meningkatkan kelarutan obat yang diberikan secara per oral
adalah:
– nanopartikel dengan pembawa lipid/lipid based nanoparticle
– polymer based nano carriers, (polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric
micelles, polymer-drug conjugates);
– drug nanocrystal;
– Dendrimers;
– Carbon nanotubes;
– Silica dan silicon nanoparticles;
– Nanogels
– dan lain sebagainya
 Prospek Nanoteknologi untuk
Pengembangan Obat dari
bahan Alam
SNE Propolis

Nanopartikel
Emas

14
Teknologi partikel dalam farmasetika untuk
meningkatkan kelarutan obat
• Kelarutan obat dalam air merupakan sifat fundamental
yang berperanan dalam absorpsi obat setelah pemberian

• Dalam penemuan obat, hampir 70% senyawa kimia baru

yang ditemukan sukar larut dalam air

• Biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) merupakan

suatu klasisikasi saintifik dari obat berdasarkan kelarutan
dalam air dan permeabilitas intestinal yang berhubungan
dengan disolusi in vitro dan ketersediaan hayati in vivo dari
produk obat.

Page 15
 BCS Classification of Drug Substances

16
 Are biopharmaceutical properties
limiting drug development?

17
 Why consider lipid-based
formulations (LBF)?

To improve the solubility of poorly

water-soluble NCE (BCS 2 and 4)

Page 18
Keuntungan LBF
• LBF melarutkan obat dalam pembawa minyak

– Absorpsi obat lebiih baik dibandingkan formulasi konvesional

• Absoprsi melewati sistem limfatik (menghindari peristiwa
metabolisme)

– Mengurangi keterbatasana selama di saluran cerna yang

berkaitan dengan kelautan
• Mengurangi pengaruh makanan

– Mengurangi biaya dan kompleksitas dalam pengembangan

obat
 • SNEDDS merupakan campuran isotropik
dengan pembawa minyak (minyak, surfaktan
dan kosurfaktan) dan obat yang membentuk
suatu larutan yang jernih (nonoemulsi) yang
terbentuk secara spontan (self-emulsifying)
saat diteteskan ke dalam air dengan sedikit
pengadukan.

• Nanoemulsi (NE) teridiri dari tetesan yang

sangat halus dengan ukuran tetesan (droplet)
kurang dari 200 nm (biasanya 100 nm)

Page 20
ampuran dengan diameter tetesan kira-kira di kisaran 20-200 nm (Kamble dkk.,

Sistem mikro/nanoemulsi
013). Sistem nanoemulsi dapat dilihat pada gambar 3.

Hydrophilic
phase

Hydrophopic
phase
Ko-surfaktan Ko-surfaktan
Surfaktan

Gambar 3. Sistem nanoemulsi

Page 21
 Model difusi SNEDDS melintasi
biomembran chylomicron

Mekanisme transpor obat

sediaan SNEDDS pada usus

22 22
 Lipid-based systems as a
promising approach for enhancing
the solubility and bioavailability
of poorly water-soluble drugs

23
 • Absoprsi obat pada LBF tergantung pada:
– Ukuran partikel
– Tingkatan emulsifikasi
– Kecepatan dispersi
– Presipitasi obat setelah pendispersian

• LBF meliputi:
– Larutan minyak atau suspensi
– Emulsi
– Self-micro or self nano emulsifying drug delivery
systems (SMEDDS/SNEDDS)

Page 24
 Contoh Produk
• Propolis dengan pembawa minyak teremulsi
K jernih dalam air (self-nanoemulsifying)
Sebelum diteteskan ke dalam air Saat penetesan ke dalam air

Perbedaan?
Setelah dieteskan ke dalam air, produk jernih
kan ke dalam air Saat penetesan ke dalam air

Page 25
26 37
27
 Adv Pharm Bull, 2021, 11(1), 120-129
doi: 10.34172/apb.2021.013
https://apb.tbzmed.ac.ir

Publikasi Jurnal
Research Article

Development of New Indonesian Propolis Extract-Loaded Self-

emulsifying: Characterization, Stability and Antibacterial Activity
ID
Yandi Syukri1* , Annisa Fitria1, Suci Hanifah1, Muthiah Idrati1
1
Department of Pharmacy, Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia.

