hadirkan dua saksi atau bersumpah?". Aku katakan: "Biarlah dia bersumpah
dan aku tidak peduli". Maka Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam bersabda:
"Barangsiapa yang bersumpah yang dengan sumpahnya itu dia bermaksud
mengambil harta orang maka dia telah berbuat kedurhakaan dan akan berjumpa
dengan Allah dimana Allah murka kepadanya". Maka turunlah firman Allah
sebagai pembenaran atas kejadian itu kemudian bacalah ayat ini: ("Sesungguhnya
orang-orang yang menukar janji (nya dengan) Allah dan sumpah-sumpah mereka
dengan harga yang sedikit… hingga ayat…siksa yang pedih").
● البينة على المدعي واليمين على من أنكر:شرح حديث
Bukti ke atas orang yang mendakwa, sumpah ke atas orang yang mengingkari
tuduhan ke atas dirinya. [Riwayat Al-Baihaqi dalam Al-Sunan (10/252)]
Mejelle
● When an oath is to be administered by one of the two litigants, the oath shall be
taken in the name of Allah by saying Wallahi or Billahi.
● chapter 111 – Art. 1742 – 1753 (administering the oath to one of the parties)
● Article 76: evidence is for the person who claims, the oath is for the person who
denies []البينة على المدعي واليمين على من انك
● Article 77: evidence is for the proof of what is not clear, an oath is for the
confirmation of what is presumed
● Article 1742: one of the grounds of judgment also is the oath or the refusal of
oath
○ As a plaintiff, the burden of proof is on him. If unable to proof or
insufficient evidence, can order for the defendant to take oath
Skop pemakaian ● All jurists agreed that oath does not apply in HUDUD cases.
● It only applies in rights of mankind (al-adami).
● Purely property matters, such as; sale, business transaction,loan, hire etc.
● Disputed on matters not directly property, such as; marriage, divorce, lineage, etc.
AL-YAMIN (SUMPAH)
Kaedah 5:
(i) Orang yang bersumpah hendaklah akil baligh dan sukarela;
(ii) Al-Mudda’a ‘alaih tidak mengakui hak al-Mudda’ii;
(iii) Pihak yang bertikai meminta Hakim arahkan pihak satu lagi bersumpah;
(iv) Orang yang bersumpah hendaklah bersumpah bagi dirinya sendiri;
(v) Perkara yang disumpah itu bukanlah hak Allah semata-mata;
(vi) Perkara yang hendak dilaksanakan sumpah itu hendaklah mengenai hak yang boleh
diterima pembuktiannya melalui iqrar. (rujuk Fiqh Al Islami wa Adillatuh, ms 6074)
2) Niat
● اليمين على نية المستحلف
“Sumpah adalah menurut niat orang yang menyuruh bersumpah.”
(Mahmasani, 1949: 468 ).
● يمينك على ما يصدقك به صاحبك
Sumpah anda adalah apa yang dibenarkan oleh teman anda
● Kaedah 7(a): Sumpah hendaklah berdasarkan kehendak dan niat pihak
yang menuntut sumpah atau Hakim yang mengarahkan sumpah ;
● Distinguish before or outside the court?
○ If before the court, intention of the judge
○ If outside, intention of the maker
5) persendirian/individu
● Tidak boleh diwakilkan kerana sumpah bersandarkan dhimmah
(responsibility) dan keimanan.
● Kaedah 5(iv): Orang yang bersumpah hendaklah bersumpah bagi dirinya
sendiri;
● Article 1745: A representative may validly be employed to place a person
upon oath, but no substitution is permissible in swearing an oath.
Consequently, the advocate of a party in an action may place the other
party upon his oath, but when his client is put upon his oath, such client
must swear the oath personally and not through his advocate.
AL-YAMIN (SUMPAH)
8) izin/kebenaran mahkamah
● Mesti mendapat izin Hakim
● Kaedah 4: Sumpah tidak boleh dilaksanakan kecuali dengan kebenaran
atau atas perintah Hakim
● Susilawati Lawiya v Jamaludin bin Elias (Nash)
○ On confirmation of divorce outside the court through sms
○ Susilawati was not aware she had the right to ask the court to order
defendant to take oath
○ So the court yg tell her then agreed to request defendant to deny
the accusation
Sumpah Plaintif
● Yamin al-jalibah ()يمين الجالبة
○ Jumhur agreed
○ ان النبي قضى باليمين مع الشاهد
○ Hanafi disageed because:
■ This hadith contradicts recognised method (2:282)
■ Oath always in the form of denial
○ In case where Plaintiff able to bring only one witness as in section 88:
Seksyen 88. Keterangan oleh saksi tunggal dan sumpah plaintif.