Abstract

Scopus Q1
Article info
Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis Article History: Purpose: This study aimed to prepare, characterize, examine the stability and evaluation of the
p-ISSN: 2407-7062 | e-ISSN: 2442-5435 Received: 29 Aug. 2019 antibacterial activity of Indonesian propolis extract-loaded self-emulsifying (PESE).
homepage: http://jsfk.ffarmasi.unand.ac.id Methods: Oil, emulsifier, and co-emulsifier were selected as the carrier for the PESE
Revised: 22 Apr. 2020
DOI : 10.25077/jsfk.6.3.266-274.2019
Accepted: 22 Apr. 2020 formulation through a propolis-extract solubility test on each carrier, followed by evaluation
epublished: xx xx xx of the nanoemulsion region in a pseudo ternary phase diagram. Pre-concentrate of PESE was
prepared with the addition of 150 mg/mL propolis extract followed by characterization for the
Keywords: transmittance, globule size, zeta potential, thermodynamic stability, robustness to dilution,
• Antibacterial and accelerated stability. The selected formulation was tested for antibacterial activity using a
• Castor oil microdilution method.
Formulasi dan Studi Stabilitas Self-Nano • Propolis extract Results: The PESE characterization produced a clear nanoemulsion with a globule size
• Self-emulsifying ranging from 13 to 45 nm and zeta potential of less than −38 mV. The PESE formulation with
Emulsifying Propolis menggunakan Minyak
Akreditasi Sinta 2
a composition of 150 mg/mL propolis extract, 20% castor oil, 40%–70% Kolliphor EL, and
Kesturi, Cremophor RH 40 dan PEG 400 10%–40% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 were thermodynamically stable. The PESE formulation
with the composition of 20% castor oil, 40% Kolliphor EL, and 40% PEG 400 was the optimum
sebagai Pembawa formulation that passed the robustness to dilution evaluation and an accelerated stability test for
3 months. The antibacterial activity test on this formulation indicated improved activity against
(Formulation and stability studies of propolis self-nano emulsifying using castor oil, cremophor RH Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared with that of propolis extract.
40 dan PEG 400 as the carriers) Conclusion: These studies demonstrated that PESE in optimum formulation could be used as an
antibacterial, particularly in E. coli and S. aureus.
Yandi Syukri*, Ziyyatul Kholidah &, Lutfi Chabib
Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Islam Indonesia, Jl. Kaliurang No.Km. 14,5, Krawitan, Umbulmartani, Sleman, Kabupaten
Introduction from India and Thailand as an antioxidant,1,8 that from
Propolis or bee glue is a substance obtained from Argentina as an immunostimulant,3 and that from Brazil
honeybees that consist of resin, wax, essential oil, and as an antibacterial.9 The ethanolic extract of propolis has
:
a chemical compound with a complex composition also been studied and proved to have antibacterial activity,
Page 28 secreted by the bees, collected from tree buds and sap, and enabling its nanoemulsion preparation to be used as a
changed with an enzyme to seal open spaces in the hive. food preservative.10 An antibacterial activity test on red
 Andrografolid
dalam bentuk
Self-
Nanoemulsifying
Drug Delivery
System

Page 29
 Publikasi
Indones. J. Chem., 2016, 16 (2), 190 - 197

Available online on www.ijddt.com

International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology 2017; 7(4); 239-243
Andrographis paniculata
doi 10.25258/ijddt.v7i04.10646
ISSN: 0975 4415
Research Article
1
Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Jl. Kaliurang Km. 14.5, Sleman 55584, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Validation of A Simple HPLC-UV Method For the Quantification of
Andrographolide in Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System
Scopus Q3
Received December 10, 2015; Accepted February 24, 2016
(Snedds) For Dissolution Study
Available online on www.ijddt.com
International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology 2017; 7(1); 22-26 Syukri Y*, Afetma D W , Sirin M, Fajri R, Ningrum A D K, Setiawan S D, Wibowo A
This research was aimed to quantification of andrographolide isolated from A. paniculata Ness found in a
ditional market in Yogyakarta using validated HPLC to obtain a high level content of andrographolide. The Department of Pharmacy, Islamic University of Indonesia, Jl. Kaliurang Km. 14.5, Jogjakarta 55584, Indonesia
raction of andrographolide from A. paniculata was carried out using ethanol as the solvent. ISSN: 0975 4415 and
Fractionation
lation were continued using a non-polar solvent. Research
Next,Article
the extracts were recrystallized to obtain isolated Received: 20th Jun, 17; Revised 26th Sept, 17, Accepted: 14th Nov, 17; Available Online: 25th Dec, 2017
drographolide. The identity of the compound was confirmed by an analysis of the melting point, IR spectra, and

Scopus Q3
C. The purity of the compound was confirmed by the validated HPLC. The data obtained were then compared
Development and Validation of a Simple HPLC-UV Method for The
ng an analytical grade of andrographolide as the standard. The isolated andrographolide confirmed the melting
ABSTRACT
This research aim to validation of a simple, rapid and accurate HPLC-UV method for the quantification of andrographolide
Quantification of Andrographolide In Rabbit Plasma
nt, IR spectra and TLC analysis were similar to the standard andrographolide. The method to determine the
ntent of isolated andrographolide showed an adequate precision, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) smaller
isolated from Andrographis paniculata Ness in Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) formulation
during the dissolution test. The assay was T MS C18 (150 4.6 , )
n 1%. The accuracy showed good recovery values were obtained for all concentrations used. The HPLC method a mobile phase of methanol and water (70: 30), at 0.8 mL/min flow rate and UV detection of 229 nm. Simulation gastric
Syukri
his study Y1,2*specificity
showed , Widarno S1, Adewiyah
andI selectivity A1, Wibowo
with linearity A1, Martien
in the working R2,good
range and Lukitaningsih E2accuracy,
precision and , fluid (SGF) and intestinal fluid (SIF) were prepared as dissolution medium. The validation parameter was conducted
Nugroho A E2isolated in A. paniculata. When compared to the
king it very suitable for the quantification of andrographolide including the test on linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD, and LOQ. The result showed an excellent linearity with r = 0.999
ndard, the purity of the isolated andrographolide was 95.74 ± 0.29%. and good selectivity for both medium dissolution. The method showed sufficient precision, with a relative standard
1
Department of Pharmacy, Islamic University of Indonesia, Jl. Kaliurang Km. 14.5, Jogjakarta 55584, Indonesia deviation (RSD) smaller than % Horwitz. The accuracy reported as % recovery was found to be 102.61 and 101.17 % in
ywords andrographolide;
2 extraction;
Faculty of Pharmacy, isolation;
Gadjah Madavalidation
University, Sekip Utara, Jogyakarta 55281, Indonesia each SGF and SIF dissolution medium. LOD and LOQ were found 0.46 and 1.40 in SGF medium, 0.87 and 2.64 in SIF
medium. In conclusion, the HPLC method developed showed specificity and selectivity with linearity in the working range,

Scopus Q3
Received: 22th Nov, 2016; Revised: 21st Jan, 2017; Accepted: 26th Jan, 2017; Available Online: 1st March, 2017 good precision and accuracy and suitable for quantification andrographolide in SNEDDS formulation.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkuantifikasi andrografolid yang diisolasi dari sambiloto (A. paniculata Ness)
ABSTRACT Keywords: Validation, andrographolide, SNEDDS, HPLC.
ngIn diperoleh
this presentdari pasar
work, tradisional
a simple, Yogyakarta
rapid and menggunakan
accurate HPLC-UV methodKCKT
has beenyang tervalidasi
developed for theuntuk menghasilkan
quantification of
drografolid
andrographolide in rabbit plasma. The assay was performed using an XTerra® MS C18 column (150 mm X 4.6 mm, 5dengan
dengan konsentrasi yang tinggi. Ekstraksi andrografolid dari A. paniculata dilakukan m) INTRODUCTION study, method validation process proves whether an
nggunakan
with a mobileetanol sebagai
phase of methanolpelarut, dilanjutkan
and water (60:40), at dengan
0.8 mL/minfraksinasi
flow ratedan isolasi
and UV menggunakan
detection pelarut non-polar.
of 229 nm. Andrographolide A bioactive substance named Andrographolide is found in analytical method is appropriate for a certain purpose. The
strak yang diperoleh
was extracted from a direkristalisasi
biological sample untuk mendapatkan
by applying isolatasandrografolid.
acetonitrile a precipitatingIdentitas senyawa
and extraction diperoleh
solvent. melalui
The results Andrographis paniculata Nees (A. paniculata) that regulatory guidance for validation of method is provided
alisis titika lebur,
showed Page
spektra
good linearity 30rdan
IR,
with KLT. the
= 0.9992; Kemurnian senyawa
accuracy reported as dianalisis
% diff was menggunakan
found to be -6.42KCKT
– 6.55 yang
% whiletervalidasi. Data
the recovery belongs to the family Acanthaceae massively growing in by USP11, and a draft document by the FDA contains latest
ngwas
diperoleh kemudian dibandingkan menggunakan andrografolid murni sebagai standar.
99.09, 98.55, and 105.14% for low, medium and high spiked plasma, respectively. The precision (reproducibility)Isolat andrografolid A tropical areas1. This substance has various guidelines for the development of methods and validation
ghasilkan titik lebur,
reached 1.08–3.20 % RSDspektra IRsample
for the dan analisis KLT2.87
studied. The yang sama dengan
% relative standard standar.
deviation Validasi metode
(RSD) value analisis test
for selectivity untuk 12
 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jddst