Jika dalam kes mal, plaintif hanya mengemukakan seorang saksi,
keterangan saksi itu hanya boleh diterima jika keterangannya diberikan
berserta dengan sumpah plaintif itu.
AL-YAMIN (SUMPAH)
● Seksyen 87(2)(b)
● Hadith: The Prophet accepted one male witness with an oath by the plaintiff.
● Azizah binti Musa v Mohd Kamal @ Raja Kumaran bin Abdullah
Sumpah Defendan
● Original/Obligatory/Lifting/Defending Oath.
● Based on the hadith “and oath is for the person who denies”.
● Article 77 & 76 of al-Majjalah.
● Section 72/87/56(6).
● Nor Aniza Idris v Mohammad Fauzi
○ The application of the plaintiff for the pronouncement of divorce outside
the court via sms sent by the defendant husband was rejected by the court.
○ The court laid down the principle that strong circumstantial evidence can
only be relied upon if the plaintiff wife took an oath when the defendant
husband refused to do so.
○ This is because the refusal of the husband in taking the oath does not
exhaustively mean that the husband has admitted his intention for divorce
as it can be due to other reasons such as realising the serious
AL-YAMIN (SUMPAH)
consequences of yamin.
● Ibrahim bin Harun v Mat Yusoff
○ There is an issue of hibbah regarding a piece of land claimed by the
appellant.
○ The appellant however only managed to bring 1 witness, and thus he
requested the respondent to take an oath.
○ Since the respondent has taken the oath, the court dismissed the
appellant’s claim over the land and ruled in favour of the defendant.
● Ahmad v Mahabat Khan (1401H) JH 82
○ the two witnesses brought to the court was rejected by the court as to not
comply with requirements for syahadah, and thus due to the insufficiency
of the evidence by the plaintiff, the defendant was ordered to take an oath,
and it was done by holding al-Quran in Masjid Besar.
○ As such after the oath was taken by the defendant, the claim made by the
plaintiff was rejected by the court.
● Halimah v Pendakwa Jenayah Kelantan [1979] 1 JH (1980)
○ Halimah admitted sexual intercourse with othman but he denied. When he
take the oath, he was led free
● Pendakwa Jenayah Kelantan v Omar dan Seorang lagi
○ Khalwat case. Accused freed cse no convincing evidence. On appeal, the
judge agreed with trial judge’s decision where the accused must take oath
before being freed
● Pendakwa Syarie v Mohamed Sabu & Seorang lagi
○ Involve the khalwat case which is the right of allah. Oath inadmissible.
○ Comment: once clearly stated in statute, ijma’ ulama so inadmissible
● Kesan sumpah defendan:
○ Jumhur agreed that after the defendant took the oath, the plaintiff's claim
will be dismissed.
○ Seksyen 87(2)(b): cara memberikan keterangan- Jika defendan enggan
mengangkat sumpah, maka Mahkamah bolehlah meminta plaintif
AL-YAMIN (SUMPAH)
Pemakaian sumpah
dalam kes-kes Mal,
AL-YAMIN (SUMPAH)
Perkahwinan, Qisas
dan Hudud
Prinsip Keengganan ● Situation: Refusal of the defendant to take oath when he is ordered to do so.
bersumpah (al-Nukul ● Effect:
an-Yamin) ○ View 1: Shuraih, Hanafis and first opinion of Imam Ahmad: Judgement
will be passed against the defendant & oath will not be returned back to
نكول اليمين the plaintiff
■ Refusal amounts to admission of the defendant to the plaintiff’s
claim
■ Based on the practice of Saidina Uthman
■ Hadith narrated by Ibnu Abbas: البينة على المدعي واليمين على من
أنكر
● as such upon refusal for taking an oath, the plaintiff’s
claim will be established.
■ Art. 1751: Effect of refusal to take oath- when a person upon
request refuses to take the oath, either expressly by refusing to
swear, or impliedly by keeping silence without excuse, the Court
shall give judgement on such refusal.