Scopus Q2
Novel Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of
andrographolide isolated from Andrographis paniculata Nees:
Characterization, in-vitro and in-vivo assessment
Yandi Syukria,∗, Ronny Martienb, Endang Lukitaningsihb, Agung Endro Nugrohob
a
Department of Pharmacy, Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584 Indonesia
b
Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T
Adv Pharm Bull, 2021, 11(1), xx-xx
Keywords: This study aimed to conduct a preparation and characterization ofdoi:andrographolide isolated from Andrographis
10.34172/apb.2021.018
Andrographolide paniculata Nees (AND)-loaded Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) to improve its oral dis-
https://apb.tbzmed.ac.ir

Scopus Q1
Andrographis paniculata solution and bioavailability. The selection of oil, surfactant and co-surfactant components for preliminary
SNEDDS screening of self-nano emulsifying formulation was determined by solubility study of AND in various vehicles.
Dissolution
Ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the nanoemulsification area of the selected systems. The
Bioavailability
Research Article transmittance, droplet size, zeta potential, thermodynamic stability, robustness to dilution, in-vitro release, and
oral bioavailability of chosen formulations were investigated. Eight formulations containing Capryol-90, Tween
20 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 were found to be optimal AND-loaded SNEDDS (AND SNEDDS). The
Self-nanoemulsifying Delivery of Andrographolide: Ameliorating Islet
robustness to dilution test showed that the formulation containing Capryol-90, Tween 20 and PEG 400 (20: 70:
10 and 20: 60: 20) could be selected for dissolution study. The dissolution study then demonstrated that opti-
Beta Cells and Inhibiting Adipocyte Differentiation mized AND SNEDDS was significantly higher in comparison to that from plain AND. AND SNEDDS showed 1.2
fold enhancement in AUC, 1.26 fold increase in Cmax, and 1.72 fold decrease in Tmax in contrast to plain AND.
ID 2The results suggested that3 SNEDDS formulation could enhance 3 the dissolution and the bioavailability of an-
Yandi Syukri1* , Muhammad Taher drographolide
, Ronny Martienisolated from, Andrographis
Endang paniculata
Lukitaningsih
Nees. , Agung Endro Nugroho3, Zainul
Amiruddin Zakaria4
1
Department of Pharmacy, Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia.
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy,
1. Introduction International
forms. Islamic
In solid dosage forms, University Malaysia,
the dissolution BandarbyIndera
rate is improved ex-
Mahkota, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. panding the surface area (such as in nanoparticles) or by stabilizing the
3 Andrographis
Faculty paniculata
of Pharmacy, Nees is
Gadjah a family
Mada of Acanthaceae
University, Yogyakarta, compound's
commonly55281 Indonesia.amorphous or molecular structure in polymers (for solid
found in Asian tropical regions as a medicinal plant because of its dispersions and complexes with cyclodextrin) [4–6]. Several reports
4
Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang,
primary bioactive constituent, andrographolide (AND). Some of its proved that solid dispersion and cyclodextrin complexes could enhance
31 Malaysia.activities are antipyretic, analgesic, anti-in- the dissolution of itraconazole, disulfiram, and glimepiride [7–9]. For
Selangor,
pharmacological
flammatory, antiviral, hepatoprotective, antithrombotic, hypoglycemic, liquid dosage forms, lipid-based excipients are used to prepare for-
 Biosistesis Nanopartikel Logam
untuk Kosmetika dan Antibateri

32
• Ekstrak tanaman mengandung metabolit
sekunder seperti asam fenolik, flavonoid,
alkaloid dan terpenoid yang berfungsi untuk
reduksi ion menjadi pembentukan
nanopartikel metalik/logam.

• Pada zaman primitif, logam dan tanaman

digunakan untuk mengobati infeksi, tetapi
karena penggunaannya yang acak tanpa
diagnostik yang tepat, banyak kematian
terjadi bahkan dalam kasus infeksi ringan.

Page 33
 Bio-reduction mechanism
• Silver
– The biochemical reaction of AgNO3 reacts with
plant broth leads to the formation of AgNPs by
following reaction

• Gold
– The proposed reaction was Au+ ions reduction into
metallic Auo nanoparticles in the presence of
metabolites and redox enzymes.
• Platinum
– Platinum is involved in the following reduction process such as

• Copper
– The copper nanoparticles are synthesized from plant extracts
and the reduction mechanism

• Zinc oxide
– A typical procedure was employed in ZnO nanoparticles
production, the zinc nitrate was dissolved in the aloe plant
extract to produce the nanosized particles.
• Proposed mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis using
plant extracts.
Applications of nanoparticles in biotechnology
 Mekanisme green sintesis nanopartikel
Fig. 4 – Green synthesis of metal and metal oxide NPs with elucidation of synthetic mechanism.

Page 38 nant mechanism for bacterial inhibition is metal ion release,

whereas, other studies have demonstrated alternative mech-
 • Nanopartikel emas dari ekstrak daun tin

Krim Serum

Page 39
• Serum nanopartikel emas dari ekstrak lidah buaya

Page 40
41
61
 Prospek Pengembangan
Nanoteknologi dari
Bahan Alam Kedepan

Page 42
 Biosintesis Nanopartikel Logam
sebagai Alternatif Pencarian
Antibiotika

Page 43
 • Karena meningkatnya resistensi bakteri
terhadap antibiotika, pengembangan
alternatif meliputi:
– penemuan antibiotik generasi baru
– terapi kombinasi (pembentukan kompleks)
– senyawa antibakteri alami (peptida, ekstrak
tanaman)
– sistem nanopartikel

Page 44
 52 Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 15 (2020) 42–59

Table 1 – The synergy of plant-based NP and antibiotic for antibacterial activity.

Nano particle Source of reducing agent Combination of antibiotic Targeted bacteria Ref

Ag NP Corn leaf waste of Zea mays Kanamycin and rifampicin Bacillus cereus ATCC 13061 19115, [139]
extract Escherichia coli ATCC 43890, Staphylococcus
aureus ATCC 49444, Listeria monocytogenes
ATCC, and Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC
43174
Ag NP Gum kondagogu Ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus [140]
gentamicin aureus25923, Staphylococcus aureus 49834)
and Gram-negative (E. coli 25922,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853)
Ag NP Flower broth of Tagetes Commercial antibiotics(15) Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and [141]
erecta Bacillus cereus), Gram negative (E. coli and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria
Ag NP Adiantum philippense extract Amoxicillin MRSA [142]
Ag NP Leaf extracts of Ficus virens streptomycin Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, [143]
Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus
faecalis) and three gram-negative
(Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio cholera and
Vibrio vulnificus)
Ag NP Cassia roxburghii leaf extract Ampicillin, polymyxin, Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. [144]
gentamicin, chloramphenicol, cereus) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli
penicillin-G, amikacin, and P. aeruginosa)
tetracycline, cephalothin,
amoxiclav, cefpirome, clotrimazole
Ag NP Citrullus lanatus rind extract Kanamycin, rifampicin Bacillus cereus, E. coli, Listeria [145]
monocytogenes, S. aureus, S. typhi
Ag NP Dioscorea bulbifera tuber beta-lactam (piperacillin) and A. baumannii [120]
45 extract macrolide (erythromycin)
Ag NP Eichhornia crassipes vancomycin, penicillin, E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, enterococcus [146]
Solid SNEDDS

Page 46
47 84
 Achievement

48
Our Team
• Best oral presenter International Conference di Tokyo
• Second best oral presenter International Conference di Tokyo
Ucapan Terima Kasih
• Ristekdikti melalui Hibah Penelitian Unggulan
Terpadu (PTUPT) 2018-2020

• Direktorat Penelitian dan Pengabdian pada

Masyarakat (DPPM) UII melalui Hibah Riset
Unggulan 2018-2020

Page 50
 Terima kasih

51