○ View 2 (adopted by our statute): Majority of sahabah such as Umar, ali
and agreed by Ibnu Sirin, Shafi’is, Malikis and according to one tradition ,
it is also agreed by Imam Ahmad in his second opinion: Judgement
cannot be passed against the defendant and the oath must be returned to
the plaintiff.
■ Al Maidah : 107 & 108 “let two others stand in their place who
are foremost in claim from those who have a lawful right, and they
swear by Allah..”.
■ Hadith reported by Ibn. Umar that the Prophet has returned the
oath to the plaintiff upon refusal of the defendant to take the oath
○ View 3: Ibn Hazm: Judgement cannot be passed and oath cannot be
returned to the plaintiff but the defendant will be detained until he admits.
AL-YAMIN (SUMPAH)
Pemberatan ● ( باللفظpronouncement)
(al-Taghlidh) dalam ○ Hanafi, Maliki, Shafie: ” عالم الغيب والشهادة... ” , ““باهلل الذي ال أله اال هو
Sumpah ■ Permissible in case of Yamin Jalibah (oath taken by the plaintiff)
● Section 87, 88
○ Zahiri and Hambali did not permit this: ” “فيقسمان باهلل
● ( بالمكانplace)
○ Most sacred place eg. Masjid al-Haram
■ mubah to swear at a place which can fear the person (muslim or
non muslim) taking such an oath from lying.
○ Masjid Nabawi, on the mimbar of the Prophet.
○ Masjid al-Aqsa eg. Sakrah (Dome of the Rock)
○ Shafie and Maliki: in case of Li’an and Qasamah.
● ( بالزمانtime)
○ On Friday after Solat Asar.
○ For li’an only.
● Kaedah 10 AA2 ‘06: Taghliz sumpah
(1) Setiap taghliz sumpah bolehlah dilaksanakan -
(a) dari sudut lafaz dengan menambah mana-mana nama Allah (
Wallahi, Wabillahi, Wa Tallahi ) atau sifat-sifatNya ; dan
(b) dari segi masa bolehlah dibuat selepas waktu solat `Asar pada hari
Jumaat; dan
(c) dari segi tempat bolehlah dibuat di tepi mimbar dalam mana-mana
masjid jamek. ( rujuk kitab al-Raudhah al-Tholibin Juzuk 11
AL-YAMIN (SUMPAH)
7. Cara bersumpah:
a. Sumpah hendaklah berdasarkan kehendak dan niat pihak yang menuntut
sumpah atau Hakim yang mengarahkan sumpah ;
b. sumpah dibuat berdasarkan setiap isu atau perkara yang dipertikaikan;
c. pihak yang menuntut pihak lain bersumpah hendaklah memastikan
pihaknya tidak mempunyai keterangan lain;
d. Hakim hendaklah memberi peringatan dan amaran berhubung dengan
implikasi sumpah yang dilaksanakan mengikut Hukum Syarak;
e. lafaz sumpah hendaklah dimulakan dengan Wallahi, Wabillahi, Wa Tallahi
atau sifat-sifat Allah dan dibuat di dalam bentuk yang tegas dan jelas
berhubung dengan sesuatu tuntutan atau penafian; dan
f. draf sumpah hendaklah disediakan oleh Hakim sebelum sumpah
dilafazkan mengikut mana-mana borang yang ditetapkan.
8. Pelaksanaan Sumpah
(1) Dalam mana-mana peringkat prosiding kes mal, mudda’a ‘alaih perlu
bersumpah dengan kebenaran Hakim apabila -
(a) muddaa’ii gagal mengemukakan keterangan yang mencukupi;
(b) mudda’a ‘alaih menafikan tuntutan muddaa’ii; dan
(c) muddaa’ii menuntut mudda’a ‘alaih bersumpah atas penafiannya;
atau
(2) Dalam mana-mana prosiding sedang berjalan, al-muddaa’ii perlu
bersumpah apabila -
(a) mudda’a ‘alaih enggan bersumpah setelah diarahkan oleh Hakim (
Yamin al-Mardudah ) ;
(b) al-mudda’i mengemukakan seorang saksi dan Hakim
(c) memerintahkannya bersumpah Yamin al Takmilah.
(3) Dalam mana-mana prosiding sedang berjalan, Hakim boleh apabila
AL-YAMIN (SUMPAH)